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fix: when .simplify_text_elements() always put a space between chunks, checks for alphanumeric characters creates more problems than it does good. commit new that testfiles that got forgotten in the last commit.

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Roman Kayan BAZG 2025-05-25 18:14:32 +02:00
parent 0c88c5b90f
commit 08beb406d9
16 changed files with 762 additions and 280 deletions
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9
docling/backend/html_backend.py
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@ -83,14 +83,7 @@ class AnnotatedTextList(list):
hyperlink = self[0].hyperlink
for i in range(1, len(self)):
if hyperlink == self[i].hyperlink:
sep = ""
if (
text
and re.match(r"\w", text[-1])
and self[i].text
and re.match(r"\w", self[i].text[0])
):
sep = " "
sep = " "
text += sep + self[i].text
else:
simplified.append(AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=hyperlink))

6
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.itxt Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Something
item-2 at level 2: inline: group group
item-3 at level 3: text: Please follow the link to:
item-4 at level 3: text: This page
item-5 at level 3: text: .

110
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.json Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
{
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
"version": "1.3.0",
"name": "hyperlink_01",
"origin": {
"mimetype": "text/html",
"binary_hash": 17149231461445569313,
"filename": "hyperlink_01.html"
},
"furniture": {
"self_ref": "#/furniture",
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"body": {
"self_ref": "#/body",
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "group",
"label": "inline"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Something",
"text": "Something"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Please follow the link to:",
"text": "Please follow the link to:"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This page",
"text": "This page",
"hyperlink": "#"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": ".",
"text": "."
}
],
"pictures": [],
"tables": [],
"key_value_items": [],
"form_items": [],
"pages": {}
}

3
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
# Something
Please follow the link to: [This page](#) .

3
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.itxt Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: section: group header-1
item-2 at level 2: section_header: Home

83
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.json Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
{
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
"version": "1.3.0",
"name": "hyperlink_02",
"origin": {
"mimetype": "text/html",
"binary_hash": 15683290523889238210,
"filename": "hyperlink_02.html"
},
"furniture": {
"self_ref": "#/furniture",
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"body": {
"self_ref": "#/body",
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/pictures/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "header-1",
"label": "section"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Home",
"text": "Home",
"hyperlink": "/home.html",
"level": 1
}
],
"pictures": [
{
"self_ref": "#/pictures/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "picture",
"prov": [],
"captions": [],
"references": [],
"footnotes": [],
"annotations": []
}
],
"tables": [],
"key_value_items": [],
"form_items": [],
"pages": {}
}

1
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1 @@
[## Home](/home.html)

11
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.itxt Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: list: group list
item-2 at level 2: list_item: My Section
item-3 at level 3: list: group list
item-4 at level 4: list_item: Some page
item-5 at level 5: list: group list
item-6 at level 6: list_item: A sub page
item-7 at level 5: list: group list
item-8 at level 6: list_item: This is my Homepage
item-9 at level 6: list_item: Main navigation
item-10 at level 2: list_item: My organisation

200
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.json Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
{
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
"version": "1.3.0",
"name": "hyperlink_03",
"origin": {
"mimetype": "text/html",
"binary_hash": 14556394815653517177,
"filename": "hyperlink_03.html"
},
"furniture": {
"self_ref": "#/furniture",
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"body": {
"self_ref": "#/body",
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/5"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "My Section",
"text": "My Section",
"hyperlink": "#",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some page",
"text": "Some page",
"hyperlink": "/start.html",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A sub page",
"text": "A sub page",
"hyperlink": "/home2.html",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is my Homepage",
"text": "This is my Homepage",
"hyperlink": "/home.html",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/4",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Main navigation",
"text": "Main navigation",
"hyperlink": "#main-navigation",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/5",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "My organisation",
"text": "My organisation",
"hyperlink": "#",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
}
],
"pictures": [],
"tables": [],
"key_value_items": [],
"form_items": [],
"pages": {}
}

6
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
- [My Section](#)
- [Some page](/start.html)
- [A sub page](/home2.html)
- [This is my Homepage](/home.html)
- [Main navigation](#main-navigation)
- [My organisation](#)

168
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt
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@ -251,35 +251,35 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-250 at level 3: inline: group group
item-251 at level 4: text: The word duck comes from
item-252 at level 4: text: Old English
item-253 at level 4: text: dūce'diver', a derivative of the ... because of the way many species in the
item-253 at level 4: text: dūce 'diver', a derivative of th ... because of the way many species in the
item-254 at level 4: text: dabbling duck
item-255 at level 4: text: group feed by upending; compare with
item-256 at level 4: text: Dutch
item-257 at level 4: text: duiken and
item-258 at level 4: text: German
item-259 at level 4: text: tauchen'to dive'.
item-259 at level 4: text: tauchen 'to dive'.
item-260 at level 3: picture
item-260 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-261 at level 3: inline: group group
item-262 at level 4: text: This word replaced Old English e ... r example, Dutch eend, German Ente and
item-262 at level 4: text: This word replaced Old English e ... example, Dutch eend , German Ente and
item-263 at level 4: text: Norwegian
item-264 at level 4: text: and. The word ened/ænid was inherited from
item-264 at level 4: text: and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from
item-265 at level 4: text: Proto-Indo-European
item-266 at level 4: text: ;
item-267 at level 4: text: cf.
item-268 at level 4: text: Latin
item-269 at level 4: text: anas"duck",
item-269 at level 4: text: anas "duck",
item-270 at level 4: text: Lithuanian
item-271 at level 4: text: ántis'duck',
item-271 at level 4: text: ántis 'duck',
item-272 at level 4: text: Ancient Greek
item-273 at level 4: text: νῆσσα/νῆττα(nēssa/nētta) 'duck', and
item-273 at level 4: text: νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and
item-274 at level 4: text: Sanskrit
item-275 at level 4: text: ātí'water bird', among others.
item-275 at level 4: text: ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-276 at level 3: inline: group group
item-277 at level 4: text: A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage
item-278 at level 4: text: [1]
item-278 at level 4: text: [ 1 ]
item-279 at level 4: text: or baby duck,
item-280 at level 4: text: [2]
item-280 at level 4: text: [ 2 ]
item-281 at level 4: text: but in the food trade a young do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-282 at level 3: inline: group group
item-283 at level 4: text: A male is called a
@ -287,8 +287,8 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-285 at level 4: text: and the female is called a duck, or in
item-286 at level 4: text: ornithology
item-287 at level 4: text: a hen.
item-288 at level 4: text: [3]
item-289 at level 4: text: [4]
item-288 at level 4: text: [ 3 ]
item-289 at level 4: text: [ 4 ]
item-290 at level 3: picture
item-290 at level 4: caption: Male mallard.
item-291 at level 3: picture
@ -303,83 +303,83 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-299 at level 4: text: , and the
item-300 at level 4: text: magpie goose
item-301 at level 4: text: .
item-302 at level 4: text: [5]
item-302 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-303 at level 4: text: All except the screamers belong to the
item-304 at level 4: text: biological family
item-305 at level 4: text: Anatidae
item-306 at level 4: text: .
item-307 at level 4: text: [5]
item-307 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-308 at level 4: text: Within the family, ducks are spl ... erable disagreement among taxonomists.
item-309 at level 4: text: [5]
item-309 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-310 at level 4: text: Some base their decisions on
item-311 at level 4: text: morphological characteristics
item-312 at level 4: text: , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.
item-313 at level 4: text: [6]
item-314 at level 4: text: [7]
item-313 at level 4: text: [ 6 ]
item-314 at level 4: text: [ 7 ]
item-315 at level 4: text: The number of suggested subfamil ... taining ducks ranges from two to five.
item-316 at level 4: text: [8]
item-317 at level 4: text: [9]
item-316 at level 4: text: [ 8 ]
item-317 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-318 at level 4: text: The significant level of
item-319 at level 4: text: hybridisation
item-320 at level 4: text: that occurs among wild ducks com ... relationships between various species.
item-321 at level 4: text: [9]
item-321 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-322 at level 3: picture
item-322 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-323 at level 3: inline: group group
item-324 at level 4: text: In most modern classifications, ... split into a varying number of tribes.
item-325 at level 4: text: [10]
item-325 at level 4: text: [ 10 ]
item-326 at level 4: text: The largest of these, the Anatin ... imarily at the surface of fresh water.
item-327 at level 4: text: [11]
item-327 at level 4: text: [ 11 ]
item-328 at level 4: text: The 'diving ducks', also named f ... ng method, make up the tribe Aythyini.
item-329 at level 4: text: [12]
item-329 at level 4: text: [ 12 ]
item-330 at level 4: text: The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mer ... majority of their lives in saltwater.
item-331 at level 4: text: [13]
item-331 at level 4: text: [ 13 ]
item-332 at level 4: text: The tribe Oxyurini contains the ... r small size and stiff, upright tails.
item-333 at level 4: text: [14]
item-333 at level 4: text: [ 14 ]
item-334 at level 3: inline: group group
item-335 at level 4: text: A number of other species called ... ed in other subfamilies or tribes. The
item-336 at level 4: text: whistling ducks
item-337 at level 4: text: are assigned either to a tribe ( ... y Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,
item-338 at level 4: text: [15]
item-338 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-339 at level 4: text: or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).
item-340 at level 4: text: [9]
item-341 at level 4: text: [16]
item-340 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-341 at level 4: text: [ 16 ]
item-342 at level 4: text: The
item-343 at level 4: text: freckled duck
item-344 at level 4: text: of Australia is either the sole ... ctonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,
item-345 at level 4: text: [15]
item-345 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-346 at level 4: text: or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.
item-347 at level 4: text: [9]
item-347 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-348 at level 4: text: The
item-349 at level 4: text: shelducks
item-350 at level 4: text: make up the tribe Tadornini in t ... ily Anserinae in some classifications,
item-351 at level 4: text: [15]
item-351 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-352 at level 4: text: and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,
item-353 at level 4: text: [17]
item-353 at level 4: text: [ 17 ]
item-354 at level 4: text: while the
item-355 at level 4: text: steamer ducks
item-356 at level 4: text: are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini
item-357 at level 4: text: [15]
item-357 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-358 at level 4: text: or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.
item-359 at level 4: text: [9]
item-359 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-360 at level 4: text: The
item-361 at level 4: text: perching ducks
item-362 at level 4: text: make up in the tribe Cairinini i ... members assigned to the tribe Anatini.
item-363 at level 4: text: [9]
item-363 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-364 at level 4: text: The
item-365 at level 4: text: torrent duck
item-366 at level 4: text: is generally included in the sub ... e in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,
item-367 at level 4: text: [15]
item-367 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-368 at level 4: text: but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.
item-369 at level 4: text: [18]
item-369 at level 4: text: [ 18 ]
item-370 at level 4: text: The
item-371 at level 4: text: pink-eared duck
item-372 at level 4: text: is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini
item-373 at level 4: text: [15]
item-373 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-374 at level 4: text: or the tribe Malacorhynchini,
item-375 at level 4: text: [19]
item-375 at level 4: text: [ 19 ]
item-376 at level 4: text: and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.
item-377 at level 4: text: [15]
item-377 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-378 at level 2: section_header: Morphology
item-379 at level 3: picture
item-379 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck
@ -418,13 +418,13 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-411 at level 4: text: Ducks have a
item-412 at level 4: text: cosmopolitan distribution
item-413 at level 4: text: , and are found on every continent except Antarctica.
item-414 at level 4: text: [5]
item-414 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-415 at level 4: text: Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including
item-416 at level 4: text: South Georgia
item-417 at level 4: text: and the
item-418 at level 4: text: Auckland Islands
item-419 at level 4: text: .
item-420 at level 4: text: [20]
item-420 at level 4: text: [ 20 ]
item-421 at level 4: text: Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the
item-422 at level 4: text: Hawaiian Islands
item-423 at level 4: text: ,
@ -436,17 +436,17 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-429 at level 4: text: and less often
item-430 at level 4: text: residents
item-431 at level 4: text: .
item-432 at level 4: text: [21]
item-433 at level 4: text: [22]
item-432 at level 4: text: [ 21 ]
item-433 at level 4: text: [ 22 ]
item-434 at level 4: text: A handful are
item-435 at level 4: text: endemic
item-436 at level 4: text: to such far-flung islands.
item-437 at level 4: text: [21]
item-437 at level 4: text: [ 21 ]
item-438 at level 3: picture
item-438 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-439 at level 3: inline: group group
item-440 at level 4: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... that form after localised heavy rain.
item-441 at level 4: text: [23]
item-441 at level 4: text: [ 23 ]
item-442 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour
item-443 at level 3: section_header: Feeding
item-444 at level 4: picture
@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-452 at level 4: inline: group group
item-453 at level 5: text: Dabbling ducks
item-454 at level 5: text: feed on the surface of water or ... -ending without completely submerging.
item-455 at level 5: text: [24]
item-455 at level 5: text: [ 24 ]
item-456 at level 5: text: Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a
item-457 at level 5: text: pecten
item-458 at level 5: text: . This strains the water squirti ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-476 at level 5: text: published an article advising th ... hould not be fed with bread because it
item-477 at level 5: text: damages the health of the ducks
item-478 at level 5: text: and pollutes waterways.
item-479 at level 5: text: [25]
item-479 at level 5: text: [ 25 ]
item-480 at level 3: section_header: Breeding
item-481 at level 4: picture
item-481 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling
@ -494,9 +494,9 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-483 at level 5: text: Ducks generally
item-484 at level 5: text: only have one partner at a time
item-485 at level 5: text: , although the partnership usually only lasts one year.
item-486 at level 5: text: [26]
item-486 at level 5: text: [ 26 ]
item-487 at level 5: text: Larger species and the more sede ... e pair-bonds that last numerous years.
item-488 at level 5: text: [27]
item-488 at level 5: text: [ 27 ]
item-489 at level 5: text: Most duck species breed once a y ... ng to do so in favourable conditions (
item-490 at level 5: text: spring
item-491 at level 5: text: /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a
@ -504,12 +504,12 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-493 at level 5: text: before breeding, and, after hatc ... out of (such as nesting in an enclosed
item-494 at level 5: text: courtyard
item-495 at level 5: text: ) or are not prospering due to g ... e nest and led her ducklings to water.
item-496 at level 5: text: [28]
item-496 at level 5: text: [ 28 ]
item-497 at level 3: section_header: Communication
item-498 at level 4: inline: group group
item-499 at level 5: text: Female
item-500 at level 5: text: mallard
item-501 at level 5: text: ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the
item-501 at level 5: text: ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the
item-502 at level 5: text: American
item-503 at level 5: text: and
item-504 at level 5: text: Pacific black ducks
@ -520,11 +520,11 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-509 at level 5: text: and
item-510 at level 5: text: common teal
item-511 at level 5: text: ) make the classic "quack" sound ... at is sometimes written as "breeeeze",
item-512 at level 5: text: [29]
item-512 at level 5: text: [ 29 ]
item-513 at level 5: text: [
item-514 at level 5: text: self-published source?
item-515 at level 5: text: ]but, despite widespread misconc ... , most species of duck do not "quack".
item-516 at level 5: text: [30]
item-515 at level 5: text: ] but, despite widespread miscon ... , most species of duck do not "quack".
item-516 at level 5: text: [ 30 ]
item-517 at level 5: text: In general, ducks make a range of
item-518 at level 5: text: calls
item-519 at level 5: text: , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the
@ -540,13 +540,13 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-529 at level 5: text: in 2003 as part of the
item-530 at level 5: text: British Association
item-531 at level 5: text: 's Festival of Science.
item-532 at level 5: text: [31]
item-532 at level 5: text: [ 31 ]
item-533 at level 5: text: It was also debunked in
item-534 at level 5: text: one of the earlier episodes
item-535 at level 5: text: of the popular Discovery Channel television show
item-536 at level 5: text: MythBusters
item-537 at level 5: text: .
item-538 at level 5: text: [32]
item-538 at level 5: text: [ 32 ]
item-539 at level 3: section_header: Predators
item-540 at level 4: picture
item-540 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal
@ -584,39 +584,39 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-572 at level 5: text: in California dating to 7800 – 6400
item-573 at level 5: text: BP
item-574 at level 5: text: have turned up bones of ducks, i ... st one now-extinct flightless species.
item-575 at level 5: text: [33]
item-575 at level 5: text: [ 33 ]
item-576 at level 5: text: Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by
item-577 at level 5: text: Holocene
item-578 at level 5: text: inhabitants of the lower
item-579 at level 5: text: Ohio River
item-580 at level 5: text: valley, suggesting they took adv ... ounty provided by migrating waterfowl.
item-581 at level 5: text: [34]
item-581 at level 5: text: [ 34 ]
item-582 at level 5: text: Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,
item-583 at level 5: text: [35]
item-583 at level 5: text: [ 35 ]
item-584 at level 5: text: Scandinavia,
item-585 at level 5: text: [36]
item-585 at level 5: text: [ 36 ]
item-586 at level 5: text: Egypt,
item-587 at level 5: text: [37]
item-587 at level 5: text: [ 37 ]
item-588 at level 5: text: Switzerland,
item-589 at level 5: text: [38]
item-589 at level 5: text: [ 38 ]
item-590 at level 5: text: and China relied on ducks as a s ... f protein for some or all of the year.
item-591 at level 5: text: [39]
item-591 at level 5: text: [ 39 ]
item-592 at level 5: text: Archeological evidence shows that
item-593 at level 5: text: Māori people
item-594 at level 5: text: in New Zealand hunted the flightless
item-595 at level 5: text: Finsch's duck
item-596 at level 5: text: , possibly to extinction, though ... may also have contributed to its fate.
item-597 at level 5: text: [40]
item-597 at level 5: text: [ 40 ]
item-598 at level 5: text: A similar end awaited the
item-599 at level 5: text: Chatham duck
item-600 at level 5: text: , a species with reduced flying ... was colonised by Polynesian settlers.
item-601 at level 5: text: [41]
item-601 at level 5: text: [ 41 ]
item-602 at level 5: text: It is probable that duck eggs we ... ugh hard evidence of this is uncommon.
item-603 at level 5: text: [35]
item-604 at level 5: text: [42]
item-603 at level 5: text: [ 35 ]
item-604 at level 5: text: [ 42 ]
item-605 at level 4: inline: group group
item-606 at level 5: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... he wild) are hunted for food or sport,
item-607 at level 5: text: [43]
item-607 at level 5: text: [ 43 ]
item-608 at level 5: text: by shooting, or by being trapped using
item-609 at level 5: text: duck decoys
item-610 at level 5: text: . Because an idle floating duck ... n "an easy target". These ducks may be
@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-612 at level 5: text: such as
item-613 at level 5: text: PCBs
item-614 at level 5: text: .
item-615 at level 5: text: [44]
item-615 at level 5: text: [ 44 ]
item-616 at level 3: section_header: Domestication
item-617 at level 4: picture
item-617 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
@ -632,18 +632,18 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-619 at level 5: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... eggs, and feathers (particularly their
item-620 at level 5: text: down
item-621 at level 5: text: ). Approximately 3 billion ducks ... ughtered each year for meat worldwide.
item-622 at level 5: text: [45]
item-622 at level 5: text: [ 45 ]
item-623 at level 5: text: They are also kept and bred by a ... domestic ducks are descended from the
item-624 at level 5: text: mallard
item-625 at level 5: text: (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the
item-625 at level 5: text: ( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the
item-626 at level 5: text: Muscovy duck
item-627 at level 5: text: (Cairina moschata).
item-628 at level 5: text: [46]
item-629 at level 5: text: [47]
item-627 at level 5: text: ( Cairina moschata ).
item-628 at level 5: text: [ 46 ]
item-629 at level 5: text: [ 47 ]
item-630 at level 5: text: The
item-631 at level 5: text: Call duck
item-632 at level 5: text: is another example of a domestic ... as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).
item-633 at level 5: text: [48]
item-633 at level 5: text: [ 48 ]
item-634 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry
item-635 at level 4: picture
item-635 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
@ -655,13 +655,13 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-641 at level 5: text: (
item-642 at level 5: text: Latvia
item-643 at level 5: text: )
item-644 at level 5: text: [50]
item-644 at level 5: text: [ 50 ]
item-645 at level 5: text: and the coat of arms of
item-646 at level 5: text: Föglö
item-647 at level 5: text: (
item-648 at level 5: text: Åland
item-649 at level 5: text: ).
item-650 at level 5: text: [51]
item-650 at level 5: text: [ 51 ]
item-651 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references
item-652 at level 4: inline: group group
item-653 at level 5: text: In 2002, psychologist
@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-659 at level 5: text: , finished a year-long
item-660 at level 5: text: LaughLab
item-661 at level 5: text: experiment, concluding that of a ... involving an animal, make it a duck."
item-662 at level 5: text: [52]
item-662 at level 5: text: [ 52 ]
item-663 at level 5: text: The word "duck" may have become an
item-664 at level 5: text: inherently funny word
item-665 at level 5: text: in many languages, possibly beca ... n their looks or behavior. Of the many
@ -689,8 +689,8 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-675 at level 5: text: .
item-676 at level 5: text: Howard the Duck
item-677 at level 5: text: started as a comic book character in 1973
item-678 at level 5: text: [53]
item-679 at level 5: text: [54]
item-678 at level 5: text: [ 53 ]
item-679 at level 5: text: [ 54 ]
item-680 at level 5: text: and was made into a
item-681 at level 5: text: movie
item-682 at level 5: text: in 1986.
@ -703,16 +703,16 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-689 at level 5: text: National Hockey League
item-690 at level 5: text: professional team of the
item-691 at level 5: text: Anaheim Ducks
item-692 at level 5: text: , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[
item-692 at level 5: text: , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [
item-693 at level 5: text: citation needed
item-694 at level 5: text: ]The duck is also the nickname of the
item-694 at level 5: text: ] The duck is also the nickname of the
item-695 at level 5: text: University of Oregon
item-696 at level 5: text: sports teams as well as the
item-697 at level 5: text: Long Island Ducks
item-698 at level 5: text: minor league
item-699 at level 5: text: baseball
item-700 at level 5: text: team.
item-701 at level 5: text: [55]
item-701 at level 5: text: [ 55 ]
item-702 at level 2: section_header: See also
item-703 at level 3: list: group list
item-704 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal

336
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json
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@ -9127,8 +9127,8 @@
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@ -9164,8 +9164,8 @@
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@ -9352,8 +9352,8 @@
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@ -9683,8 +9683,8 @@
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@ -9808,8 +9808,8 @@
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@ -9866,8 +9866,8 @@
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"orig": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the",
"text": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the"
"orig": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the",
"text": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the"
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@ -10003,8 +10003,8 @@
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@ -10041,8 +10041,8 @@
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"orig": "]but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".",
"text": "]but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\"."
"orig": "] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".",
"text": "] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\"."
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@ -10053,8 +10053,8 @@
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@ -11133,8 +11133,8 @@
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@ -11158,8 +11158,8 @@
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"orig": "[43]",
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"text": "[ 43 ]",
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@ -11258,8 +11258,8 @@
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"orig": "[44]",
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@ -11340,8 +11340,8 @@
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@ -11378,8 +11378,8 @@
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"orig": "(Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the",
"text": "(Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the"
"orig": "( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the",
"text": "( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the"
},
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@ -11403,8 +11403,8 @@
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"orig": "(Cairina moschata).",
"text": "(Cairina moschata)."
"orig": "( Cairina moschata ).",
"text": "( Cairina moschata )."
},
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@ -11415,8 +11415,8 @@
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@ -12030,8 +12030,8 @@
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@ -12043,8 +12043,8 @@
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@ -12193,8 +12193,8 @@
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"orig": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[",
"text": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.["
"orig": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [",
"text": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. ["
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@ -12218,8 +12218,8 @@
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"orig": "]The duck is also the nickname of the",
"text": "]The duck is also the nickname of the"
"orig": "] The duck is also the nickname of the",
"text": "] The duck is also the nickname of the"
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@ -12305,8 +12305,8 @@
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40
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md
View File

@ -231,17 +231,17 @@ Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with si
## Etymology
The word duck comes from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English) dūce'diver', a derivative of the verb*dūcan'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [dabbling duck](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) group feed by upending; compare with [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language) duiken and [German](/wiki/German_language) tauchen'to dive'.
The word duck comes from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English) dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb * dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [dabbling duck](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) group feed by upending; compare with [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language) duiken and [German](/wiki/German_language) tauchen 'to dive'.
Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
<!-- image -->
This word replaced Old English ened/ænid'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language) and. The word ened/ænid was inherited from [Proto-Indo-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language) ; [cf.](/wiki/Cf.) [Latin](/wiki/Latin) anas"duck", [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language) ántis'duck', [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) νῆσσα/νῆττα(nēssa/nētta) 'duck', and [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit) ātí'water bird', among others.
This word replaced Old English ened / ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck , for example, Dutch eend , German Ente and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language) and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from [Proto-Indo-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language) ; [cf.](/wiki/Cf.) [Latin](/wiki/Latin) anas "duck", [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language) ántis 'duck', [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit) ātí 'water bird', among others.
A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage [[1]](#cite_note-1) or baby duck, [[2]](#cite_note-2) but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage [[ 1 ]](#cite_note-1) or baby duck, [[ 2 ]](#cite_note-2) but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
A male is called a [drake](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake) and the female is called a duck, or in [ornithology](/wiki/Ornithology) a hen. [[3]](#cite_note-3) [[4]](#cite_note-4)
A male is called a [drake](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake) and the female is called a duck, or in [ornithology](/wiki/Ornithology) a hen. [[ 3 ]](#cite_note-3) [[ 4 ]](#cite_note-4)
Male mallard.
@ -253,15 +253,15 @@ Wood ducks.
## Taxonomy
All ducks belong to the [biological order](/wiki/Order_(biology)) [Anseriformes](/wiki/Anseriformes) , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the [screamers](/wiki/Screamer) , and the [magpie goose](/wiki/Magpie_goose) . [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) All except the screamers belong to the [biological family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists. [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Some base their decisions on [morphological characteristics](/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies. [[6]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6) [[7]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7) The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five. [[8]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8) [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The significant level of [hybridisation](/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)) that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9)
All ducks belong to the [biological order](/wiki/Order_(biology)) [Anseriformes](/wiki/Anseriformes) , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the [screamers](/wiki/Screamer) , and the [magpie goose](/wiki/Magpie_goose) . [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) All except the screamers belong to the [biological family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists. [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Some base their decisions on [morphological characteristics](/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies. [[ 6 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6) [[ 7 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7) The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five. [[ 8 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8) [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The significant level of [hybridisation](/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)) that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9)
Mallard landing in approach
<!-- image -->
In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes. [[10]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10) The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water. [[11]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11) The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini. [[12]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12) The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater. [[13]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13) The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails. [[14]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14)
In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes. [[ 10 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10) The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water. [[ 11 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11) The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini. [[ 12 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12) The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater. [[ 13 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13) The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails. [[ 14 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14)
A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The [whistling ducks](/wiki/Whistling_duck) are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae). [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) [[16]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix-16) The [freckled duck](/wiki/Freckled_duck) of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or in its own family, the Stictonettinae. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [shelducks](/wiki/Shelduck) make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others, [[17]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998-17) while the [steamer ducks](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [perching ducks](/wiki/Perching_duck) make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [torrent duck](/wiki/Torrent_duck) is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini. [[18]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18) The [pink-eared duck](/wiki/Pink-eared_duck) is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or the tribe Malacorhynchini, [[19]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19) and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini. [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15)
A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The [whistling ducks](/wiki/Whistling_duck) are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae). [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) [[ 16 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix-16) The [freckled duck](/wiki/Freckled_duck) of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or in its own family, the Stictonettinae. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [shelducks](/wiki/Shelduck) make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others, [[ 17 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998-17) while the [steamer ducks](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [perching ducks](/wiki/Perching_duck) make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [torrent duck](/wiki/Torrent_duck) is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini. [[ 18 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18) The [pink-eared duck](/wiki/Pink-eared_duck) is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or the tribe Malacorhynchini, [[ 19 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19) and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini. [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15)
## Morphology
@ -279,13 +279,13 @@ Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
<!-- image -->
Ducks have a [cosmopolitan distribution](/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution) , and are found on every continent except Antarctica. [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including [South Georgia](/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands) and the [Auckland Islands](/wiki/Auckland_Islands) . [[20]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20) Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the [Hawaiian Islands](/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands) , [Micronesia](/wiki/Micronesia) and the [Galápagos Islands](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands) , where they are often [vagrants](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants) and less often [residents](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents) . [[21]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21) [[22]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22) A handful are [endemic](/wiki/Endemic) to such far-flung islands. [[21]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21)
Ducks have a [cosmopolitan distribution](/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution) , and are found on every continent except Antarctica. [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including [South Georgia](/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands) and the [Auckland Islands](/wiki/Auckland_Islands) . [[ 20 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20) Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the [Hawaiian Islands](/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands) , [Micronesia](/wiki/Micronesia) and the [Galápagos Islands](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands) , where they are often [vagrants](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants) and less often [residents](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents) . [[ 21 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21) [[ 22 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22) A handful are [endemic](/wiki/Endemic) to such far-flung islands. [[ 21 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21)
Female mallard in Cornwall, England
<!-- image -->
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain. [[23]](#cite_note-23)
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain. [[ 23 ]](#cite_note-23)
## Behaviour
@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Mallard duckling preening
Ducks eat food sources such as [grasses](/wiki/Poaceae) , aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small [molluscs](/wiki/Mollusc) .
[Dabbling ducks](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. [[24]](#cite_note-24) Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a [pecten](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) . This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.
[Dabbling ducks](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. [[ 24 ]](#cite_note-24) Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a [pecten](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) . This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.
[Diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) and [sea ducks](/wiki/Sea_duck) forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.
@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ A few specialized species such as the [mergansers](/wiki/Merganser) are adapted
The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to [dredging](/wiki/Dredging) -type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no [cere](/wiki/Cere) , but the nostrils come out through hard horn.
[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian) published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [damages the health of the ducks](/wiki/Angel_wing) and pollutes waterways. [[25]](#cite_note-25)
[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian) published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [damages the health of the ducks](/wiki/Angel_wing) and pollutes waterways. [[ 25 ]](#cite_note-25)
### Breeding
@ -317,13 +317,13 @@ A Muscovy duckling
<!-- image -->
Ducks generally [only have one partner at a time](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals) , although the partnership usually only lasts one year. [[26]](#cite_note-26) Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years. [[27]](#cite_note-27) Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions ( [spring](/wiki/Spring_(season)) /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a [nest](/wiki/Bird_nest) before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard) ) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water. [[28]](#cite_note-28)
Ducks generally [only have one partner at a time](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals) , although the partnership usually only lasts one year. [[ 26 ]](#cite_note-26) Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years. [[ 27 ]](#cite_note-27) Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions ( [spring](/wiki/Spring_(season)) /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a [nest](/wiki/Bird_nest) before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard) ) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water. [[ 28 ]](#cite_note-28)
### Communication
Female [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the [American](/wiki/American_black_duck) and [Pacific black ducks](/wiki/Pacific_black_duck) , [spot-billed duck](/wiki/Spot-billed_duck) , [northern pintail](/wiki/Northern_pintail) and [common teal](/wiki/Common_teal) ) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze", [[29]](#cite_note-29) [ [self-published source?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ]but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack". [[30]](#cite_note-30) In general, ducks make a range of [calls](/wiki/Bird_vocalisation) , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [scaup](/wiki/Scaup) – which are [diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
Female [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the [American](/wiki/American_black_duck) and [Pacific black ducks](/wiki/Pacific_black_duck) , [spot-billed duck](/wiki/Spot-billed_duck) , [northern pintail](/wiki/Northern_pintail) and [common teal](/wiki/Common_teal) ) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze", [[ 29 ]](#cite_note-29) [ [self-published source?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack". [[ 30 ]](#cite_note-30) In general, ducks make a range of [calls](/wiki/Bird_vocalisation) , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [scaup](/wiki/Scaup) – which are [diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
A common [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend) claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford) in 2003 as part of the [British Association](/wiki/British_Association) 's Festival of Science. [[31]](#cite_note-31) It was also debunked in [one of the earlier episodes](/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?) of the popular Discovery Channel television show [MythBusters](/wiki/MythBusters) . [[32]](#cite_note-32)
A common [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend) claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford) in 2003 as part of the [British Association](/wiki/British_Association) 's Festival of Science. [[ 31 ]](#cite_note-31) It was also debunked in [one of the earlier episodes](/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?) of the popular Discovery Channel television show [MythBusters](/wiki/MythBusters) . [[ 32 ]](#cite_note-32)
### Predators
@ -339,9 +339,9 @@ Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic pre
### Hunting
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of [middens](/wiki/Midden) in California dating to 7800 – 6400 [BP](/wiki/Before_present) have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species. [[33]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33) Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene) inhabitants of the lower [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River) valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl. [[34]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34) Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean, [[35]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) Scandinavia, [[36]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36) Egypt, [[37]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37) Switzerland, [[38]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38) and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year. [[39]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39) Archeological evidence shows that [Māori people](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people) in New Zealand hunted the flightless [Finsch's duck](/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck) , possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate. [[40]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40) A similar end awaited the [Chatham duck](/wiki/Chatham_duck) , a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers. [[41]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41) It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon. [[35]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) [[42]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42)
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of [middens](/wiki/Midden) in California dating to 7800 – 6400 [BP](/wiki/Before_present) have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species. [[ 33 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33) Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene) inhabitants of the lower [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River) valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl. [[ 34 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34) Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean, [[ 35 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) Scandinavia, [[ 36 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36) Egypt, [[ 37 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37) Switzerland, [[ 38 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38) and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year. [[ 39 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39) Archeological evidence shows that [Māori people](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people) in New Zealand hunted the flightless [Finsch's duck](/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck) , possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate. [[ 40 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40) A similar end awaited the [Chatham duck](/wiki/Chatham_duck) , a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers. [[ 41 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41) It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon. [[ 35 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) [[ 42 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42)
In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport, [[43]](#cite_note-43) by shooting, or by being trapped using [duck decoys](/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)) . Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be [contaminated by pollutants](/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution) such as [PCBs](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl) . [[44]](#cite_note-44)
In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport, [[ 43 ]](#cite_note-43) by shooting, or by being trapped using [duck decoys](/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)) . Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be [contaminated by pollutants](/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution) such as [PCBs](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl) . [[ 44 ]](#cite_note-44)
### Domestication
@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
<!-- image -->
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [down](/wiki/Down_feather) ). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. [[45]](#cite_note-45) They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the [Muscovy duck](/wiki/Muscovy_duck) (Cairina moschata). [[46]](#cite_note-46) [[47]](#cite_note-47) The [Call duck](/wiki/Call_duck) is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). [[48]](#cite_note-48)
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [down](/wiki/Down_feather) ). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. [[ 45 ]](#cite_note-45) They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the [Muscovy duck](/wiki/Muscovy_duck) ( Cairina moschata ). [[ 46 ]](#cite_note-46) [[ 47 ]](#cite_note-47) The [Call duck](/wiki/Call_duck) is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). [[ 48 ]](#cite_note-48)
### Heraldry
@ -357,13 +357,13 @@ Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
<!-- image -->
Ducks appear on several [coats of arms](/wiki/Coats_of_arms) , including the coat of arms of [Lubāna](/wiki/Lub%C4%81na) ( [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia) ) [[50]](#cite_note-50) and the coat of arms of [Föglö](/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6) ( [Åland](/wiki/%C3%85land) ). [[51]](#cite_note-51)
Ducks appear on several [coats of arms](/wiki/Coats_of_arms) , including the coat of arms of [Lubāna](/wiki/Lub%C4%81na) ( [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia) ) [[ 50 ]](#cite_note-50) and the coat of arms of [Föglö](/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6) ( [Åland](/wiki/%C3%85land) ). [[ 51 ]](#cite_note-51)
### Cultural references
In 2002, psychologist [Richard Wiseman](/wiki/Richard_Wiseman) and colleagues at the [University of Hertfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire) , [UK](/wiki/UK) , finished a year-long [LaughLab](/wiki/LaughLab) experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck." [[52]](#cite_note-52) The word "duck" may have become an [inherently funny word](/wiki/Inherently_funny_word) in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many [ducks in fiction](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) , many are cartoon characters, such as [Walt Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) 's [Donald Duck](/wiki/Donald_Duck) , and [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros.) ' [Daffy Duck](/wiki/Daffy_Duck) . [Howard the Duck](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck) started as a comic book character in 1973 [[53]](#cite_note-53) [[54]](#cite_note-54) and was made into a [movie](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)) in 1986.
In 2002, psychologist [Richard Wiseman](/wiki/Richard_Wiseman) and colleagues at the [University of Hertfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire) , [UK](/wiki/UK) , finished a year-long [LaughLab](/wiki/LaughLab) experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck." [[ 52 ]](#cite_note-52) The word "duck" may have become an [inherently funny word](/wiki/Inherently_funny_word) in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many [ducks in fiction](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) , many are cartoon characters, such as [Walt Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) 's [Donald Duck](/wiki/Donald_Duck) , and [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros.) ' [Daffy Duck](/wiki/Daffy_Duck) . [Howard the Duck](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck) started as a comic book character in 1973 [[ 53 ]](#cite_note-53) [[ 54 ]](#cite_note-54) and was made into a [movie](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)) in 1986.
The 1992 Disney film [The Mighty Ducks](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starring [Emilio Estevez](/wiki/Emilio_Estevez) , chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League) professional team of the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks) , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[ [citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ]The duck is also the nickname of the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon) sports teams as well as the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks) minor league [baseball](/wiki/Baseball) team. [[55]](#cite_note-55)
The 1992 Disney film [The Mighty Ducks](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starring [Emilio Estevez](/wiki/Emilio_Estevez) , chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League) professional team of the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks) , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [ [citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] The duck is also the nickname of the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon) sports teams as well as the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks) minor league [baseball](/wiki/Baseball) team. [[ 55 ]](#cite_note-55)
## See also

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<html>
<body>
<h1>Something</h1>
<p>
Please follow the link to:
<a href="#">
<span class="icon icon--right"></span> This page
</a>
.
</p>
<div class="mod mod-contentpage">
</div>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<div class="nav-mobile-header">
<div class="table-row">
<span class="nav-mobile-logo">
<img src="/etc/designs/core/frontend/guidelines/img/xyz.svg"
onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='/etc/designs/core/frontend/guidelines/img/xyz.png'"
alt="Image alt text" />
</span>
<h2>
<a href="/home.html" title="My home page " aria-label="My home page ">Home</a>
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
<li class="dropdown">
<a id="main-dropdown" href="#" aria-label="My Section" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span
class="icon icon--right"></span> My Section</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
<li class="dropdown-header">
<a href="/start.html" aria-label="Some page" target="_blank" title="">Some
page</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/home2.html" aria-label="Some other page" target="_blank" title=""> A sub page</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>This is my <a href="/home.html">Homepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#main-navigation">Main navigation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="dropdown">
<a id="other-dropdown" href="#" aria-label="My Org" class="dropdown-toggle"><span
class="icon icon--right"></span> My organisation</a>
</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>