diff --git a/docling/backend/html_backend.py b/docling/backend/html_backend.py index 7c716908..75c961e4 100644 --- a/docling/backend/html_backend.py +++ b/docling/backend/html_backend.py @@ -1,8 +1,11 @@ import logging +import re import traceback +from contextlib import contextmanager from io import BytesIO from pathlib import Path from typing import Final, Optional, Union, cast +from urllib.parse import urljoin from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, NavigableString, PageElement, Tag from bs4.element import PreformattedString @@ -17,6 +20,7 @@ from docling_core.types.doc import ( TableData, ) from docling_core.types.doc.document import ContentLayer +from pydantic import AnyUrl, BaseModel, ValidationError as PydanticValidationError from typing_extensions import override from docling.backend.abstract_backend import DeclarativeDocumentBackend @@ -47,10 +51,64 @@ TAGS_FOR_NODE_ITEMS: Final = [ "img", ] +NON_TEXT_TAGS: Final = ["script", "style"] + + +class AnnotatedText(BaseModel): + text: str + hyperlink: Union[AnyUrl, Path, None] = None + + +class AnnotatedTextList(list): + def to_single_text_element(self) -> AnnotatedText: + current_h = None + current_text = "" + for at in self: + t = at.text + h = at.hyperlink + current_text += t.strip() + " " + if h is not None and current_h is None: + current_h = h + elif h is not None and current_h is not None and h != current_h: + _log.warning( + f"Clashing hyperlinks: '{h}' and '{current_h}'! Chose '{current_h}'" + ) + return AnnotatedText(text=current_text.strip(), hyperlink=current_h) + + def simplify_text_elements(self) -> "AnnotatedTextList": + simplified = AnnotatedTextList() + if not self: + return self + text = self[0].text + hyperlink = self[0].hyperlink + for i in range(1, len(self)): + if hyperlink == self[i].hyperlink: + sep = "" + if ( + text + and re.match(r"\w", text[-1]) + and self[i].text + and re.match(r"\w", self[i].text[0]) + ): + sep = " " + text += sep + self[i].text + else: + simplified.append(AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=hyperlink)) + text = self[i].text + hyperlink = self[i].hyperlink + if text: + simplified.append(AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=hyperlink)) + return simplified + class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): @override - def __init__(self, in_doc: "InputDocument", path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path]): + def __init__( + self, + in_doc: "InputDocument", + path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path], + original_url: Optional[AnyUrl] = None, + ): super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream) self.soup: Optional[Tag] = None # HTML file: @@ -61,6 +119,8 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self.parents: dict[int, Optional[Union[DocItem, GroupItem]]] = {} for i in range(self.max_levels): self.parents[i] = None + self.hyperlink = None + self.original_url = original_url try: if isinstance(self.path_or_stream, BytesIO): @@ -159,6 +219,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, text=text, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=self.hyperlink, ) text = "" @@ -183,29 +244,73 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self.handle_image(tag, doc) elif tag.name == "details": self.handle_details(tag, doc) + elif tag.name == "a": + with self.use_hyperlink(tag): + self.walk(tag, doc) else: self.walk(tag, doc) - def get_text(self, item: PageElement) -> str: - """Get the text content of a tag.""" - parts: list[str] = self.extract_text_recursively(item) - - return "".join(parts) + " " + @contextmanager + def use_hyperlink(self, tag): + this_href = tag.get("href") + if this_href is None: + yield None + else: + if this_href: + old_hyperlink = self.hyperlink + if self.original_url is not None: + this_href = urljoin(self.original_url, this_href) + # ugly fix for relative links since pydantic does not support them. + try: + AnyUrl(this_href) + except PydanticValidationError: + this_href = Path(this_href) + self.hyperlink = this_href + try: + yield None + finally: + if this_href: + self.hyperlink = old_hyperlink # Function to recursively extract text from all child nodes - def extract_text_recursively(self, item: PageElement) -> list[str]: - result: list[str] = [] + def extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + self, item: PageElement, ignore_list=False + ) -> AnnotatedTextList: + result: AnnotatedTextList = AnnotatedTextList() if isinstance(item, NavigableString): - return [item] + text = item.strip() + if text: + return AnnotatedTextList( + [AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=self.hyperlink)] + ) + return AnnotatedTextList() tag = cast(Tag, item) - if tag.name not in ["ul", "ol"]: + if tag.name not in NON_TEXT_TAGS and ( + not ignore_list or (tag.name not in ["ul", "ol"]) + ): for child in tag: - # Recursively get the child's text content - result.extend(self.extract_text_recursively(child)) + if isinstance(child, Tag) and child.name == "a": + with self.use_hyperlink(child): + result.extend( + self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + child, ignore_list + ) + ) + else: + # Recursively get the child's text content + result.extend( + self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively(child, ignore_list) + ) + return result - return ["".join(result) + " "] + def extract_single_text_and_hyperlink( + self, element, ignore_list=False + ) -> AnnotatedText: + return self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + element, ignore_list + ).to_single_text_element() def handle_details(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None: """Handle details tag (details) and its content.""" @@ -225,7 +330,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): def handle_header(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None: """Handles header tags (h1, h2, etc.).""" hlevel = int(element.name.replace("h", "")) - text = element.text.strip() + annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(element) self.content_layer = ContentLayer.BODY @@ -237,8 +342,9 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self.parents[self.level] = doc.add_text( parent=self.parents[0], label=DocItemLabel.TITLE, - text=text, + text=annotated_text.text, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, ) else: if hlevel > self.level: @@ -261,35 +367,57 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self.parents[hlevel] = doc.add_heading( parent=self.parents[hlevel - 1], - text=text, + text=annotated_text.text, level=hlevel - 1, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, ) def handle_code(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None: """Handles monospace code snippets (pre).""" if element.text is None: return - text = element.text.strip() - if text: + annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(element) + if annotated_text.text: doc.add_code( parent=self.parents[self.level], - text=text, + text=annotated_text.text, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, ) def handle_paragraph(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None: """Handles paragraph tags (p) or equivalent ones.""" if element.text is None: return - text = element.text.strip() - if text: - doc.add_text( + + annotated_texts = self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + element + ).simplify_text_elements() + + if len(annotated_texts) > 1: + inline_fmt = doc.add_group( + label=GroupLabel.INLINE, parent=self.parents[self.level], - label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, - text=text, content_layer=self.content_layer, ) + for annotated_text in annotated_texts: + doc.add_text( + label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, + text=annotated_text.text, + parent=inline_fmt, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, + ) + else: + for annotated_text in annotated_texts: + doc.add_text( + parent=self.parents[self.level], + label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, + text=annotated_text.text.strip(), + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, + ) def handle_list(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None: """Handles list tags (ul, ol) and their list items.""" @@ -345,9 +473,11 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): if nested_list: # Text in list item can be hidden within hierarchy, hence # we need to extract it recursively - text: str = self.get_text(element) + annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink( + element, ignore_list=True + ) # Flatten text, remove break lines: - text = text.replace("\n", "").replace("\r", "") + text = annotated_text.text.replace("\n", "").replace("\r", "") text = " ".join(text.split()).strip() marker = "" @@ -364,6 +494,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): marker=marker, parent=parent, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, ) self.level += 1 self.walk(element, doc) @@ -373,7 +504,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self.walk(element, doc) elif element.text.strip(): - text = element.text.strip() + annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(element) marker = "" enumerated = False @@ -381,11 +512,12 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): marker = f"{index_in_list!s}." enumerated = True doc.add_list_item( - text=text, + text=annotated_text.text, enumerated=enumerated, marker=marker, parent=parent, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, ) else: _log.debug(f"list-item has no text: {element}") @@ -570,6 +702,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION, text=("".join(texts)).strip(), content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=self.hyperlink, ) doc.add_picture( parent=self.parents[self.level], diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt index c0f5fdc9..13c82e45 100644 --- a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt @@ -220,239 +220,662 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_ item-219 at level 2: text: This article is about the bird. ... as a food, see . For other uses, see . item-220 at level 2: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see . item-221 at level 2: table with [13x2] - item-222 at level 2: text: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water. - item-223 at level 2: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots. - item-224 at level 2: section_header: Etymology - item-225 at level 3: text: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'. - item-226 at level 3: picture - item-226 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" - item-227 at level 3: text: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others. - item-228 at level 3: text: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling. - item-229 at level 3: text: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4] - item-230 at level 3: picture - item-230 at level 4: caption: Male mallard. - item-231 at level 3: picture - item-231 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks. - item-232 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy - item-233 at level 3: text: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9] - item-234 at level 3: picture - item-234 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach - item-235 at level 3: text: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14] - item-236 at level 3: text: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15] - item-237 at level 2: section_header: Morphology - item-238 at level 3: picture - item-238 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck - item-239 at level 3: text: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration. - item-240 at level 3: text: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. - item-241 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat - item-242 at level 3: picture - item-242 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina - item-243 at level 3: text: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21] - item-244 at level 3: picture - item-244 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England - item-245 at level 3: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23] - item-246 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour - item-247 at level 3: section_header: Feeding - item-248 at level 4: picture - item-248 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill - item-249 at level 4: picture - item-249 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening - item-250 at level 4: text: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs. - item-251 at level 4: text: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items. - item-252 at level 4: text: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly. - item-253 at level 4: text: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish. - item-254 at level 4: text: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn. - item-255 at level 4: text: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25] - item-256 at level 3: section_header: Breeding - item-257 at level 4: picture - item-257 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling - item-258 at level 4: text: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28] - item-259 at level 3: section_header: Communication - item-260 at level 4: text: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls. - item-261 at level 4: text: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32] - item-262 at level 3: section_header: Predators - item-263 at level 4: picture - item-263 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal - item-264 at level 4: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls. - item-265 at level 4: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks. - item-266 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans - item-267 at level 3: section_header: Hunting - item-268 at level 4: text: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42] - item-269 at level 4: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44] - item-270 at level 3: section_header: Domestication - item-271 at level 4: picture - item-271 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks - item-272 at level 4: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48] - item-273 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry - item-274 at level 4: picture - item-274 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] - item-275 at level 4: text: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51] - item-276 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references - item-277 at level 4: text: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986. - item-278 at level 4: text: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55] - item-279 at level 2: section_header: See also - item-280 at level 3: list: group list - item-281 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal - item-282 at level 3: list: group list - item-283 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck - item-284 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food - item-285 at level 4: list_item: Duck test - item-286 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds - item-287 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks - item-288 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck - item-289 at level 2: section_header: Notes - item-290 at level 3: section_header: Citations - item-291 at level 4: ordered_list: group ordered list - item-292 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". The American Herit ... n Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. - item-293 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English ... Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. - item-294 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139. - item-295 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566. - item-296 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536. - item-297 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738. - item-298 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452. - item-299 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354. - item-300 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540. - item-301 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191. - item-302 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 448. - item-303 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623. - item-304 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 686. - item-305 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193. - item-306 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537. - item-307 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix. - item-308 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998. - item-309 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538. - item-310 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62. - item-311 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245. - item-312 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107. - item-313 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3. - item-314 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27. - item-315 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02. - item-316 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016. - item-317 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9. - item-318 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... 093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797. - item-319 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... l on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22. - item-320 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ...  9780557901562.[self-published source] - item-321 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... man & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707. - item-322 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... kers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02. - item-323 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003. - item-324 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171. - item-325 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243. - item-326 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65. - item-327 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68. - item-328 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42. - item-329 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876, p. 133. - item-330 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012, p. 23. - item-331 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 53. - item-332 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 52. - item-333 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167. - item-334 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774. - item-335 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019. - item-336 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25. - item-337 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... . Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23. - item-338 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23. - item-339 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9. - item-340 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... tto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3. - item-341 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021. - item-342 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021. - item-343 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... w Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019. - item-344 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database. - item-345 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Lau ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck. - item-346 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20. - item-347 at level 3: section_header: Sources - item-348 at level 4: list: group list - item-349 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. - item-350 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8. - item-351 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... ro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6. - item-352 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... /S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792. - item-353 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4. - item-354 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... usiness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0. - item-355 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. - item-356 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5. - item-357 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7. - item-358 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5. - item-359 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7. - item-360 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0. - item-361 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. - item-362 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. - item-363 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... on: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8. - item-364 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9. - item-365 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... ork: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168. - item-366 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0. - item-367 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7. - item-368 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... rk: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5. - item-369 at level 2: section_header: External links - item-370 at level 3: list: group list - item-371 at level 4: list_item: Definitions from Wiktionary - item-372 at level 4: list_item: Media from Commons - item-373 at level 4: list_item: Quotations from Wikiquote - item-374 at level 4: list_item: Recipes from Wikibooks - item-375 at level 4: list_item: Taxa from Wikispecies - item-376 at level 4: list_item: Data from Wikidata - item-377 at level 3: list: group list - item-378 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts) - item-379 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine - item-380 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl - item-381 at level 3: table with [3x2] - item-382 at level 3: picture - item-383 at level 3: text: Retrieved from "" - item-384 at level 3: text: : - item-385 at level 3: list: group list - item-386 at level 4: list_item: Ducks - item-387 at level 4: list_item: Game birds - item-388 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names - item-389 at level 3: text: Hidden categories: - item-390 at level 3: list: group list - item-391 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes - item-392 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020 - item-393 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) - item-394 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv) - item-395 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) - item-396 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description - item-397 at level 4: list_item: Short description is different from Wikidata - item-398 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages - item-399 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages - item-400 at level 4: list_item: Articles with 'species' microformats - item-401 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text - item-402 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Dutch-language text - item-403 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing German-language text - item-404 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Norwegian-language text - item-405 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Lithuanian-language text - item-406 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text - item-407 at level 4: list_item: All articles with self-published sources - item-408 at level 4: list_item: Articles with self-published sources from February 2020 - item-409 at level 4: list_item: All articles with unsourced statements - item-410 at level 4: list_item: Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022 - item-411 at level 4: list_item: CS1: long volume value - item-412 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch - item-413 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata - item-414 at level 4: list_item: Webarchive template wayback links - item-415 at level 4: list_item: Articles with Project Gutenberg links - item-416 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing video clips - item-417 at level 3: list: group list - item-418 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC). - item-419 at level 4: list_item: Text is available under the Crea ... tion, Inc., a non-profit organization. - item-420 at level 3: list: group list - item-421 at level 4: list_item: Privacy policy - item-422 at level 4: list_item: About Wikipedia - item-423 at level 4: list_item: Disclaimers - item-424 at level 4: list_item: Contact Wikipedia - item-425 at level 4: list_item: Code of Conduct - item-426 at level 4: list_item: Developers - item-427 at level 4: list_item: Statistics - item-428 at level 4: list_item: Cookie statement - item-429 at level 4: list_item: Mobile view - item-430 at level 3: list: group list - item-431 at level 3: list: group list - item-432 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" - item-433 at level 1: caption: Male mallard. - item-434 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks. - item-435 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach - item-436 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck - item-437 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina - item-438 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England - item-439 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill - item-440 at level 1: caption: Mallard duckling preening - item-441 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling - item-442 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal - item-443 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks - item-444 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] \ No newline at end of file + item-222 at level 2: inline: group group + item-223 at level 3: text: Duck is the common name for numerous species of + item-224 at level 3: text: waterfowl + item-225 at level 3: text: in the + item-226 at level 3: text: family + item-227 at level 3: text: Anatidae + item-228 at level 3: text: . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than + item-229 at level 3: text: swans + item-230 at level 3: text: and + item-231 at level 3: text: geese + item-232 at level 3: text: , which are members of the same ... among several subfamilies, they are a + item-233 at level 3: text: form taxon + item-234 at level 3: text: ; they do not represent a + item-235 at level 3: text: monophyletic group + item-236 at level 3: text: (the group of all descendants of ... not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly + item-237 at level 3: text: aquatic birds + item-238 at level 3: text: , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. + item-239 at level 2: inline: group group + item-240 at level 3: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... ater birds with similar forms, such as + item-241 at level 3: text: loons + item-242 at level 3: text: or divers, + item-243 at level 3: text: grebes + item-244 at level 3: text: , + item-245 at level 3: text: gallinules + item-246 at level 3: text: and + item-247 at level 3: text: coots + item-248 at level 3: text: . + item-249 at level 2: section_header: Etymology + item-250 at level 3: inline: group group + item-251 at level 4: text: The word duck comes from + item-252 at level 4: text: Old English + item-253 at level 4: text: dūce'diver', a derivative of the ... because of the way many species in the + item-254 at level 4: text: dabbling duck + item-255 at level 4: text: group feed by upending; compare with + item-256 at level 4: text: Dutch + item-257 at level 4: text: duiken and + item-258 at level 4: text: German + item-259 at level 4: text: tauchen'to dive'. + item-260 at level 3: picture + item-260 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" + item-261 at level 3: inline: group group + item-262 at level 4: text: This word replaced Old English e ... r example, Dutch eend, German Ente and + item-263 at level 4: text: Norwegian + item-264 at level 4: text: and. The word ened/ænid was inherited from + item-265 at level 4: text: Proto-Indo-European + item-266 at level 4: text: ; + item-267 at level 4: text: cf. + item-268 at level 4: text: Latin + item-269 at level 4: text: anas"duck", + item-270 at level 4: text: Lithuanian + item-271 at level 4: text: ántis'duck', + item-272 at level 4: text: Ancient Greek + item-273 at level 4: text: νῆσσα/νῆττα(nēssa/nētta) 'duck', and + item-274 at level 4: text: Sanskrit + item-275 at level 4: text: ātí'water bird', among others. + item-276 at level 3: inline: group group + item-277 at level 4: text: A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage + item-278 at level 4: text: [1] + item-279 at level 4: text: or baby duck, + item-280 at level 4: text: [2] + item-281 at level 4: text: but in the food trade a young do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling. + item-282 at level 3: inline: group group + item-283 at level 4: text: A male is called a + item-284 at level 4: text: drake + item-285 at level 4: text: and the female is called a duck, or in + item-286 at level 4: text: ornithology + item-287 at level 4: text: a hen. + item-288 at level 4: text: [3] + item-289 at level 4: text: [4] + item-290 at level 3: picture + item-290 at level 4: caption: Male mallard. + item-291 at level 3: picture + item-291 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks. + item-292 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy + item-293 at level 3: inline: group group + item-294 at level 4: text: All ducks belong to the + item-295 at level 4: text: biological order + item-296 at level 4: text: Anseriformes + item-297 at level 4: text: , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the + item-298 at level 4: text: screamers + item-299 at level 4: text: , and the + item-300 at level 4: text: magpie goose + item-301 at level 4: text: . + item-302 at level 4: text: [5] + item-303 at level 4: text: All except the screamers belong to the + item-304 at level 4: text: biological family + item-305 at level 4: text: Anatidae + item-306 at level 4: text: . + item-307 at level 4: text: [5] + item-308 at level 4: text: Within the family, ducks are spl ... erable disagreement among taxonomists. + item-309 at level 4: text: [5] + item-310 at level 4: text: Some base their decisions on + item-311 at level 4: text: morphological characteristics + item-312 at level 4: text: , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies. + item-313 at level 4: text: [6] + item-314 at level 4: text: [7] + item-315 at level 4: text: The number of suggested subfamil ... taining ducks ranges from two to five. + item-316 at level 4: text: [8] + item-317 at level 4: text: [9] + item-318 at level 4: text: The significant level of + item-319 at level 4: text: hybridisation + item-320 at level 4: text: that occurs among wild ducks com ... relationships between various species. + item-321 at level 4: text: [9] + item-322 at level 3: picture + item-322 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach + item-323 at level 3: inline: group group + item-324 at level 4: text: In most modern classifications, ... split into a varying number of tribes. + item-325 at level 4: text: [10] + item-326 at level 4: text: The largest of these, the Anatin ... imarily at the surface of fresh water. + item-327 at level 4: text: [11] + item-328 at level 4: text: The 'diving ducks', also named f ... ng method, make up the tribe Aythyini. + item-329 at level 4: text: [12] + item-330 at level 4: text: The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mer ... majority of their lives in saltwater. + item-331 at level 4: text: [13] + item-332 at level 4: text: The tribe Oxyurini contains the ... r small size and stiff, upright tails. + item-333 at level 4: text: [14] + item-334 at level 3: inline: group group + item-335 at level 4: text: A number of other species called ... ed in other subfamilies or tribes. The + item-336 at level 4: text: whistling ducks + item-337 at level 4: text: are assigned either to a tribe ( ... y Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae, + item-338 at level 4: text: [15] + item-339 at level 4: text: or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae). + item-340 at level 4: text: [9] + item-341 at level 4: text: [16] + item-342 at level 4: text: The + item-343 at level 4: text: freckled duck + item-344 at level 4: text: of Australia is either the sole ... ctonettini in the subfamily Anserinae, + item-345 at level 4: text: [15] + item-346 at level 4: text: or in its own family, the Stictonettinae. + item-347 at level 4: text: [9] + item-348 at level 4: text: The + item-349 at level 4: text: shelducks + item-350 at level 4: text: make up the tribe Tadornini in t ... ily Anserinae in some classifications, + item-351 at level 4: text: [15] + item-352 at level 4: text: and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others, + item-353 at level 4: text: [17] + item-354 at level 4: text: while the + item-355 at level 4: text: steamer ducks + item-356 at level 4: text: are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini + item-357 at level 4: text: [15] + item-358 at level 4: text: or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini. + item-359 at level 4: text: [9] + item-360 at level 4: text: The + item-361 at level 4: text: perching ducks + item-362 at level 4: text: make up in the tribe Cairinini i ... members assigned to the tribe Anatini. + item-363 at level 4: text: [9] + item-364 at level 4: text: The + item-365 at level 4: text: torrent duck + item-366 at level 4: text: is generally included in the sub ... e in the monotypic tribe Merganettini, + item-367 at level 4: text: [15] + item-368 at level 4: text: but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini. + item-369 at level 4: text: [18] + item-370 at level 4: text: The + item-371 at level 4: text: pink-eared duck + item-372 at level 4: text: is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini + item-373 at level 4: text: [15] + item-374 at level 4: text: or the tribe Malacorhynchini, + item-375 at level 4: text: [19] + item-376 at level 4: text: and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini. + item-377 at level 4: text: [15] + item-378 at level 2: section_header: Morphology + item-379 at level 3: picture + item-379 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck + item-380 at level 3: inline: group group + item-381 at level 4: text: The overall + item-382 at level 4: text: body plan + item-383 at level 4: text: of ducks is elongated and broad, ... t from this in being more rounded. The + item-384 at level 4: text: bill + item-385 at level 4: text: is usually broad and contains serrated + item-386 at level 4: text: pectens + item-387 at level 4: text: , which are particularly well de ... e generally short and pointed, and the + item-388 at level 4: text: flight + item-389 at level 4: text: of ducks requires fast continuou ... strong wing muscles. Three species of + item-390 at level 4: text: steamer duck + item-391 at level 4: text: are almost flightless, however. ... duck are temporarily flightless while + item-392 at level 4: text: moulting + item-393 at level 4: text: ; they seek out protected habita ... period. This moult typically precedes + item-394 at level 4: text: migration + item-395 at level 4: text: . + item-396 at level 3: inline: group group + item-397 at level 4: text: The drakes of northern species often have extravagant + item-398 at level 4: text: plumage + item-399 at level 4: text: , but that is + item-400 at level 4: text: moulted + item-401 at level 4: text: in summer to give a more female- ... n resident species typically show less + item-402 at level 4: text: sexual dimorphism + item-403 at level 4: text: , although there are exceptions such as the + item-404 at level 4: text: paradise shelduck + item-405 at level 4: text: of + item-406 at level 4: text: New Zealand + item-407 at level 4: text: , which is both strikingly sexua ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. + item-408 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat + item-409 at level 3: picture + item-409 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina + item-410 at level 3: inline: group group + item-411 at level 4: text: Ducks have a + item-412 at level 4: text: cosmopolitan distribution + item-413 at level 4: text: , and are found on every continent except Antarctica. + item-414 at level 4: text: [5] + item-415 at level 4: text: Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including + item-416 at level 4: text: South Georgia + item-417 at level 4: text: and the + item-418 at level 4: text: Auckland Islands + item-419 at level 4: text: . + item-420 at level 4: text: [20] + item-421 at level 4: text: Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the + item-422 at level 4: text: Hawaiian Islands + item-423 at level 4: text: , + item-424 at level 4: text: Micronesia + item-425 at level 4: text: and the + item-426 at level 4: text: Galápagos Islands + item-427 at level 4: text: , where they are often + item-428 at level 4: text: vagrants + item-429 at level 4: text: and less often + item-430 at level 4: text: residents + item-431 at level 4: text: . + item-432 at level 4: text: [21] + item-433 at level 4: text: [22] + item-434 at level 4: text: A handful are + item-435 at level 4: text: endemic + item-436 at level 4: text: to such far-flung islands. + item-437 at level 4: text: [21] + item-438 at level 3: picture + item-438 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England + item-439 at level 3: inline: group group + item-440 at level 4: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... that form after localised heavy rain. + item-441 at level 4: text: [23] + item-442 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour + item-443 at level 3: section_header: Feeding + item-444 at level 4: picture + item-444 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill + item-445 at level 4: picture + item-445 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening + item-446 at level 4: inline: group group + item-447 at level 5: text: Ducks eat food sources such as + item-448 at level 5: text: grasses + item-449 at level 5: text: , aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small + item-450 at level 5: text: molluscs + item-451 at level 5: text: . + item-452 at level 4: inline: group group + item-453 at level 5: text: Dabbling ducks + item-454 at level 5: text: feed on the surface of water or ... -ending without completely submerging. + item-455 at level 5: text: [24] + item-456 at level 5: text: Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a + item-457 at level 5: text: pecten + item-458 at level 5: text: . This strains the water squirti ... thers and to hold slippery food items. + item-459 at level 4: inline: group group + item-460 at level 5: text: Diving ducks + item-461 at level 5: text: and + item-462 at level 5: text: sea ducks + item-463 at level 5: text: forage deep underwater. To be ab ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly. + item-464 at level 4: inline: group group + item-465 at level 5: text: A few specialized species such as the + item-466 at level 5: text: mergansers + item-467 at level 5: text: are adapted to catch and swallow large fish. + item-468 at level 4: inline: group group + item-469 at level 5: text: The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to + item-470 at level 5: text: dredging + item-471 at level 5: text: -type jobs such as pulling up wa ... y when digging into sediment it has no + item-472 at level 5: text: cere + item-473 at level 5: text: , but the nostrils come out through hard horn. + item-474 at level 4: inline: group group + item-475 at level 5: text: The Guardian + item-476 at level 5: text: published an article advising th ... hould not be fed with bread because it + item-477 at level 5: text: damages the health of the ducks + item-478 at level 5: text: and pollutes waterways. + item-479 at level 5: text: [25] + item-480 at level 3: section_header: Breeding + item-481 at level 4: picture + item-481 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling + item-482 at level 4: inline: group group + item-483 at level 5: text: Ducks generally + item-484 at level 5: text: only have one partner at a time + item-485 at level 5: text: , although the partnership usually only lasts one year. + item-486 at level 5: text: [26] + item-487 at level 5: text: Larger species and the more sede ... e pair-bonds that last numerous years. + item-488 at level 5: text: [27] + item-489 at level 5: text: Most duck species breed once a y ... ng to do so in favourable conditions ( + item-490 at level 5: text: spring + item-491 at level 5: text: /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a + item-492 at level 5: text: nest + item-493 at level 5: text: before breeding, and, after hatc ... out of (such as nesting in an enclosed + item-494 at level 5: text: courtyard + item-495 at level 5: text: ) or are not prospering due to g ... e nest and led her ducklings to water. + item-496 at level 5: text: [28] + item-497 at level 3: section_header: Communication + item-498 at level 4: inline: group group + item-499 at level 5: text: Female + item-500 at level 5: text: mallard + item-501 at level 5: text: ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the + item-502 at level 5: text: American + item-503 at level 5: text: and + item-504 at level 5: text: Pacific black ducks + item-505 at level 5: text: , + item-506 at level 5: text: spot-billed duck + item-507 at level 5: text: , + item-508 at level 5: text: northern pintail + item-509 at level 5: text: and + item-510 at level 5: text: common teal + item-511 at level 5: text: ) make the classic "quack" sound ... at is sometimes written as "breeeeze", + item-512 at level 5: text: [29] + item-513 at level 5: text: [ + item-514 at level 5: text: self-published source? + item-515 at level 5: text: ]but, despite widespread misconc ... , most species of duck do not "quack". + item-516 at level 5: text: [30] + item-517 at level 5: text: In general, ducks make a range of + item-518 at level 5: text: calls + item-519 at level 5: text: , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the + item-520 at level 5: text: scaup + item-521 at level 5: text: – which are + item-522 at level 5: text: diving ducks + item-523 at level 5: text: – make a noise like "scaup" (hen ... laying calls or quieter contact calls. + item-524 at level 4: inline: group group + item-525 at level 5: text: A common + item-526 at level 5: text: urban legend + item-527 at level 5: text: claims that duck quacks do not e ... y the Acoustics Research Centre at the + item-528 at level 5: text: University of Salford + item-529 at level 5: text: in 2003 as part of the + item-530 at level 5: text: British Association + item-531 at level 5: text: 's Festival of Science. + item-532 at level 5: text: [31] + item-533 at level 5: text: It was also debunked in + item-534 at level 5: text: one of the earlier episodes + item-535 at level 5: text: of the popular Discovery Channel television show + item-536 at level 5: text: MythBusters + item-537 at level 5: text: . + item-538 at level 5: text: [32] + item-539 at level 3: section_header: Predators + item-540 at level 4: picture + item-540 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal + item-541 at level 4: inline: group group + item-542 at level 5: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... ory birds but also for large fish like + item-543 at level 5: text: pike + item-544 at level 5: text: , + item-545 at level 5: text: crocodilians + item-546 at level 5: text: , predatory + item-547 at level 5: text: testudines + item-548 at level 5: text: such as the + item-549 at level 5: text: alligator snapping turtle + item-550 at level 5: text: , and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as + item-551 at level 5: text: herons + item-552 at level 5: text: . Ducks' nests are raided by lan ... naware on the nest by mammals, such as + item-553 at level 5: text: foxes + item-554 at level 5: text: , or large birds, such as + item-555 at level 5: text: hawks + item-556 at level 5: text: or + item-557 at level 5: text: owls + item-558 at level 5: text: . + item-559 at level 4: inline: group group + item-560 at level 5: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... ng big fish such as the North American + item-561 at level 5: text: muskie + item-562 at level 5: text: and the European + item-563 at level 5: text: pike + item-564 at level 5: text: . In flight, ducks are safe from ... a few predators such as humans and the + item-565 at level 5: text: peregrine falcon + item-566 at level 5: text: , which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks. + item-567 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans + item-568 at level 3: section_header: Hunting + item-569 at level 4: inline: group group + item-570 at level 5: text: Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of + item-571 at level 5: text: middens + item-572 at level 5: text: in California dating to 7800 – 6400 + item-573 at level 5: text: BP + item-574 at level 5: text: have turned up bones of ducks, i ... st one now-extinct flightless species. + item-575 at level 5: text: [33] + item-576 at level 5: text: Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by + item-577 at level 5: text: Holocene + item-578 at level 5: text: inhabitants of the lower + item-579 at level 5: text: Ohio River + item-580 at level 5: text: valley, suggesting they took adv ... ounty provided by migrating waterfowl. + item-581 at level 5: text: [34] + item-582 at level 5: text: Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean, + item-583 at level 5: text: [35] + item-584 at level 5: text: Scandinavia, + item-585 at level 5: text: [36] + item-586 at level 5: text: Egypt, + item-587 at level 5: text: [37] + item-588 at level 5: text: Switzerland, + item-589 at level 5: text: [38] + item-590 at level 5: text: and China relied on ducks as a s ... f protein for some or all of the year. + item-591 at level 5: text: [39] + item-592 at level 5: text: Archeological evidence shows that + item-593 at level 5: text: Māori people + item-594 at level 5: text: in New Zealand hunted the flightless + item-595 at level 5: text: Finsch's duck + item-596 at level 5: text: , possibly to extinction, though ... may also have contributed to its fate. + item-597 at level 5: text: [40] + item-598 at level 5: text: A similar end awaited the + item-599 at level 5: text: Chatham duck + item-600 at level 5: text: , a species with reduced flying ... was colonised by Polynesian settlers. + item-601 at level 5: text: [41] + item-602 at level 5: text: It is probable that duck eggs we ... ugh hard evidence of this is uncommon. + item-603 at level 5: text: [35] + item-604 at level 5: text: [42] + item-605 at level 4: inline: group group + item-606 at level 5: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... he wild) are hunted for food or sport, + item-607 at level 5: text: [43] + item-608 at level 5: text: by shooting, or by being trapped using + item-609 at level 5: text: duck decoys + item-610 at level 5: text: . Because an idle floating duck ... n "an easy target". These ducks may be + item-611 at level 5: text: contaminated by pollutants + item-612 at level 5: text: such as + item-613 at level 5: text: PCBs + item-614 at level 5: text: . + item-615 at level 5: text: [44] + item-616 at level 3: section_header: Domestication + item-617 at level 4: picture + item-617 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks + item-618 at level 4: inline: group group + item-619 at level 5: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... eggs, and feathers (particularly their + item-620 at level 5: text: down + item-621 at level 5: text: ). Approximately 3 billion ducks ... ughtered each year for meat worldwide. + item-622 at level 5: text: [45] + item-623 at level 5: text: They are also kept and bred by a ... domestic ducks are descended from the + item-624 at level 5: text: mallard + item-625 at level 5: text: (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the + item-626 at level 5: text: Muscovy duck + item-627 at level 5: text: (Cairina moschata). + item-628 at level 5: text: [46] + item-629 at level 5: text: [47] + item-630 at level 5: text: The + item-631 at level 5: text: Call duck + item-632 at level 5: text: is another example of a domestic ... as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). + item-633 at level 5: text: [48] + item-634 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry + item-635 at level 4: picture + item-635 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] + item-636 at level 4: inline: group group + item-637 at level 5: text: Ducks appear on several + item-638 at level 5: text: coats of arms + item-639 at level 5: text: , including the coat of arms of + item-640 at level 5: text: Lubāna + item-641 at level 5: text: ( + item-642 at level 5: text: Latvia + item-643 at level 5: text: ) + item-644 at level 5: text: [50] + item-645 at level 5: text: and the coat of arms of + item-646 at level 5: text: Föglö + item-647 at level 5: text: ( + item-648 at level 5: text: Åland + item-649 at level 5: text: ). + item-650 at level 5: text: [51] + item-651 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references + item-652 at level 4: inline: group group + item-653 at level 5: text: In 2002, psychologist + item-654 at level 5: text: Richard Wiseman + item-655 at level 5: text: and colleagues at the + item-656 at level 5: text: University of Hertfordshire + item-657 at level 5: text: , + item-658 at level 5: text: UK + item-659 at level 5: text: , finished a year-long + item-660 at level 5: text: LaughLab + item-661 at level 5: text: experiment, concluding that of a ... involving an animal, make it a duck." + item-662 at level 5: text: [52] + item-663 at level 5: text: The word "duck" may have become an + item-664 at level 5: text: inherently funny word + item-665 at level 5: text: in many languages, possibly beca ... n their looks or behavior. Of the many + item-666 at level 5: text: ducks in fiction + item-667 at level 5: text: , many are cartoon characters, such as + item-668 at level 5: text: Walt Disney + item-669 at level 5: text: 's + item-670 at level 5: text: Donald Duck + item-671 at level 5: text: , and + item-672 at level 5: text: Warner Bros. + item-673 at level 5: text: ' + item-674 at level 5: text: Daffy Duck + item-675 at level 5: text: . + item-676 at level 5: text: Howard the Duck + item-677 at level 5: text: started as a comic book character in 1973 + item-678 at level 5: text: [53] + item-679 at level 5: text: [54] + item-680 at level 5: text: and was made into a + item-681 at level 5: text: movie + item-682 at level 5: text: in 1986. + item-683 at level 4: inline: group group + item-684 at level 5: text: The 1992 Disney film + item-685 at level 5: text: The Mighty Ducks + item-686 at level 5: text: , starring + item-687 at level 5: text: Emilio Estevez + item-688 at level 5: text: , chose the duck as the mascot f ... e nickname and mascot for the eventual + item-689 at level 5: text: National Hockey League + item-690 at level 5: text: professional team of the + item-691 at level 5: text: Anaheim Ducks + item-692 at level 5: text: , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[ + item-693 at level 5: text: citation needed + item-694 at level 5: text: ]The duck is also the nickname of the + item-695 at level 5: text: University of Oregon + item-696 at level 5: text: sports teams as well as the + item-697 at level 5: text: Long Island Ducks + item-698 at level 5: text: minor league + item-699 at level 5: text: baseball + item-700 at level 5: text: team. + item-701 at level 5: text: [55] + item-702 at level 2: section_header: See also + item-703 at level 3: list: group list + item-704 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal + item-705 at level 3: list: group list + item-706 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck + item-707 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food + item-708 at level 4: list_item: Duck test + item-709 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds + item-710 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks + item-711 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck + item-712 at level 2: section_header: Notes + item-713 at level 3: section_header: Citations + item-714 at level 4: ordered_list: group ordered list + item-715 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling" . The American Heri ... Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 . + item-716 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling" . Kernerman English ... td. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 . + item-717 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... niversity Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 . + item-718 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 . + item-719 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536. + item-720 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738. + item-721 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988 , p. 452. + item-722 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002 , pp. 353–354. + item-723 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992 , p. 540. + item-724 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 191. + item-725 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 448. + item-726 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 622–623. + item-727 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 686. + item-728 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 193. + item-729 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992 , p. 537. + item-730 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 , p. xix. + item-731 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 . + item-732 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992 , p. 538. + item-733 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008 , p. 62. + item-734 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008 , pp. 239, 245. + item-735 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987 , pp. 98–107. + item-736 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000 , pp. 52–3. + item-737 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 . + item-738 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks" . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 . + item-739 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... uardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . + item-740 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 15-6787-5_4 . ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9 . + item-741 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... condor/102.1.201 . hdl : 10315/13797 . + item-742 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 . + item-743 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ... 0557901562 . [ self-published source ] + item-744 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... an & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707 . + item-745 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... s" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 . + item-746 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8" . 12 December 2003. + item-747 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994 , p. 171. + item-748 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008 , pp. 168, 243. + item-749 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003 , p. 65. + item-750 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996 , p. 68. + item-751 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999 , p. 42. + item-752 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876 , p. 133. + item-753 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012 , p. 23. + item-754 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012 , p. 53. + item-755 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012 , p. 52. + item-756 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002 , p. 167. + item-757 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... ditions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774 . + item-758 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... n 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 . + item-759 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 . + item-760 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . + item-761 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... ritannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . + item-762 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ed. pp. 135 . ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9 . + item-763 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... to. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3 . + item-764 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . + item-765 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . + item-766 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 . + item-767 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)" . Grand Comics Database . + item-768 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter ; Gilbert, La ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck. + item-769 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 . + item-770 at level 3: section_header: Sources + item-771 at level 4: list: group list + item-772 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. + item-773 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... ynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 . + item-774 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... o Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6 . + item-775 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... 1055-7903(02)00019-2 . PMID 12099792 . + item-776 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... stopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4 . + item-777 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... siness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0 . + item-778 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ra: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4 . + item-779 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5 . + item-780 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7 . + item-781 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... stopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5 . + item-782 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... labama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7 . + item-783 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0 . + item-784 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. + item-785 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. + item-786 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... n: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8 . + item-787 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9 . + item-788 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... rk: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168 . + item-789 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0 . + item-790 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... aris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7 . + item-791 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... k: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 . + item-792 at level 2: section_header: External links + item-793 at level 3: list: group list + item-794 at level 4: list_item: Definitions from Wiktionary + item-795 at level 4: list_item: Media from Commons + item-796 at level 4: list_item: Quotations from Wikiquote + item-797 at level 4: list_item: Recipes from Wikibooks + item-798 at level 4: list_item: Taxa from Wikispecies + item-799 at level 4: list_item: Data from Wikidata + item-800 at level 3: list: group list + item-801 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts) + item-802 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine + item-803 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl + item-804 at level 3: table with [3x2] + item-805 at level 3: picture + item-806 at level 3: text: Retrieved from "" + item-807 at level 3: text: : + item-808 at level 3: list: group list + item-809 at level 4: list_item: Ducks + item-810 at level 4: list_item: Game birds + item-811 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names + item-812 at level 3: text: Hidden categories: + item-813 at level 3: list: group list + item-814 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes + item-815 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020 + item-816 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) + item-817 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv) + item-818 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) + item-819 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description + item-820 at level 4: list_item: Short description is different from Wikidata + item-821 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages + item-822 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages + item-823 at level 4: list_item: Articles with 'species' microformats + item-824 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text + item-825 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Dutch-language text + item-826 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing German-language text + item-827 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Norwegian-language text + item-828 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Lithuanian-language text + item-829 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text + item-830 at level 4: list_item: All articles with self-published sources + item-831 at level 4: list_item: Articles with self-published sources from February 2020 + item-832 at level 4: list_item: All articles with unsourced statements + item-833 at level 4: list_item: Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022 + item-834 at level 4: list_item: CS1: long volume value + item-835 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch + item-836 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata + item-837 at level 4: list_item: Webarchive template wayback links + item-838 at level 4: list_item: Articles with Project Gutenberg links + item-839 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing video clips + item-840 at level 3: list: group list + item-841 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) . + item-842 at level 4: list_item: Text is available under the Crea ... ion, Inc. , a non-profit organization. + item-843 at level 3: list: group list + item-844 at level 4: list_item: Privacy policy + item-845 at level 4: list_item: About Wikipedia + item-846 at level 4: list_item: Disclaimers + item-847 at level 4: list_item: Contact Wikipedia + item-848 at level 4: list_item: Code of Conduct + item-849 at level 4: list_item: Developers + item-850 at level 4: list_item: Statistics + item-851 at level 4: list_item: Cookie statement + item-852 at level 4: list_item: Mobile view + item-853 at level 3: list: group list + item-854 at level 3: list: group list + item-855 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" + item-856 at level 1: caption: Male mallard. + item-857 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks. + item-858 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach + item-859 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck + item-860 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina + item-861 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England + item-862 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill + item-863 at level 1: caption: Mallard duckling preening + item-864 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling + item-865 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal + item-866 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks + item-867 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json index 05d36454..ad03897d 100644 --- 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"$ref": "#/texts/254" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/255" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/256" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/257" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/258" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/259" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/260" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/261" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/41", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/237" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/262" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/263" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/264" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/265" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/266" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/42", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/237" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/267" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/268" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/269" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/270" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/271" }, @@ -1120,27 +1332,24 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/273" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/274" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/275" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/276" } ], "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/39", + "self_ref": "#/groups/43", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/278" + "$ref": "#/texts/276" }, "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/277" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/278" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/279" }, @@ -1218,10 +1427,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/304" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/305" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/44", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/276" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/306" }, @@ -1251,7 +1468,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/315" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/45", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/276" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/316" }, @@ -1305,18 +1533,10 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/333" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "ordered list", - "label": "ordered_list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/40", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/334" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/334" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/335" }, @@ -1376,18 +1596,10 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/354" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/41", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/355" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/356" }, @@ -1396,27 +1608,21 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/358" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/359" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/360" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/361" } ], "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/42", + "self_ref": "#/groups/46", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/359" }, "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/361" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/362" }, @@ -1425,18 +1631,13 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/364" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/43", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/365" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/366" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/367" }, @@ -1445,18 +1646,10 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/369" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/44", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/370" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/371" }, @@ -1471,7 +1664,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/375" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/47", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/359" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/376" }, @@ -1504,13 +1708,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/386" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/387" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/388" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/48", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/387" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/389" }, @@ -1534,35 +1743,13 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/396" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/45", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" - }, - "children": [ + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/397" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/398" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/46", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" - }, - "children": [ + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/399" }, @@ -1589,6 +1776,929 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/407" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/408" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/409" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/410" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/411" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/412" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/413" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/414" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/415" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/49", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/387" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/417" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/418" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/50", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/423" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/424" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/425" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/426" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/427" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/51", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/428" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/429" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/430" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/431" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/432" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/433" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/52", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/434" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/435" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/436" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/437" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/53", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/438" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/439" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/440" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/54", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/441" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/442" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/443" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/444" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/445" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/55", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/446" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/447" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/448" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/449" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/450" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/56", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/451" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/453" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/454" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/455" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/456" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/457" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/458" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/460" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/461" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/462" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/463" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/464" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/465" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/466" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/57", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/467" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/468" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/469" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/470" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/471" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/472" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/473" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/474" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/475" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/476" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/477" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/478" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/479" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/480" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/481" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/482" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/483" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/484" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/485" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/486" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/487" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/488" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/489" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/490" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/491" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/492" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/58", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/467" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/493" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/494" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/495" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/496" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/497" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/498" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/499" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/500" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/501" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/502" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/503" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/504" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/505" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/506" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/59", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/507" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/509" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/510" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/511" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/512" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/513" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/514" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/515" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/516" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/517" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/518" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/519" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/520" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/521" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/522" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/523" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/524" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/525" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/60", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/507" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/526" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/527" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/528" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/529" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/530" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/531" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/532" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/61", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/534" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/535" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/536" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/537" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/538" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/539" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/540" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/541" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/542" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/543" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/544" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/545" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/546" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/547" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/548" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/549" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/550" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/551" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/552" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/553" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/554" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/555" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/556" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/557" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/558" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/559" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/560" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/561" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/562" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/563" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/564" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/565" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/566" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/567" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/568" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/569" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/62", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/534" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/570" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/571" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/572" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/573" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/574" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/575" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/576" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/577" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/578" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/579" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/63", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/580" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/582" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/583" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/584" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/585" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/586" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/587" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/588" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/589" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/590" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/591" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/592" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/593" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/594" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/595" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/596" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/64", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/597" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/599" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/600" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/601" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/602" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/603" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/604" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/605" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/606" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/607" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/608" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/609" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/610" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/611" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/612" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/65", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/613" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/614" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/615" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/616" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/617" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/618" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/619" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/620" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/621" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/622" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/623" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/624" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/625" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/626" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/627" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/628" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/629" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/630" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/631" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/632" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/633" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/634" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/635" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/636" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/637" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/638" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/639" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/640" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/641" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/642" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/643" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/66", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/613" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/644" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/645" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/646" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/647" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/648" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/649" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/650" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/651" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/652" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/653" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/654" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/655" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/656" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/657" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/658" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/659" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/660" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/661" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/67", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/662" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/663" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -1596,9 +2706,498 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/47", + "self_ref": "#/groups/68", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/662" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/664" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/665" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/666" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/667" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/668" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/669" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/69", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/671" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/672" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/673" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/674" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/675" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/676" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/677" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/678" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/679" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/680" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/681" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/682" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/683" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/684" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/685" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/686" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/687" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/688" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/689" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/690" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/691" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/692" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/693" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/694" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/695" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/696" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/697" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/698" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/699" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/700" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/701" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/702" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/703" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/704" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/705" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/706" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/707" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/708" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/709" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/710" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/711" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/712" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/713" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/714" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/715" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/716" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/717" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/718" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/719" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/720" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/721" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/722" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/723" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/724" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/725" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/726" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "ordered list", + "label": "ordered_list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/70", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/727" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/728" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/729" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/730" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/731" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/732" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/733" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/734" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/735" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/736" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/737" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/738" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/739" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/740" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/741" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/742" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/743" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/744" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/745" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/746" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/747" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/71", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/749" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/750" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/751" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/752" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/753" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/754" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/72", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/755" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/756" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/757" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/73", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/760" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/761" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/762" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/74", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/764" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/765" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/766" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/767" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/768" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/769" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/770" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/771" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/772" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/773" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/774" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/775" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/776" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/777" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/778" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/779" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/780" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/781" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/782" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/783" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/784" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/785" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/786" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/787" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/788" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/789" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/75", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/790" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/791" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/76", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/792" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/793" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/794" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/795" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/796" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/797" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/798" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/799" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/800" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/77", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -1606,9 +3205,9 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/48", + "self_ref": "#/groups/78", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/748" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -1652,6 +3251,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Main page", "text": "Main page", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Main_Page", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1666,6 +3266,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Contents", "text": "Contents", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1680,6 +3281,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Current events", "text": "Current events", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Portal:Current_events", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1694,6 +3296,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Random article", "text": "Random article", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:Random", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1708,6 +3311,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "About Wikipedia", "text": "About Wikipedia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:About", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1722,6 +3326,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Contact us", "text": "Contact us", + "hyperlink": "//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1748,6 +3353,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Help", "text": "Help", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Help:Contents", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1762,6 +3368,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Learn to edit", "text": "Learn to edit", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Help:Introduction", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1776,6 +3383,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Community portal", "text": "Community portal", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1790,6 +3398,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Recent changes", "text": "Recent changes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:RecentChanges", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1804,6 +3413,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Upload file", "text": "Upload file", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1818,6 +3428,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Donate", "text": "Donate", + "hyperlink": "https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1832,6 +3443,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Create account", "text": "Create account", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1846,6 +3458,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Log in", "text": "Log in", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1860,6 +3473,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Create account", "text": "Create account", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1874,6 +3488,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Log in", "text": "Log in", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1900,6 +3515,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Contributions", "text": "Contributions", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:MyContributions", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1914,6 +3530,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Talk", "text": "Talk", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:MyTalk", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1945,6 +3562,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "(Top)", "text": "(Top)", + "hyperlink": "#", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1963,6 +3581,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "1 Etymology", "text": "1 Etymology", + "hyperlink": "#Etymology", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1981,6 +3600,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "2 Taxonomy", "text": "2 Taxonomy", + "hyperlink": "#Taxonomy", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -1999,6 +3619,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "3 Morphology", "text": "3 Morphology", + "hyperlink": "#Morphology", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2017,6 +3638,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "4 Distribution and habitat", "text": "4 Distribution and habitat", + "hyperlink": "#Distribution_and_habitat", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2035,6 +3657,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection", "text": "5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection", + "hyperlink": "#Behaviour", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2053,6 +3676,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "5.1 Feeding", "text": "5.1 Feeding", + "hyperlink": "#Feeding", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2071,6 +3695,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "5.2 Breeding", "text": "5.2 Breeding", + "hyperlink": "#Breeding", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2089,6 +3714,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "5.3 Communication", "text": "5.3 Communication", + "hyperlink": "#Communication", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2107,6 +3733,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "5.4 Predators", "text": "5.4 Predators", + "hyperlink": "#Predators", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2125,6 +3752,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection", "text": "6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection", + "hyperlink": "#Relationship_with_humans", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2143,6 +3771,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "6.1 Hunting", "text": "6.1 Hunting", + "hyperlink": "#Hunting", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2161,6 +3790,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "6.2 Domestication", "text": "6.2 Domestication", + "hyperlink": "#Domestication", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2179,6 +3809,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "6.3 Heraldry", "text": "6.3 Heraldry", + "hyperlink": "#Heraldry", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2197,6 +3828,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "6.4 Cultural references", "text": "6.4 Cultural references", + "hyperlink": "#Cultural_references", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2215,6 +3847,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "7 See also", "text": "7 See also", + "hyperlink": "#See_also", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2233,6 +3866,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection", "text": "8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection", + "hyperlink": "#Notes", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2251,6 +3885,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "8.1 Citations", "text": "8.1 Citations", + "hyperlink": "#Citations", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2269,6 +3904,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "8.2 Sources", "text": "8.2 Sources", + "hyperlink": "#Sources", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2287,6 +3923,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "9 External links", "text": "9 External links", + "hyperlink": "#External_links", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2357,37 +3994,37 @@ "$ref": "#/tables/0" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/212" + "$ref": "#/groups/37" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/213" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" + "$ref": "#/texts/237" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/222" + "$ref": "#/texts/276" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/227" + "$ref": "#/texts/359" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/231" + "$ref": "#/texts/387" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/236" + "$ref": "#/texts/419" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/256" + "$ref": "#/texts/533" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/269" + "$ref": "#/texts/662" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" + "$ref": "#/texts/670" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/748" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2407,6 +4044,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Acèh", "text": "Acèh", + "hyperlink": "https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2421,6 +4059,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Afrikaans", "text": "Afrikaans", + "hyperlink": "https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eend", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2435,6 +4074,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Alemannisch", "text": "Alemannisch", + "hyperlink": "https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2449,6 +4089,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "አማርኛ", "text": "አማርኛ", + "hyperlink": "https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%AC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2463,6 +4104,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ænglisc", "text": "Ænglisc", + "hyperlink": "https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ened", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2477,6 +4119,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "العربية", "text": "العربية", + "hyperlink": "https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2491,6 +4134,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Aragonés", "text": "Aragonés", + "hyperlink": "https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2505,6 +4149,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ܐܪܡܝܐ", "text": "ܐܪܡܝܐ", + "hyperlink": "https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9B%DC%90", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2519,6 +4164,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Armãneashti", "text": "Armãneashti", + "hyperlink": "https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphi", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2533,6 +4179,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Asturianu", "text": "Asturianu", + "hyperlink": "https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%ADu", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2547,6 +4194,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Atikamekw", "text": "Atikamekw", + "hyperlink": "https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicip", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2561,6 +4209,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Авар", "text": "Авар", + "hyperlink": "https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2575,6 +4224,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Aymar aru", "text": "Aymar aru", + "hyperlink": "https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkalla", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2589,6 +4239,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "تۆرکجه", "text": "تۆرکجه", + "hyperlink": "https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2603,6 +4254,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Basa Bali", "text": "Basa Bali", + "hyperlink": "https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2617,6 +4269,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "বাংলা", "text": "বাংলা", + "hyperlink": "https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2631,6 +4284,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú", "text": "閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú", + "hyperlink": "https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2645,6 +4299,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Беларуская", "text": "Беларуская", + "hyperlink": "https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2659,6 +4314,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Беларуская (тарашкевіца)", "text": "Беларуская (тарашкевіца)", + "hyperlink": "https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2673,6 +4329,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bikol Central", "text": "Bikol Central", + "hyperlink": "https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2687,6 +4344,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Български", "text": "Български", + "hyperlink": "https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2701,6 +4359,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Brezhoneg", "text": "Brezhoneg", + "hyperlink": "https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houad_(evn)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2715,6 +4374,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Буряад", "text": "Буряад", + "hyperlink": "https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2729,6 +4389,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Català", "text": "Català", + "hyperlink": "https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80necs", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2743,6 +4404,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Чӑвашла", "text": "Чӑвашла", + "hyperlink": "https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2757,6 +4419,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Čeština", "text": "Čeština", + "hyperlink": "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachna", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2771,6 +4434,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ChiShona", "text": "ChiShona", + "hyperlink": "https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadha", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2785,6 +4449,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Cymraeg", "text": "Cymraeg", + "hyperlink": "https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyaden", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2799,6 +4464,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Dagbanli", "text": "Dagbanli", + "hyperlink": "https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbunya%C9%A3u", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2813,6 +4479,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Dansk", "text": "Dansk", + "hyperlink": "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nder", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2827,6 +4494,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Deitsch", "text": "Deitsch", + "hyperlink": "https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2841,6 +4509,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Deutsch", "text": "Deutsch", + "hyperlink": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enten", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2855,6 +4524,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "डोटेली", "text": "डोटेली", + "hyperlink": "https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2869,6 +4539,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ελληνικά", "text": "Ελληνικά", + "hyperlink": "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2883,6 +4554,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Emiliàn e rumagnòl", "text": "Emiliàn e rumagnòl", + "hyperlink": "https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0dra", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2897,6 +4569,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Español", "text": "Español", + "hyperlink": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2911,6 +4584,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Esperanto", "text": "Esperanto", + "hyperlink": "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaso", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2925,6 +4599,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Euskara", "text": "Euskara", + "hyperlink": "https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahate", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2939,6 +4614,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "فارسی", "text": "فارسی", + "hyperlink": "https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2953,6 +4629,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Français", "text": "Français", + "hyperlink": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2967,6 +4644,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Gaeilge", "text": "Gaeilge", + "hyperlink": "https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacha", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2981,6 +4659,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Galego", "text": "Galego", + "hyperlink": "https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -2995,6 +4674,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ГӀалгӀай", "text": "ГӀалгӀай", + "hyperlink": "https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3009,6 +4689,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "贛語", "text": "贛語", + "hyperlink": "https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3023,6 +4704,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "گیلکی", "text": "گیلکی", + "hyperlink": "https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3037,6 +4719,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺", "text": "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺", + "hyperlink": "https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%83", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3051,6 +4734,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni", "text": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni", + "hyperlink": "https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3065,6 +4749,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî", "text": "客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî", + "hyperlink": "https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap-%C3%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3079,6 +4764,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "한국어", "text": "한국어", + "hyperlink": "https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3093,6 +4779,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Hausa", "text": "Hausa", + "hyperlink": "https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwagwa", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3107,6 +4794,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Հայերեն", "text": "Հայերեն", + "hyperlink": "https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3121,6 +4809,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "हिन्दी", "text": "हिन्दी", + "hyperlink": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3135,6 +4824,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Hrvatski", "text": "Hrvatski", + "hyperlink": "https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3149,6 +4839,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ido", "text": "Ido", + "hyperlink": "https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anado", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3163,6 +4854,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bahasa Indonesia", "text": "Bahasa Indonesia", + "hyperlink": "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3177,6 +4869,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Iñupiatun", "text": "Iñupiatun", + "hyperlink": "https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiq", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3191,6 +4884,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Íslenska", "text": "Íslenska", + "hyperlink": "https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nd", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3205,6 +4899,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Italiano", "text": "Italiano", + "hyperlink": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3219,6 +4914,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "עברית", "text": "עברית", + "hyperlink": "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3233,6 +4929,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Jawa", "text": "Jawa", + "hyperlink": "https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8b%C3%A8k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3247,6 +4944,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ಕನ್ನಡ", "text": "ಕನ್ನಡ", + "hyperlink": "https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3261,6 +4959,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Kapampangan", "text": "Kapampangan", + "hyperlink": "https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3275,6 +4974,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ქართული", "text": "ქართული", + "hyperlink": "https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3289,6 +4989,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر", "text": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر", + "hyperlink": "https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%AE", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3303,6 +5004,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Қазақша", "text": "Қазақша", + "hyperlink": "https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3317,6 +5019,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ikirundi", "text": "Ikirundi", + "hyperlink": "https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbata", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3331,6 +5034,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Kongo", "text": "Kongo", + "hyperlink": "https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivadangu", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3345,6 +5049,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Kreyòl ayisyen", "text": "Kreyòl ayisyen", + "hyperlink": "https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanna", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3359,6 +5064,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Кырык мары", "text": "Кырык мары", + "hyperlink": "https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3373,6 +5079,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ລາວ", "text": "ລາວ", + "hyperlink": "https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3387,6 +5094,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Latina", "text": "Latina", + "hyperlink": "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_(avis)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3401,6 +5109,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Latviešu", "text": "Latviešu", + "hyperlink": "https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABle", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3415,6 +5124,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Lietuvių", "text": "Lietuvių", + "hyperlink": "https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3429,6 +5139,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Li Niha", "text": "Li Niha", + "hyperlink": "https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3443,6 +5154,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ligure", "text": "Ligure", + "hyperlink": "https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annia", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3457,6 +5169,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Limburgs", "text": "Limburgs", + "hyperlink": "https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenj", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3471,6 +5184,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Lingála", "text": "Lingála", + "hyperlink": "https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libat%C3%A1", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3485,6 +5199,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Malagasy", "text": "Malagasy", + "hyperlink": "https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganagana", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3499,6 +5214,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "മലയാളം", "text": "മലയാളം", + "hyperlink": "https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3513,6 +5229,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "मराठी", "text": "मराठी", + "hyperlink": "https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3527,6 +5244,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "مازِرونی", "text": "مازِرونی", + "hyperlink": "https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3541,6 +5259,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bahasa Melayu", "text": "Bahasa Melayu", + "hyperlink": "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3555,6 +5274,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ", "text": "ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ", + "hyperlink": "https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3569,6 +5289,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄", "text": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄", + "hyperlink": "https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3583,6 +5304,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Мокшень", "text": "Мокшень", + "hyperlink": "https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3597,6 +5319,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Монгол", "text": "Монгол", + "hyperlink": "https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3611,6 +5334,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "မြန်မာဘာသာ", "text": "မြန်မာဘာသာ", + "hyperlink": "https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3625,6 +5349,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Nederlands", "text": "Nederlands", + "hyperlink": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenden", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3639,6 +5364,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Nedersaksies", "text": "Nedersaksies", + "hyperlink": "https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3653,6 +5379,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "नेपाली", "text": "नेपाली", + "hyperlink": "https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3667,6 +5394,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "नेपाल भाषा", "text": "नेपाल भाषा", + "hyperlink": "https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3681,6 +5409,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "日本語", "text": "日本語", + "hyperlink": "https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A2", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3695,6 +5424,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Нохчийн", "text": "Нохчийн", + "hyperlink": "https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3709,6 +5439,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Norsk nynorsk", "text": "Norsk nynorsk", + "hyperlink": "https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/And", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3723,6 +5454,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Occitan", "text": "Occitan", + "hyperlink": "https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guit", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3737,6 +5469,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Oromoo", "text": "Oromoo", + "hyperlink": "https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daakiyyee", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3751,6 +5484,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ", "text": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ", + "hyperlink": "https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3765,6 +5499,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Picard", "text": "Picard", + "hyperlink": "https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A8rd", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3779,6 +5514,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Plattdüütsch", "text": "Plattdüütsch", + "hyperlink": "https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanten", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3793,6 +5529,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Polski", "text": "Polski", + "hyperlink": "https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczka", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3807,6 +5544,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Português", "text": "Português", + "hyperlink": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3821,6 +5559,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Qırımtatarca", "text": "Qırımtatarca", + "hyperlink": "https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiy", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3835,6 +5574,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Română", "text": "Română", + "hyperlink": "https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9B%C4%83", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3849,6 +5589,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Русский", "text": "Русский", + "hyperlink": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3863,6 +5604,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Саха тыла", "text": "Саха тыла", + "hyperlink": "https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3877,6 +5619,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ", "text": "ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ", + "hyperlink": "https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3891,6 +5634,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Sardu", "text": "Sardu", + "hyperlink": "https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3905,6 +5649,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Scots", "text": "Scots", + "hyperlink": "https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuk", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3919,6 +5664,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Seeltersk", "text": "Seeltersk", + "hyperlink": "https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oante", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3933,6 +5679,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Shqip", "text": "Shqip", + "hyperlink": "https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3947,6 +5694,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Sicilianu", "text": "Sicilianu", + "hyperlink": "https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0para_(%C3%A0natra)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3961,6 +5709,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "සිංහල", "text": "සිංහල", + "hyperlink": "https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3975,6 +5724,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Simple English", "text": "Simple English", + "hyperlink": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -3989,6 +5739,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "سنڌي", "text": "سنڌي", + "hyperlink": "https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%AA", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4003,6 +5754,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "کوردی", "text": "کوردی", + "hyperlink": "https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4017,6 +5769,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Српски / srpski", "text": "Српски / srpski", + "hyperlink": "https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4031,6 +5784,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски", "text": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски", + "hyperlink": "https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4045,6 +5799,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Sunda", "text": "Sunda", + "hyperlink": "https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4059,6 +5814,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Svenska", "text": "Svenska", + "hyperlink": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egentliga_andf%C3%A5glar", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4073,6 +5829,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Tagalog", "text": "Tagalog", + "hyperlink": "https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4087,6 +5844,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "தமிழ்", "text": "தமிழ்", + "hyperlink": "https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4101,6 +5859,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Taqbaylit", "text": "Taqbaylit", + "hyperlink": "https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%E1%B9%9Bik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4115,6 +5874,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Татарча / tatarça", "text": "Татарча / tatarça", + "hyperlink": "https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4129,6 +5889,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ไทย", "text": "ไทย", + "hyperlink": "https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4143,6 +5904,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Türkçe", "text": "Türkçe", + "hyperlink": "https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rdek", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4157,6 +5919,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Українська", "text": "Українська", + "hyperlink": "https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4171,6 +5934,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche", "text": "ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche", + "hyperlink": "https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%83", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4185,6 +5949,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Vahcuengh", "text": "Vahcuengh", + "hyperlink": "https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_(doenghduz)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4199,6 +5964,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Tiếng Việt", "text": "Tiếng Việt", + "hyperlink": "https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bt", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4213,6 +5979,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Walon", "text": "Walon", + "hyperlink": "https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A5rd", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4227,6 +5994,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "文言", "text": "文言", + "hyperlink": "https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4241,6 +6009,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Winaray", "text": "Winaray", + "hyperlink": "https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4255,6 +6024,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "吴语", "text": "吴语", + "hyperlink": "https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4269,6 +6039,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "粵語", "text": "粵語", + "hyperlink": "https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4283,6 +6054,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Žemaitėška", "text": "Žemaitėška", + "hyperlink": "https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABl%C4%97", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4297,6 +6069,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "中文", "text": "中文", + "hyperlink": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4311,6 +6084,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Article", "text": "Article", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4325,6 +6099,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Talk", "text": "Talk", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Talk:Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4339,6 +6114,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Read", "text": "Read", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4353,6 +6129,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View source", "text": "View source", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=edit", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4367,6 +6144,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View history", "text": "View history", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=history", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4405,6 +6183,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Read", "text": "Read", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4419,6 +6198,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View source", "text": "View source", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=edit", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4433,6 +6213,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View history", "text": "View history", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=history", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4459,6 +6240,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "What links here", "text": "What links here", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4473,6 +6255,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Related changes", "text": "Related changes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4487,6 +6270,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Upload file", "text": "Upload file", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4501,6 +6285,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Special pages", "text": "Special pages", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:SpecialPages", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4515,6 +6300,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Permanent link", "text": "Permanent link", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4529,6 +6315,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Page information", "text": "Page information", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=info", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4543,6 +6330,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Cite this page", "text": "Cite this page", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Duck&id=1246843351&wpFormIdentifier=titleform", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4557,6 +6345,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Get shortened URL", "text": "Get shortened URL", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4571,6 +6360,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Download QR code", "text": "Download QR code", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4585,6 +6375,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikidata item", "text": "Wikidata item", + "hyperlink": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3736439", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4611,6 +6402,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Download as PDF", "text": "Download as PDF", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Duck&action=show-download-screen", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4625,6 +6417,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Printable version", "text": "Printable version", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&printable=yes", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4651,6 +6444,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikimedia Commons", "text": "Wikimedia Commons", + "hyperlink": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ducks", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4665,6 +6459,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikiquote", "text": "Wikiquote", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, @@ -4731,47 +6526,335 @@ { "self_ref": "#/texts/212", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/37" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.", - "text": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water." + "orig": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of", + "text": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/213", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/37" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.", - "text": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots." + "orig": "waterfowl", + "text": "waterfowl", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Waterfowl" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/214", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in the", + "text": "in the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/215", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "family", + "text": "family", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Family_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/216", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anatidae", + "text": "Anatidae", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anatidae" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/217", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than", + "text": ". Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/218", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "swans", + "text": "swans", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Swan" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/219", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/220", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "geese", + "text": "geese", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Goose" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/221", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a", + "text": ", which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/222", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "form taxon", + "text": "form taxon", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Form_taxon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/223", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "; they do not represent a", + "text": "; they do not represent a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/224", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "monophyletic group", + "text": "monophyletic group", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Monophyletic_group" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/225", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly", + "text": "(the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/226", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "aquatic birds", + "text": "aquatic birds", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Aquatic_bird" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/227", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.", + "text": ", and may be found in both fresh water and sea water." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/228", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as", + "text": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/229", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "loons", + "text": "loons", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Loon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/230", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or divers,", + "text": "or divers," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/231", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "grebes", + "text": "grebes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Grebe" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/232", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/233", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "gallinules", + "text": "gallinules", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Gallinule" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/234", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/235", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "coots", + "text": "coots", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Coot" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/236", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/237", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/215" + "$ref": "#/groups/39" }, { "$ref": "#/pictures/4" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/217" + "$ref": "#/groups/40" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/218" + "$ref": "#/groups/41" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/219" + "$ref": "#/groups/42" }, { "$ref": "#/pictures/5" @@ -4788,19 +6871,119 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/215", + "self_ref": "#/texts/238", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" + "$ref": "#/groups/39" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.", - "text": "The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'." + "orig": "The word duck comes from", + "text": "The word duck comes from" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/216", + "self_ref": "#/texts/239", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Old English", + "text": "Old English", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Old_English" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/240", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "dūce'diver', a derivative of the verb*dūcan'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the", + "text": "dūce'diver', a derivative of the verb*dūcan'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/241", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "dabbling duck", + "text": "dabbling duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dabbling_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/242", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "group feed by upending; compare with", + "text": "group feed by upending; compare with" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/243", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Dutch", + "text": "Dutch", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dutch_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/244", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "duiken and", + "text": "duiken and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/245", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "German", + "text": "German", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/German_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/246", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/39" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "tauchen'to dive'.", + "text": "tauchen'to dive'." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/247", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -4812,43 +6995,332 @@ "text": "Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending \"duck\"" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/217", + "self_ref": "#/texts/248", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" + "$ref": "#/groups/40" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.", - "text": "This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others." + "orig": "This word replaced Old English ened/ænid'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and", + "text": "This word replaced Old English ened/ænid'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/218", + "self_ref": "#/texts/249", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" + "$ref": "#/groups/40" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.", - "text": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling." + "orig": "Norwegian", + "text": "Norwegian", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Norwegian_language" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/219", + "self_ref": "#/texts/250", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" + "$ref": "#/groups/40" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]", - "text": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]" + "orig": "and. The word ened/ænid was inherited from", + "text": "and. The word ened/ænid was inherited from" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/220", + "self_ref": "#/texts/251", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Proto-Indo-European", + "text": "Proto-Indo-European", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/252", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ";", + "text": ";" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/253", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "cf.", + "text": "cf.", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Cf." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/254", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Latin", + "text": "Latin", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Latin" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/255", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "anas\"duck\",", + "text": "anas\"duck\"," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/256", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Lithuanian", + "text": "Lithuanian", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Lithuanian_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/257", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ántis'duck',", + "text": "ántis'duck'," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/258", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ancient Greek", + "text": "Ancient Greek", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/259", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "νῆσσα/νῆττα(nēssa/nētta) 'duck', and", + "text": "νῆσσα/νῆττα(nēssa/nētta) 'duck', and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/260", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Sanskrit", + "text": "Sanskrit", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Sanskrit" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/261", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/40" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ātí'water bird', among others.", + "text": "ātí'water bird', among others." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/262", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/41" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage", + "text": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/263", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/41" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[1]", + "text": "[1]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/264", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/41" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or baby duck,", + "text": "or baby duck," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/265", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/41" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[2]", + "text": "[2]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/266", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/41" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.", + "text": "but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/267", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A male is called a", + "text": "A male is called a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/268", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "drake", + "text": "drake", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/269", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the female is called a duck, or in", + "text": "and the female is called a duck, or in" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/270", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ornithology", + "text": "ornithology", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Ornithology" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/271", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "a hen.", + "text": "a hen." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/272", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[3]", + "text": "[3]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-3" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/273", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[4]", + "text": "[4]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/274", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -4860,7 +7332,7 @@ "text": "Male mallard." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/221", + "self_ref": "#/texts/275", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -4872,22 +7344,22 @@ "text": "Wood ducks." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/222", + "self_ref": "#/texts/276", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/223" + "$ref": "#/groups/43" }, { "$ref": "#/pictures/7" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/225" + "$ref": "#/groups/44" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/226" + "$ref": "#/groups/45" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4898,19 +7370,359 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/223", + "self_ref": "#/texts/277", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/222" + "$ref": "#/groups/43" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]", - "text": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]" + "orig": "All ducks belong to the", + "text": "All ducks belong to the" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/224", + "self_ref": "#/texts/278", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "biological order", + "text": "biological order", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Order_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/279", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anseriformes", + "text": "Anseriformes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anseriformes" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/280", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the", + "text": ", a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/281", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "screamers", + "text": "screamers", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Screamer" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/282", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and the", + "text": ", and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/283", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "magpie goose", + "text": "magpie goose", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Magpie_goose" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/284", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/285", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[5]", + "text": "[5]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/286", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "All except the screamers belong to the", + "text": "All except the screamers belong to the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/287", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "biological family", + "text": "biological family", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Family_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/288", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anatidae", + "text": "Anatidae", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anatidae" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/289", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/290", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[5]", + "text": "[5]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/291", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.", + "text": "Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/292", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[5]", + "text": "[5]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/293", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Some base their decisions on", + "text": "Some base their decisions on" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/294", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "morphological characteristics", + "text": "morphological characteristics", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/295", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.", + "text": ", others on shared behaviours or genetic studies." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/296", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[6]", + "text": "[6]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/297", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[7]", + "text": "[7]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/298", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.", + "text": "The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/299", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[8]", + "text": "[8]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/300", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[9]", + "text": "[9]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/301", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The significant level of", + "text": "The significant level of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/302", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "hybridisation", + "text": "hybridisation", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/303", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.", + "text": "that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/304", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[9]", + "text": "[9]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/305", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -4922,31 +7734,670 @@ "text": "Mallard landing in approach" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/225", + "self_ref": "#/texts/306", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/222" + "$ref": "#/groups/44" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]", - "text": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]" + "orig": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.", + "text": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/226", + "self_ref": "#/texts/307", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/222" + "$ref": "#/groups/44" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]", - "text": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]" + "orig": "[10]", + "text": "[10]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/227", + "self_ref": "#/texts/308", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.", + "text": "The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/309", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[11]", + "text": "[11]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/310", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.", + "text": "The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/311", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[12]", + "text": "[12]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/312", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.", + "text": "The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/313", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[13]", + "text": "[13]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/314", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.", + "text": "The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/315", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[14]", + "text": "[14]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/316", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The", + "text": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/317", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "whistling ducks", + "text": "whistling ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Whistling_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/318", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,", + "text": "are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/319", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[15]", + "text": "[15]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/320", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).", + "text": "or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/321", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[9]", + "text": "[9]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/322", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[16]", + "text": "[16]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix-16" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/323", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/324", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "freckled duck", + "text": "freckled duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Freckled_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/325", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,", + "text": "of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/326", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[15]", + "text": "[15]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/327", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.", + "text": "or in its own family, the Stictonettinae." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/328", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[9]", + "text": "[9]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/329", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/330", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "shelducks", + "text": "shelducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Shelduck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/331", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,", + "text": "make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/332", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[15]", + "text": "[15]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/333", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,", + "text": "and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/334", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[17]", + "text": "[17]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998-17" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/335", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "while the", + "text": "while the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/336", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "steamer ducks", + "text": "steamer ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Steamer_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/337", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini", + "text": "are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/338", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[15]", + "text": "[15]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/339", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.", + "text": "or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/340", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[9]", + "text": "[9]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/341", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/342", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "perching ducks", + "text": "perching ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Perching_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/343", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.", + "text": "make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/344", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[9]", + "text": "[9]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/345", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/346", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "torrent duck", + "text": "torrent duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Torrent_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/347", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,", + "text": "is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/348", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[15]", + "text": "[15]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/349", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.", + "text": "but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/350", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[18]", + "text": "[18]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/351", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/352", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pink-eared duck", + "text": "pink-eared duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pink-eared_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/353", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini", + "text": "is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/354", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[15]", + "text": "[15]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/355", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or the tribe Malacorhynchini,", + "text": "or the tribe Malacorhynchini," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/356", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[19]", + "text": "[19]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/357", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.", + "text": "and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/358", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[15]", + "text": "[15]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/359", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, @@ -4955,10 +8406,10 @@ "$ref": "#/pictures/8" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/229" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/230" + "$ref": "#/groups/47" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4969,7 +8420,7 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/228", + "self_ref": "#/texts/360", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -4981,31 +8432,331 @@ "text": "Male Mandarin duck" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/229", + "self_ref": "#/texts/361", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/227" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration.", - "text": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration." + "orig": "The overall", + "text": "The overall" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/230", + "self_ref": "#/texts/362", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/227" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.", - "text": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape." + "orig": "body plan", + "text": "body plan", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Body_plan" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/231", + "self_ref": "#/texts/363", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The", + "text": "of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/364", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "bill", + "text": "bill", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Beak" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/365", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is usually broad and contains serrated", + "text": "is usually broad and contains serrated" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/366", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pectens", + "text": "pectens", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/367", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the", + "text": ", which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/368", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "flight", + "text": "flight", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_flight" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/369", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of", + "text": "of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/370", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "steamer duck", + "text": "steamer duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Steamer_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/371", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while", + "text": "are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/372", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "moulting", + "text": "moulting", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Moult" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/373", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes", + "text": "; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/374", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "migration", + "text": "migration", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_migration" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/375", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/376", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant", + "text": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/377", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "plumage", + "text": "plumage", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Plumage" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/378", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", but that is", + "text": ", but that is" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/379", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "moulted", + "text": "moulted", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Moult" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/380", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less", + "text": "in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/381", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "sexual dimorphism", + "text": "sexual dimorphism", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/382", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", although there are exceptions such as the", + "text": ", although there are exceptions such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/383", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "paradise shelduck", + "text": "paradise shelduck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Paradise_shelduck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/384", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of", + "text": "of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/385", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "New Zealand", + "text": "New Zealand", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/New_Zealand" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/386", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.", + "text": ", which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/387", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, @@ -5014,13 +8765,13 @@ "$ref": "#/pictures/9" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/233" + "$ref": "#/groups/48" }, { "$ref": "#/pictures/10" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" + "$ref": "#/groups/49" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5031,7 +8782,7 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/232", + "self_ref": "#/texts/388", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5043,19 +8794,345 @@ "text": "Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/233", + "self_ref": "#/texts/389", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/231" + "$ref": "#/groups/48" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]", - "text": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]" + "orig": "Ducks have a", + "text": "Ducks have a" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/234", + "self_ref": "#/texts/390", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "cosmopolitan distribution", + "text": "cosmopolitan distribution", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/391", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and are found on every continent except Antarctica.", + "text": ", and are found on every continent except Antarctica." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/392", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[5]", + "text": "[5]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/393", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including", + "text": "Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/394", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "South Georgia", + "text": "South Georgia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/395", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the", + "text": "and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/396", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Auckland Islands", + "text": "Auckland Islands", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Auckland_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/397", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/398", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[20]", + "text": "[20]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/399", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the", + "text": "Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/400", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Hawaiian Islands", + "text": "Hawaiian Islands", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/401", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/402", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Micronesia", + "text": "Micronesia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Micronesia" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/403", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the", + "text": "and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/404", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Galápagos Islands", + "text": "Galápagos Islands", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/405", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", where they are often", + "text": ", where they are often" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/406", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "vagrants", + "text": "vagrants", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/407", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and less often", + "text": "and less often" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/408", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "residents", + "text": "residents", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/409", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/410", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[21]", + "text": "[21]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/411", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[22]", + "text": "[22]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/412", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A handful are", + "text": "A handful are" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/413", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "endemic", + "text": "endemic", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Endemic" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/414", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "to such far-flung islands.", + "text": "to such far-flung islands." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/415", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[21]", + "text": "[21]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/416", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5067,34 +9144,47 @@ "text": "Female mallard in Cornwall, England" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/235", + "self_ref": "#/texts/417", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/231" + "$ref": "#/groups/49" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]", - "text": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]" + "orig": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.", + "text": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/236", + "self_ref": "#/texts/418", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[23]", + "text": "[23]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-23" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/419", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" + "$ref": "#/texts/420" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/246" + "$ref": "#/texts/451" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/249" + "$ref": "#/texts/467" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" + "$ref": "#/texts/507" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5105,9 +9195,9 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/237", + "self_ref": "#/texts/420", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/236" + "$ref": "#/texts/419" }, "children": [ { @@ -5117,22 +9207,22 @@ "$ref": "#/pictures/12" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/240" + "$ref": "#/groups/50" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/241" + "$ref": "#/groups/51" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/242" + "$ref": "#/groups/52" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/243" + "$ref": "#/groups/53" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/244" + "$ref": "#/groups/54" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/245" + "$ref": "#/groups/55" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5143,7 +9233,7 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/238", + "self_ref": "#/texts/421", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5155,7 +9245,7 @@ "text": "Pecten along the bill" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/239", + "self_ref": "#/texts/422", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5167,88 +9257,365 @@ "text": "Mallard duckling preening" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/240", + "self_ref": "#/texts/423", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" + "$ref": "#/groups/50" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.", - "text": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs." + "orig": "Ducks eat food sources such as", + "text": "Ducks eat food sources such as" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/241", + "self_ref": "#/texts/424", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" + "$ref": "#/groups/50" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.", - "text": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items." + "orig": "grasses", + "text": "grasses", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Poaceae" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/242", + "self_ref": "#/texts/425", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" + "$ref": "#/groups/50" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.", - "text": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly." + "orig": ", aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small", + "text": ", aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/243", + "self_ref": "#/texts/426", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" + "$ref": "#/groups/50" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.", - "text": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish." + "orig": "molluscs", + "text": "molluscs", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mollusc" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/244", + "self_ref": "#/texts/427", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" + "$ref": "#/groups/50" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn.", - "text": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn." + "orig": ".", + "text": "." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/245", + "self_ref": "#/texts/428", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" + "$ref": "#/groups/51" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]", - "text": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]" + "orig": "Dabbling ducks", + "text": "Dabbling ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dabbling_duck" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/246", + "self_ref": "#/texts/429", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/236" + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.", + "text": "feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/430", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[24]", + "text": "[24]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-24" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/431", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a", + "text": "Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/432", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pecten", + "text": "pecten", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/433", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.", + "text": ". This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/434", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Diving ducks", + "text": "Diving ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Diving_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/435", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/436", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "sea ducks", + "text": "sea ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Sea_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/437", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.", + "text": "forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/438", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A few specialized species such as the", + "text": "A few specialized species such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/439", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "mergansers", + "text": "mergansers", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Merganser" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/440", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.", + "text": "are adapted to catch and swallow large fish." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/441", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to", + "text": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/442", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "dredging", + "text": "dredging", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dredging" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/443", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no", + "text": "-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/444", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "cere", + "text": "cere", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Cere" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/445", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", but the nostrils come out through hard horn.", + "text": ", but the nostrils come out through hard horn." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/446", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The Guardian", + "text": "The Guardian", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/The_Guardian" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/447", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it", + "text": "published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/448", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "damages the health of the ducks", + "text": "damages the health of the ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Angel_wing" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/449", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and pollutes waterways.", + "text": "and pollutes waterways." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/450", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[25]", + "text": "[25]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-25" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/451", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/419" }, "children": [ { "$ref": "#/pictures/13" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/248" + "$ref": "#/groups/56" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5259,7 +9626,7 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/247", + "self_ref": "#/texts/452", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5271,28 +9638,191 @@ "text": "A Muscovy duckling" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/248", + "self_ref": "#/texts/453", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/246" + "$ref": "#/groups/56" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]", - "text": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]" + "orig": "Ducks generally", + "text": "Ducks generally" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/249", + "self_ref": "#/texts/454", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/236" + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "only have one partner at a time", + "text": "only have one partner at a time", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/455", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", although the partnership usually only lasts one year.", + "text": ", although the partnership usually only lasts one year." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/456", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[26]", + "text": "[26]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-26" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/457", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.", + "text": "Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/458", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[27]", + "text": "[27]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-27" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/459", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (", + "text": "Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/460", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "spring", + "text": "spring", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Spring_(season)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/461", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a", + "text": "/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/462", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "nest", + "text": "nest", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_nest" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/463", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed", + "text": "before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/464", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "courtyard", + "text": "courtyard", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Courtyard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/465", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ") or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.", + "text": ") or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/466", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[28]", + "text": "[28]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-28" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/467", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/419" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/250" + "$ref": "#/groups/57" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/251" + "$ref": "#/groups/58" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5303,43 +9833,506 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/250", + "self_ref": "#/texts/468", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/249" + "$ref": "#/groups/57" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup – which are diving ducks – make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.", - "text": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup – which are diving ducks – make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls." + "orig": "Female", + "text": "Female" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/251", + "self_ref": "#/texts/469", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/249" + "$ref": "#/groups/57" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]", - "text": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]" + "orig": "mallard", + "text": "mallard", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mallard" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/252", + "self_ref": "#/texts/470", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/236" + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the", + "text": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/471", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "American", + "text": "American", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/American_black_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/472", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/473", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Pacific black ducks", + "text": "Pacific black ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pacific_black_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/474", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/475", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "spot-billed duck", + "text": "spot-billed duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Spot-billed_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/476", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/477", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "northern pintail", + "text": "northern pintail", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Northern_pintail" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/478", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/479", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "common teal", + "text": "common teal", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Common_teal" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/480", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ") make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",", + "text": ") make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\"," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/481", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[29]", + "text": "[29]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-29" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/482", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[", + "text": "[" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/483", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "self-published source?", + "text": "self-published source?", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/484", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "]but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".", + "text": "]but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\"." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/485", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[30]", + "text": "[30]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-30" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/486", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "In general, ducks make a range of", + "text": "In general, ducks make a range of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/487", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "calls", + "text": "calls", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_vocalisation" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/488", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the", + "text": ", including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/489", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "scaup", + "text": "scaup", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Scaup" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/490", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "– which are", + "text": "– which are" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/491", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "diving ducks", + "text": "diving ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Diving_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/492", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "– make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.", + "text": "– make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/493", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A common", + "text": "A common" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/494", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "urban legend", + "text": "urban legend", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Urban_legend" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/495", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the", + "text": "claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/496", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "University of Salford", + "text": "University of Salford", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/University_of_Salford" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/497", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in 2003 as part of the", + "text": "in 2003 as part of the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/498", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "British Association", + "text": "British Association", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/British_Association" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/499", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "'s Festival of Science.", + "text": "'s Festival of Science." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/500", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[31]", + "text": "[31]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-31" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/501", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "It was also debunked in", + "text": "It was also debunked in" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/502", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "one of the earlier episodes", + "text": "one of the earlier episodes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/503", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of the popular Discovery Channel television show", + "text": "of the popular Discovery Channel television show" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/504", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "MythBusters", + "text": "MythBusters", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/MythBusters" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/505", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/506", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[32]", + "text": "[32]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-32" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/507", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/419" }, "children": [ { "$ref": "#/pictures/14" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/254" + "$ref": "#/groups/59" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/255" + "$ref": "#/groups/60" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5350,7 +10343,7 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/253", + "self_ref": "#/texts/508", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5362,46 +10355,321 @@ "text": "Ringed teal" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/254", + "self_ref": "#/texts/509", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" + "$ref": "#/groups/59" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls.", - "text": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls." + "orig": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like", + "text": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/255", + "self_ref": "#/texts/510", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" + "$ref": "#/groups/59" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.", - "text": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks." + "orig": "pike", + "text": "pike", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Esox" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/256", + "self_ref": "#/texts/511", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/512", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "crocodilians", + "text": "crocodilians", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Crocodilia" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/513", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", predatory", + "text": ", predatory" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/514", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "testudines", + "text": "testudines", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Testudines" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/515", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "such as the", + "text": "such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/516", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "alligator snapping turtle", + "text": "alligator snapping turtle", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/517", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as", + "text": ", and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/518", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "herons", + "text": "herons", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Heron" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/519", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as", + "text": ". Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/520", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "foxes", + "text": "foxes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Fox" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/521", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", or large birds, such as", + "text": ", or large birds, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/522", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "hawks", + "text": "hawks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Hawk" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/523", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or", + "text": "or" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/524", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "owls", + "text": "owls", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Owl" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/525", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/526", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American", + "text": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/527", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "muskie", + "text": "muskie", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Muskellunge" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/528", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the European", + "text": "and the European" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/529", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pike", + "text": "pike", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Esox" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/530", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the", + "text": ". In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/531", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "peregrine falcon", + "text": "peregrine falcon", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/532", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.", + "text": ", which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/533", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/257" + "$ref": "#/texts/534" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/260" + "$ref": "#/texts/580" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/263" + "$ref": "#/texts/597" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/266" + "$ref": "#/texts/613" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5412,16 +10680,16 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/257", + "self_ref": "#/texts/534", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/256" + "$ref": "#/texts/533" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/258" + "$ref": "#/groups/61" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" + "$ref": "#/groups/62" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5432,40 +10700,579 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/258", + "self_ref": "#/texts/535", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/257" + "$ref": "#/groups/61" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 – 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]", - "text": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 – 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]" + "orig": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of", + "text": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/259", + "self_ref": "#/texts/536", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/257" + "$ref": "#/groups/61" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]", - "text": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]" + "orig": "middens", + "text": "middens", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Midden" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/260", + "self_ref": "#/texts/537", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/256" + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in California dating to 7800 – 6400", + "text": "in California dating to 7800 – 6400" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/538", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "BP", + "text": "BP", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Before_present" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/539", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.", + "text": "have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/540", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[33]", + "text": "[33]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/541", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by", + "text": "Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/542", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Holocene", + "text": "Holocene", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Holocene" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/543", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "inhabitants of the lower", + "text": "inhabitants of the lower" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/544", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ohio River", + "text": "Ohio River", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Ohio_River" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/545", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.", + "text": "valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/546", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[34]", + "text": "[34]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/547", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,", + "text": "Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/548", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[35]", + "text": "[35]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/549", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Scandinavia,", + "text": "Scandinavia," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/550", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[36]", + "text": "[36]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/551", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Egypt,", + "text": "Egypt," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/552", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[37]", + "text": "[37]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/553", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Switzerland,", + "text": "Switzerland," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/554", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[38]", + "text": "[38]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/555", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.", + "text": "and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/556", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[39]", + "text": "[39]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/557", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Archeological evidence shows that", + "text": "Archeological evidence shows that" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/558", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Māori people", + "text": "Māori people", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/559", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in New Zealand hunted the flightless", + "text": "in New Zealand hunted the flightless" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/560", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Finsch's duck", + "text": "Finsch's duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/561", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.", + "text": ", possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/562", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[40]", + "text": "[40]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/563", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A similar end awaited the", + "text": "A similar end awaited the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/564", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Chatham duck", + "text": "Chatham duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Chatham_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/565", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.", + "text": ", a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/566", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[41]", + "text": "[41]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/567", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.", + "text": "It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/568", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[35]", + "text": "[35]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/569", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[42]", + "text": "[42]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/570", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,", + "text": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/571", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[43]", + "text": "[43]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-43" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/572", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "by shooting, or by being trapped using", + "text": "by shooting, or by being trapped using" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/573", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "duck decoys", + "text": "duck decoys", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/574", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be", + "text": ". Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/575", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "contaminated by pollutants", + "text": "contaminated by pollutants", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/576", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "such as", + "text": "such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/577", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "PCBs", + "text": "PCBs", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/578", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/579", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[44]", + "text": "[44]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-44" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/580", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/533" }, "children": [ { "$ref": "#/pictures/15" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/262" + "$ref": "#/groups/63" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5476,7 +11283,7 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/261", + "self_ref": "#/texts/581", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5488,28 +11295,204 @@ "text": "Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/262", + "self_ref": "#/texts/582", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/260" + "$ref": "#/groups/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]", - "text": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]" + "orig": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their", + "text": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/263", + "self_ref": "#/texts/583", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/256" + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "down", + "text": "down", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Down_feather" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/584", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.", + "text": "). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/585", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[45]", + "text": "[45]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-45" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/586", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the", + "text": "They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/587", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "mallard", + "text": "mallard", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mallard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/588", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the", + "text": "(Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/589", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Muscovy duck", + "text": "Muscovy duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Muscovy_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/590", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(Cairina moschata).", + "text": "(Cairina moschata)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/591", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[46]", + "text": "[46]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-46" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/592", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[47]", + "text": "[47]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-47" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/593", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/594", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Call duck", + "text": "Call duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Call_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/595", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).", + "text": "is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/596", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[48]", + "text": "[48]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-48" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/597", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/533" }, "children": [ { "$ref": "#/pictures/16" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/265" + "$ref": "#/groups/64" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5520,7 +11503,7 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/264", + "self_ref": "#/texts/598", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5532,28 +11515,191 @@ "text": "Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/265", + "self_ref": "#/texts/599", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/263" + "$ref": "#/groups/64" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]", - "text": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]" + "orig": "Ducks appear on several", + "text": "Ducks appear on several" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/266", + "self_ref": "#/texts/600", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/256" + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "coats of arms", + "text": "coats of arms", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Coats_of_arms" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/601", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", including the coat of arms of", + "text": ", including the coat of arms of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/602", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Lubāna", + "text": "Lubāna", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Lub%C4%81na" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/603", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(", + "text": "(" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/604", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Latvia", + "text": "Latvia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Latvia" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/605", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ")", + "text": ")" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/606", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[50]", + "text": "[50]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-50" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/607", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the coat of arms of", + "text": "and the coat of arms of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/608", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Föglö", + "text": "Föglö", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/609", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(", + "text": "(" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/610", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Åland", + "text": "Åland", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/%C3%85land" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/611", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ").", + "text": ")." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/612", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[51]", + "text": "[51]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-51" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/613", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/533" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/267" + "$ref": "#/groups/65" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/268" + "$ref": "#/groups/66" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5564,40 +11710,616 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/267", + "self_ref": "#/texts/614", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/266" + "$ref": "#/groups/65" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.", - "text": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986." + "orig": "In 2002, psychologist", + "text": "In 2002, psychologist" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/268", + "self_ref": "#/texts/615", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/266" + "$ref": "#/groups/65" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]", - "text": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]" + "orig": "Richard Wiseman", + "text": "Richard Wiseman", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/269", + "self_ref": "#/texts/616", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and colleagues at the", + "text": "and colleagues at the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/617", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "University of Hertfordshire", + "text": "University of Hertfordshire", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/618", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/619", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "UK", + "text": "UK", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/UK" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/620", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", finished a year-long", + "text": ", finished a year-long" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/621", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "LaughLab", + "text": "LaughLab", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/LaughLab" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/622", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"", + "text": "experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/623", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[52]", + "text": "[52]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-52" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/624", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The word \"duck\" may have become an", + "text": "The word \"duck\" may have become an" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/625", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "inherently funny word", + "text": "inherently funny word", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Inherently_funny_word" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/626", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many", + "text": "in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/627", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ducks in fiction", + "text": "ducks in fiction", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/628", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", many are cartoon characters, such as", + "text": ", many are cartoon characters, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/629", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Walt Disney", + "text": "Walt Disney", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/630", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "'s", + "text": "'s" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/631", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Donald Duck", + "text": "Donald Duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Donald_Duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/632", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and", + "text": ", and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/633", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Warner Bros.", + "text": "Warner Bros.", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Warner_Bros." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/634", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "'", + "text": "'" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/635", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Daffy Duck", + "text": "Daffy Duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Daffy_Duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/636", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/637", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Howard the Duck", + "text": "Howard the Duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Howard_the_Duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/638", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "started as a comic book character in 1973", + "text": "started as a comic book character in 1973" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/639", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[53]", + "text": "[53]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-53" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/640", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[54]", + "text": "[54]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-54" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/641", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and was made into a", + "text": "and was made into a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/642", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "movie", + "text": "movie", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/643", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in 1986.", + "text": "in 1986." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/644", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The 1992 Disney film", + "text": "The 1992 Disney film" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/645", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The Mighty Ducks", + "text": "The Mighty Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/646", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", starring", + "text": ", starring" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/647", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Emilio Estevez", + "text": "Emilio Estevez", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Emilio_Estevez" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/648", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual", + "text": ", chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/649", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "National Hockey League", + "text": "National Hockey League", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/National_Hockey_League" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/650", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "professional team of the", + "text": "professional team of the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/651", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anaheim Ducks", + "text": "Anaheim Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/652", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[", + "text": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/653", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "citation needed", + "text": "citation needed", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/654", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "]The duck is also the nickname of the", + "text": "]The duck is also the nickname of the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/655", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "University of Oregon", + "text": "University of Oregon", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/University_of_Oregon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/656", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "sports teams as well as the", + "text": "sports teams as well as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/657", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Long Island Ducks", + "text": "Long Island Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/658", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "minor league", + "text": "minor league" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/659", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "baseball", + "text": "baseball", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Baseball" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/660", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "team.", + "text": "team." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/661", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[55]", + "text": "[55]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-55" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/662", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/groups/37" + "$ref": "#/groups/67" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/68" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5608,9 +12330,9 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/270", + "self_ref": "#/texts/663", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/37" + "$ref": "#/groups/67" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5618,13 +12340,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Birds portal", "text": "Birds portal", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Portal:Birds", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/271", + "self_ref": "#/texts/664", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/68" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5632,13 +12355,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Domestic duck", "text": "Domestic duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Domestic_duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/272", + "self_ref": "#/texts/665", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/68" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5646,13 +12370,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Duck as food", "text": "Duck as food", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_as_food", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/273", + "self_ref": "#/texts/666", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/68" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5660,13 +12385,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Duck test", "text": "Duck test", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_test", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/274", + "self_ref": "#/texts/667", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/68" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5674,13 +12400,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Duck breeds", "text": "Duck breeds", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/275", + "self_ref": "#/texts/668", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/68" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5688,13 +12415,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Fictional ducks", "text": "Fictional ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/276", + "self_ref": "#/texts/669", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/68" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5702,20 +12430,21 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Rubber duck", "text": "Rubber duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Rubber_duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/277", + "self_ref": "#/texts/670", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/278" + "$ref": "#/texts/671" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/334" + "$ref": "#/texts/727" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5726,13 +12455,13 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/278", + "self_ref": "#/texts/671", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" + "$ref": "#/texts/670" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5743,783 +12472,838 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/279", + "self_ref": "#/texts/672", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Duckling\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", - "text": "^ \"Duckling\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", + "orig": "^ \"Duckling\" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .", + "text": "^ \"Duckling\" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-1", "enumerated": true, "marker": "1." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/280", + "self_ref": "#/texts/673", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Duckling\". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", - "text": "^ \"Duckling\". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", + "orig": "^ \"Duckling\" . Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .", + "text": "^ \"Duckling\" . Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-2", "enumerated": true, "marker": "2." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/281", + "self_ref": "#/texts/674", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.", - "text": "^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.", + "orig": "^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 .", + "text": "^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 .", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-3", "enumerated": true, "marker": "3." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/282", + "self_ref": "#/texts/675", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.", - "text": "^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.", + "orig": "^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 .", + "text": "^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 .", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-4", "enumerated": true, "marker": "4." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/283", + "self_ref": "#/texts/676", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.", - "text": "^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.", + "orig": "^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536.", + "text": "^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "5." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/284", + "self_ref": "#/texts/677", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.", - "text": "^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.", + "orig": "^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738.", + "text": "^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "6." }, { - 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"self_ref": "#/texts/289", + "self_ref": "#/texts/682", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Kear 2005, p. 448.", - "text": "^ Kear 2005, p. 448.", + "orig": "^ Kear 2005 , p. 448.", + "text": "^ Kear 2005 , p. 448.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "11." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/290", + "self_ref": "#/texts/683", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.", - "text": "^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.", + "orig": "^ Kear 2005 , p. 622–623.", + "text": "^ Kear 2005 , p. 622–623.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "12." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/291", + "self_ref": "#/texts/684", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Kear 2005, p. 686.", - "text": "^ Kear 2005, p. 686.", + "orig": "^ Kear 2005 , p. 686.", + "text": "^ Kear 2005 , p. 686.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "13." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/292", + "self_ref": "#/texts/685", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.", - "text": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.", + "orig": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 193.", + "text": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 193.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "14." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/293", + "self_ref": "#/texts/686", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.", - "text": "^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.", + "orig": "^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992 , p. 537.", + "text": "^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992 , p. 537.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "15." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/294", + "self_ref": "#/texts/687", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.", - "text": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.", + "orig": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 , p. xix.", + "text": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 , p. xix.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix_16-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "16." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/295", + "self_ref": "#/texts/688", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.", - "text": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.", + "orig": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 .", + "text": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 .", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998_17-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "17." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/296", + "self_ref": "#/texts/689", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.", - "text": "^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.", + "orig": "^ Carboneras 1992 , p. 538.", + "text": "^ Carboneras 1992 , p. 538.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "18." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/297", + "self_ref": "#/texts/690", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.", - "text": "^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.", + "orig": "^ Christidis & Boles 2008 , p. 62.", + "text": "^ Christidis & Boles 2008 , p. 62.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "19." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/298", + "self_ref": "#/texts/691", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.", - "text": "^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.", + "orig": "^ Shirihai 2008 , pp. 239, 245.", + "text": "^ Shirihai 2008 , pp. 239, 245.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "20." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/299", + "self_ref": "#/texts/692", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.", - "text": "^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.", + "orig": "^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987 , pp. 98–107.", + "text": "^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987 , pp. 98–107.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "21." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/300", + "self_ref": "#/texts/693", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.", - "text": "^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.", + "orig": "^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000 , pp. 52–3.", + "text": "^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000 , pp. 52–3.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0", "enumerated": true, "marker": "22." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/301", + "self_ref": "#/texts/694", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Pacific Black Duck\". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.", - "text": "^ \"Pacific Black Duck\". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.", + "orig": "^ \"Pacific Black Duck\" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .", + "text": "^ \"Pacific Black Duck\" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-23", "enumerated": true, "marker": "23." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/302", + "self_ref": "#/texts/695", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Ogden, Evans. \"Dabbling Ducks\". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.", - "text": "^ Ogden, Evans. \"Dabbling Ducks\". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.", + "orig": "^ Ogden, Evans. \"Dabbling Ducks\" . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .", + "text": "^ Ogden, Evans. \"Dabbling Ducks\" . CWE . 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December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.", + "text": "^ Sanderson, Peter ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). \"1970s\". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley . p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238 . December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-54", "enumerated": true, "marker": "54." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/333", + "self_ref": "#/texts/726", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/69" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"The Duck\". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.", - "text": "^ \"The Duck\". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.", + "orig": "^ \"The Duck\" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .", + "text": "^ \"The Duck\" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-55", "enumerated": true, "marker": "55." }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/334", + "self_ref": "#/texts/727", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" + "$ref": "#/texts/670" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" + "$ref": "#/groups/70" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6530,296 +13314,316 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/335", + "self_ref": "#/texts/728", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" + "$ref": "#/groups/70" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", + "hyperlink": "https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/336", + "self_ref": "#/texts/729", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" + "$ref": "#/groups/70" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.", - "text": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.", + "orig": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 .", + "text": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 .", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/337", + "self_ref": "#/texts/730", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" + "$ref": "#/groups/70" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.", - "text": "Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.", + "orig": "Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. 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ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7 .", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/354", + "self_ref": "#/texts/747", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" + "$ref": "#/groups/70" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.", - "text": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.", + "orig": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 .", + "text": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 .", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/355", + "self_ref": "#/texts/748", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/43" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/71" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" + "$ref": "#/groups/72" }, { "$ref": "#/tables/1" @@ -6828,31 +13632,31 @@ "$ref": "#/pictures/17" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/365" + "$ref": "#/texts/758" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/366" + "$ref": "#/texts/759" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/73" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/370" + "$ref": "#/texts/763" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/45" + "$ref": "#/groups/75" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/47" + "$ref": "#/groups/77" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/48" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6863,9 +13667,9 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/356", + "self_ref": "#/texts/749", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/71" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6873,13 +13677,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Definitions from Wiktionary", "text": "Definitions from Wiktionary", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/357", + "self_ref": "#/texts/750", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/71" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6887,13 +13692,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Media from Commons", "text": "Media from Commons", + "hyperlink": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/358", + "self_ref": "#/texts/751", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/71" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6901,13 +13707,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Quotations from Wikiquote", "text": "Quotations from Wikiquote", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birds", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/359", + "self_ref": "#/texts/752", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/71" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6915,13 +13722,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Recipes from Wikibooks", "text": "Recipes from Wikibooks", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/360", + "self_ref": "#/texts/753", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/71" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6929,13 +13737,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Taxa from Wikispecies", "text": "Taxa from Wikispecies", + "hyperlink": "https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/361", + "self_ref": "#/texts/754", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/71" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6943,13 +13752,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Data from Wikidata", "text": "Data from Wikidata", + "hyperlink": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/362", + "self_ref": "#/texts/755", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" + "$ref": "#/groups/72" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6957,13 +13767,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "list of books (useful looking abstracts)", "text": "list of books (useful looking abstracts)", + "hyperlink": "https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/363", + "self_ref": "#/texts/756", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" + "$ref": "#/groups/72" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6971,13 +13782,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine", "text": "Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine", + "hyperlink": "http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/364", + "self_ref": "#/texts/757", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" + "$ref": "#/groups/72" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6985,13 +13797,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl", "text": "Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl", + "hyperlink": "https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/365", + "self_ref": "#/texts/758", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/748" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7001,9 +13814,9 @@ "text": "Retrieved from \"\"" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/366", + "self_ref": "#/texts/759", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/748" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7013,9 +13826,9 @@ "text": ":" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/367", + "self_ref": "#/texts/760", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/73" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7023,13 +13836,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ducks", "text": "Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Ducks", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/368", + "self_ref": "#/texts/761", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/73" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7037,13 +13851,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Game birds", "text": "Game birds", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Game_birds", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/369", + "self_ref": "#/texts/762", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/73" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7051,13 +13866,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bird common names", "text": "Bird common names", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Bird_common_names", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/370", + "self_ref": "#/texts/763", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/748" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7067,9 +13883,9 @@ "text": "Hidden categories:" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/371", + "self_ref": "#/texts/764", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7077,13 +13893,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "All accuracy disputes", "text": "All accuracy disputes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/372", + "self_ref": "#/texts/765", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7091,13 +13908,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Accuracy disputes from February 2020", "text": "Accuracy disputes from February 2020", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_February_2020", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/373", + "self_ref": "#/texts/766", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7105,13 +13923,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)", "text": "CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/374", + "self_ref": "#/texts/767", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7119,13 +13938,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)", "text": "CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/375", + "self_ref": "#/texts/768", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7133,13 +13953,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)", "text": "CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/376", + "self_ref": "#/texts/769", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7147,13 +13968,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with short description", "text": "Articles with short description", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/377", + "self_ref": "#/texts/770", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7161,13 +13983,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Short description is different from Wikidata", "text": "Short description is different from Wikidata", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/378", + "self_ref": "#/texts/771", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7175,13 +13998,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages", "text": "Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/379", + "self_ref": "#/texts/772", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7189,13 +14013,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages", "text": "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/380", + "self_ref": "#/texts/773", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7203,13 +14028,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with 'species' microformats", "text": "Articles with 'species' microformats", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/381", + "self_ref": "#/texts/774", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7217,13 +14043,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text", "text": "Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/382", + "self_ref": "#/texts/775", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7231,13 +14058,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Dutch-language text", "text": "Articles containing Dutch-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/383", + "self_ref": "#/texts/776", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7245,13 +14073,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing German-language text", "text": "Articles containing German-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/384", + "self_ref": "#/texts/777", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7259,13 +14088,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Norwegian-language text", "text": "Articles containing Norwegian-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/385", + "self_ref": "#/texts/778", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7273,13 +14103,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Lithuanian-language text", "text": "Articles containing Lithuanian-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/386", + "self_ref": "#/texts/779", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7287,13 +14118,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", "text": "Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/387", + "self_ref": "#/texts/780", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7301,13 +14133,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "All articles with self-published sources", "text": "All articles with self-published sources", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/388", + "self_ref": "#/texts/781", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7315,13 +14148,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with self-published sources from February 2020", "text": "Articles with self-published sources from February 2020", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_February_2020", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/389", + "self_ref": "#/texts/782", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7329,13 +14163,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "All articles with unsourced statements", "text": "All articles with unsourced statements", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/390", + "self_ref": "#/texts/783", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7343,13 +14178,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022", "text": "Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/391", + "self_ref": "#/texts/784", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7357,13 +14193,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1: long volume value", "text": "CS1: long volume value", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/392", + "self_ref": "#/texts/785", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7371,13 +14208,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", "text": "Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/393", + "self_ref": "#/texts/786", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7385,13 +14223,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata", "text": "Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/394", + "self_ref": "#/texts/787", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7399,13 +14238,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Webarchive template wayback links", "text": "Webarchive template wayback links", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/395", + "self_ref": "#/texts/788", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7413,13 +14253,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with Project Gutenberg links", "text": "Articles with Project Gutenberg links", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/396", + "self_ref": "#/texts/789", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7427,41 +14268,43 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing video clips", "text": "Articles containing video clips", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/397", + "self_ref": "#/texts/790", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/45" + "$ref": "#/groups/75" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).", - "text": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).", + "orig": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) .", + "text": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) .", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/398", + "self_ref": "#/texts/791", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/45" + "$ref": "#/groups/75" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.", - "text": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.", + "orig": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0 ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.", + "text": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0 ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.", + "hyperlink": "//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/399", + "self_ref": "#/texts/792", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7469,13 +14312,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Privacy policy", "text": "Privacy policy", + "hyperlink": "https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/400", + "self_ref": "#/texts/793", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7483,13 +14327,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "About Wikipedia", "text": "About Wikipedia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:About", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/401", + "self_ref": "#/texts/794", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7497,13 +14342,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Disclaimers", "text": "Disclaimers", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/402", + "self_ref": "#/texts/795", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7511,13 +14357,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Contact Wikipedia", "text": "Contact Wikipedia", + "hyperlink": "//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/403", + "self_ref": "#/texts/796", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7525,13 +14372,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Code of Conduct", "text": "Code of Conduct", + "hyperlink": "https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/404", + "self_ref": "#/texts/797", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7539,13 +14387,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Developers", "text": "Developers", + "hyperlink": "https://developer.wikimedia.org/", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/405", + "self_ref": "#/texts/798", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7553,13 +14402,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Statistics", "text": "Statistics", + "hyperlink": "https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/406", + "self_ref": "#/texts/799", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7567,13 +14417,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Cookie statement", "text": "Cookie statement", + "hyperlink": "https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/407", + "self_ref": "#/texts/800", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7581,6 +14432,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Mobile view", "text": "Mobile view", + "hyperlink": "//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile", "enumerated": false, "marker": "-" } @@ -7644,132 +14496,6 @@ }, { "self_ref": "#/pictures/4", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/216" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/5", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/220" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/6", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/214" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/221" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/7", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/222" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/224" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/8", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/227" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/228" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/9", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/231" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/232" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/10", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/231" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/234" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/11", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/237" }, @@ -7777,42 +14503,6 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "picture", "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/238" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/12", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/239" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/13", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/246" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], "captions": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/247" @@ -7823,9 +14513,9 @@ "annotations": [] }, { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/14", + "self_ref": "#/pictures/5", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" + "$ref": "#/texts/237" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7833,7 +14523,169 @@ "prov": [], "captions": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/253" + "$ref": "#/texts/274" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/6", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/237" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/275" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/7", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/276" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/305" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/8", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/359" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/360" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/9", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/387" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/388" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/10", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/387" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/416" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/11", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/421" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/12", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/420" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/422" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/13", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/451" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/452" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/14", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/507" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/508" } ], "references": [], @@ -7843,7 +14695,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/15", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/260" + "$ref": "#/texts/580" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7851,7 +14703,7 @@ "prov": [], "captions": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/261" + "$ref": "#/texts/581" } ], "references": [], @@ -7861,7 +14713,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/16", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/263" + "$ref": "#/texts/597" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7869,7 +14721,7 @@ "prov": [], "captions": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/264" + "$ref": "#/texts/598" } ], "references": [], @@ -7879,7 +14731,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/17", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/748" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8494,7 +15346,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/tables/1", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/355" + "$ref": "#/texts/748" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md index 9467bc4e..49bfd5c1 100644 --- a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md @@ -1,202 +1,202 @@ ## Contents -- (Top) -- 1 Etymology -- 2 Taxonomy -- 3 Morphology -- 4 Distribution and habitat -- 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection - - 5.1 Feeding - - 5.2 Breeding - - 5.3 Communication - - 5.4 Predators -- 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection - - 6.1 Hunting - - 6.2 Domestication - - 6.3 Heraldry - - 6.4 Cultural references -- 7 See also -- 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection - - 8.1 Citations - - 8.2 Sources -- 9 External links +- [(Top)](#) +- [1 Etymology](#Etymology) +- [2 Taxonomy](#Taxonomy) +- [3 Morphology](#Morphology) +- [4 Distribution and habitat](#Distribution_and_habitat) +- [5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection](#Behaviour) + - [5.1 Feeding](#Feeding) + - [5.2 Breeding](#Breeding) + - [5.3 Communication](#Communication) + - [5.4 Predators](#Predators) +- [6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection](#Relationship_with_humans) + - [6.1 Hunting](#Hunting) + - [6.2 Domestication](#Domestication) + - [6.3 Heraldry](#Heraldry) + - [6.4 Cultural references](#Cultural_references) +- [7 See also](#See_also) +- [8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection](#Notes) + - [8.1 Citations](#Citations) + - [8.2 Sources](#Sources) +- [9 External links](#External_links) # Duck -- Acèh -- Afrikaans -- Alemannisch -- አማርኛ -- Ænglisc -- العربية -- Aragonés -- ܐܪܡܝܐ -- Armãneashti -- Asturianu -- Atikamekw -- Авар -- Aymar aru -- تۆرکجه -- Basa Bali -- বাংলা -- 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú -- Беларуская -- Беларуская (тарашкевіца) -- Bikol Central -- Български -- Brezhoneg -- Буряад -- Català -- Чӑвашла -- Čeština -- ChiShona -- Cymraeg -- Dagbanli -- Dansk -- Deitsch -- Deutsch -- डोटेली -- Ελληνικά -- Emiliàn e rumagnòl -- Español -- Esperanto -- Euskara -- فارسی -- Français -- Gaeilge -- Galego -- ГӀалгӀай -- 贛語 -- گیلکی -- 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 -- गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni -- 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî -- 한국어 -- Hausa -- Հայերեն -- हिन्दी -- Hrvatski -- Ido -- Bahasa Indonesia -- Iñupiatun -- Íslenska -- Italiano -- עברית -- Jawa -- ಕನ್ನಡ -- Kapampangan -- ქართული -- कॉशुर / کٲشُر -- Қазақша -- Ikirundi -- Kongo -- Kreyòl ayisyen -- Кырык мары -- ລາວ -- Latina -- Latviešu -- Lietuvių -- Li Niha -- Ligure -- Limburgs -- Lingála -- Malagasy -- മലയാളം -- मराठी -- مازِرونی -- Bahasa Melayu -- ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ -- 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ -- Мокшень -- Монгол -- မြန်မာဘာသာ -- Nederlands -- Nedersaksies -- नेपाली -- नेपाल भाषा -- 日本語 -- Нохчийн -- Norsk nynorsk -- Occitan -- Oromoo -- ਪੰਜਾਬੀ -- Picard -- Plattdüütsch -- Polski -- Português -- Qırımtatarca -- Română -- Русский -- Саха тыла -- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ -- Sardu -- Scots -- Seeltersk -- Shqip -- Sicilianu -- සිංහල -- Simple English -- سنڌي -- کوردی -- Српски / srpski -- Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски -- Sunda -- Svenska -- Tagalog -- தமிழ் -- Taqbaylit -- Татарча / tatarça -- ไทย -- Türkçe -- Українська -- ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche -- Vahcuengh -- Tiếng Việt -- Walon -- 文言 -- Winaray -- 吴语 -- 粵語 -- Žemaitėška -- 中文 +- [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9k) +- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eend) +- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente) +- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%AC) +- [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ened) +- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7) +- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade) +- [ܐܪܡܝܐ](https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9B%DC%90) +- [Armãneashti](https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphi) +- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%ADu) +- [Atikamekw](https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicip) +- [Авар](https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA) +- [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkalla) +- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9) +- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9k) +- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8) +- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah) +- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96) +- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96) +- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik) +- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0) +- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houad_(evn)) +- [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD) +- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80necs) +- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC) +- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachna) +- [ChiShona](https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadha) +- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyaden) +- [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbunya%C9%A3u) +- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nder) +- [Deitsch](https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent) +- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enten) +- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8) +- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1) +- [Emiliàn e rumagnòl](https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0dra) +- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato) +- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaso) +- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahate) +- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C) +- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard) +- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacha) +- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato) +- [ГӀалгӀай](https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88) +- [贛語](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8) +- [گیلکی](https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A) +- [𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺](https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%83) +- [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95) +- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap-%C3%A8) +- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC) +- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwagwa) +- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80) +- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96) +- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka) +- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anado) +- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik) +- [Iñupiatun](https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiq) +- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nd) +- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra) +- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96) +- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8b%C3%A8k) +- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF) +- [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi) +- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98) +- [कॉशुर / کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%AE) +- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA) +- [Ikirundi](https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbata) +- [Kongo](https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivadangu) +- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanna) +- [Кырык мары](https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93) +- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94) +- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_(avis)) +- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABle) +- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis) +- [Li Niha](https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe) +- [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annia) +- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenj) +- [Lingála](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libat%C3%A1) +- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganagana) +- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D) +- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95) +- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7) +- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik) +- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8) +- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k) +- [Мокшень](https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0) +- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81) +- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2) +- 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[Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Duck) Appearance @@ -225,23 +225,23 @@ This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see . For other uses, see . | Subfamilies | Subfamilies | | See text | See text | -Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. +Duck is the common name for numerous species of [waterfowl](/wiki/Waterfowl) in the [family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than [swans](/wiki/Swan) and [geese](/wiki/Goose) , which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a [form taxon](/wiki/Form_taxon) ; they do not represent a [monophyletic group](/wiki/Monophyletic_group) (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly [aquatic birds](/wiki/Aquatic_bird) , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. -Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots. +Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as [loons](/wiki/Loon) or divers, [grebes](/wiki/Grebe) , [gallinules](/wiki/Gallinule) and [coots](/wiki/Coot) . ## Etymology -The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'. +The word duck comes from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English) dūce'diver', a derivative of the verb*dūcan'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [dabbling duck](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) group feed by upending; compare with [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language) duiken and [German](/wiki/German_language) tauchen'to dive'. Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" -This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas "duck", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others. +This word replaced Old English ened/ænid'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language) and. The word ened/ænid was inherited from [Proto-Indo-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language) ; [cf.](/wiki/Cf.) [Latin](/wiki/Latin) anas"duck", [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language) ántis'duck', [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) νῆσσα/νῆττα(nēssa/nētta) 'duck', and [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit) ātí'water bird', among others. -A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling. +A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage [[1]](#cite_note-1) or baby duck, [[2]](#cite_note-2) but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling. -A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4] +A male is called a [drake](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake) and the female is called a duck, or in [ornithology](/wiki/Ornithology) a hen. [[3]](#cite_note-3) [[4]](#cite_note-4) Male mallard. @@ -253,15 +253,15 @@ Wood ducks. ## Taxonomy -All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9] +All ducks belong to the [biological order](/wiki/Order_(biology)) [Anseriformes](/wiki/Anseriformes) , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the [screamers](/wiki/Screamer) , and the [magpie goose](/wiki/Magpie_goose) . [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) All except the screamers belong to the [biological family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists. [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Some base their decisions on [morphological characteristics](/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies. [[6]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6) [[7]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7) The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five. [[8]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8) [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The significant level of [hybridisation](/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)) that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) Mallard landing in approach -In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14] +In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes. [[10]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10) The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water. [[11]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11) The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini. [[12]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12) The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater. [[13]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13) The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails. [[14]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14) -A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15] +A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The [whistling ducks](/wiki/Whistling_duck) are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae). [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) [[16]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix-16) The [freckled duck](/wiki/Freckled_duck) of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or in its own family, the Stictonettinae. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [shelducks](/wiki/Shelduck) make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others, [[17]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998-17) while the [steamer ducks](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [perching ducks](/wiki/Perching_duck) make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini. [[9]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [torrent duck](/wiki/Torrent_duck) is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini, [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini. [[18]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18) The [pink-eared duck](/wiki/Pink-eared_duck) is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or the tribe Malacorhynchini, [[19]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19) and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini. [[15]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) ## Morphology @@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ Male Mandarin duck -The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration. +The overall [body plan](/wiki/Body_plan) of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The [bill](/wiki/Beak) is usually broad and contains serrated [pectens](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) , which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the [flight](/wiki/Bird_flight) of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of [steamer duck](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while [moulting](/wiki/Moult) ; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes [migration](/wiki/Bird_migration) . -The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. +The drakes of northern species often have extravagant [plumage](/wiki/Plumage) , but that is [moulted](/wiki/Moult) in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less [sexual dimorphism](/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism) , although there are exceptions such as the [paradise shelduck](/wiki/Paradise_shelduck) of [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand) , which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. ## Distribution and habitat @@ -279,13 +279,13 @@ Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina -Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21] +Ducks have a [cosmopolitan distribution](/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution) , and are found on every continent except Antarctica. [[5]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including [South Georgia](/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands) and the [Auckland Islands](/wiki/Auckland_Islands) . [[20]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20) Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the [Hawaiian Islands](/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands) , [Micronesia](/wiki/Micronesia) and the [Galápagos Islands](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands) , where they are often [vagrants](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants) and less often [residents](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents) . [[21]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21) [[22]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22) A handful are [endemic](/wiki/Endemic) to such far-flung islands. [[21]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21) Female mallard in Cornwall, England -Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23] +Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain. [[23]](#cite_note-23) ## Behaviour @@ -299,17 +299,17 @@ Mallard duckling preening -Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs. +Ducks eat food sources such as [grasses](/wiki/Poaceae) , aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small [molluscs](/wiki/Mollusc) . -Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items. +[Dabbling ducks](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. [[24]](#cite_note-24) Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a [pecten](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) . This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items. -Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly. +[Diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) and [sea ducks](/wiki/Sea_duck) forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly. -A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish. +A few specialized species such as the [mergansers](/wiki/Merganser) are adapted to catch and swallow large fish. -The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn. +The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to [dredging](/wiki/Dredging) -type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no [cere](/wiki/Cere) , but the nostrils come out through hard horn. -The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25] +[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian) published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [damages the health of the ducks](/wiki/Angel_wing) and pollutes waterways. [[25]](#cite_note-25) ### Breeding @@ -317,13 +317,13 @@ A Muscovy duckling -Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28] +Ducks generally [only have one partner at a time](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals) , although the partnership usually only lasts one year. [[26]](#cite_note-26) Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years. [[27]](#cite_note-27) Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions ( [spring](/wiki/Spring_(season)) /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a [nest](/wiki/Bird_nest) before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard) ) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water. [[28]](#cite_note-28) ### Communication -Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup – which are diving ducks – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls. +Female [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the [American](/wiki/American_black_duck) and [Pacific black ducks](/wiki/Pacific_black_duck) , [spot-billed duck](/wiki/Spot-billed_duck) , [northern pintail](/wiki/Northern_pintail) and [common teal](/wiki/Common_teal) ) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze", [[29]](#cite_note-29) [ [self-published source?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ]but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack". [[30]](#cite_note-30) In general, ducks make a range of [calls](/wiki/Bird_vocalisation) , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [scaup](/wiki/Scaup) – which are [diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls. -A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32] +A common [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend) claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford) in 2003 as part of the [British Association](/wiki/British_Association) 's Festival of Science. [[31]](#cite_note-31) It was also debunked in [one of the earlier episodes](/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?) of the popular Discovery Channel television show [MythBusters](/wiki/MythBusters) . [[32]](#cite_note-32) ### Predators @@ -331,17 +331,17 @@ Ringed teal -Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls. +Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like [pike](/wiki/Esox) , [crocodilians](/wiki/Crocodilia) , predatory [testudines](/wiki/Testudines) such as the [alligator snapping turtle](/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle) , and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as [herons](/wiki/Heron) . Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as [foxes](/wiki/Fox) , or large birds, such as [hawks](/wiki/Hawk) or [owls](/wiki/Owl) . -Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks. +Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American [muskie](/wiki/Muskellunge) and the European [pike](/wiki/Esox) . In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the [peregrine falcon](/wiki/Peregrine_falcon) , which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks. ## Relationship with humans ### Hunting -Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 – 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42] +Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of [middens](/wiki/Midden) in California dating to 7800 – 6400 [BP](/wiki/Before_present) have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species. [[33]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33) Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene) inhabitants of the lower [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River) valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl. [[34]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34) Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean, [[35]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) Scandinavia, [[36]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36) Egypt, [[37]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37) Switzerland, [[38]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38) and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year. [[39]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39) Archeological evidence shows that [Māori people](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people) in New Zealand hunted the flightless [Finsch's duck](/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck) , possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate. [[40]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40) A similar end awaited the [Chatham duck](/wiki/Chatham_duck) , a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers. [[41]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41) It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon. [[35]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) [[42]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42) -In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44] +In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport, [[43]](#cite_note-43) by shooting, or by being trapped using [duck decoys](/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)) . Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be [contaminated by pollutants](/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution) such as [PCBs](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl) . [[44]](#cite_note-44) ### Domestication @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks -Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48] +Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [down](/wiki/Down_feather) ). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. [[45]](#cite_note-45) They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the [Muscovy duck](/wiki/Muscovy_duck) (Cairina moschata). [[46]](#cite_note-46) [[47]](#cite_note-47) The [Call duck](/wiki/Call_duck) is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). [[48]](#cite_note-48) ### Heraldry @@ -357,120 +357,120 @@ Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] -Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51] +Ducks appear on several [coats of arms](/wiki/Coats_of_arms) , including the coat of arms of [Lubāna](/wiki/Lub%C4%81na) ( [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia) ) [[50]](#cite_note-50) and the coat of arms of [Föglö](/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6) ( [Åland](/wiki/%C3%85land) ). [[51]](#cite_note-51) ### Cultural references -In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."[52] The word "duck" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986. +In 2002, psychologist [Richard Wiseman](/wiki/Richard_Wiseman) and colleagues at the [University of Hertfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire) , [UK](/wiki/UK) , finished a year-long [LaughLab](/wiki/LaughLab) experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck." [[52]](#cite_note-52) The word "duck" may have become an [inherently funny word](/wiki/Inherently_funny_word) in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many [ducks in fiction](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) , many are cartoon characters, such as [Walt Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) 's [Donald Duck](/wiki/Donald_Duck) , and [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros.) ' [Daffy Duck](/wiki/Daffy_Duck) . [Howard the Duck](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck) started as a comic book character in 1973 [[53]](#cite_note-53) [[54]](#cite_note-54) and was made into a [movie](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)) in 1986. -The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55] +The 1992 Disney film [The Mighty Ducks](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starring [Emilio Estevez](/wiki/Emilio_Estevez) , chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League) professional team of the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks) , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[ [citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ]The duck is also the nickname of the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon) sports teams as well as the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks) minor league [baseball](/wiki/Baseball) team. [[55]](#cite_note-55) ## See also -- Birds portal +- [Birds portal](/wiki/Portal:Birds) -- Domestic duck -- Duck as food -- Duck test -- Duck breeds -- Fictional ducks -- Rubber duck +- [Domestic duck](/wiki/Domestic_duck) +- [Duck as food](/wiki/Duck_as_food) +- [Duck test](/wiki/Duck_test) +- [Duck breeds](/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds) +- [Fictional ducks](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) +- [Rubber duck](/wiki/Rubber_duck) ## Notes ### Citations -1. ^ "Duckling". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. -2. ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. -3. ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139. -4. ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566. -5. ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536. -6. ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738. -7. ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452. -8. ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354. -9. ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540. -10. ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191. -11. ^ Kear 2005, p. 448. -12. ^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623. -13. ^ Kear 2005, p. 686. -14. ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193. -15. ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537. -16. ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix. -17. ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998. -18. ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538. -19. ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62. -20. ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245. -21. ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107. -22. ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3. -23. ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27. -24. ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02. -25. ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016. -26. ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology. pp. 187–221. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9. -27. ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks". The Condor. 102 (1): 201–205. doi:10.1093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797. -28. ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber". wildliferehabber.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22. -29. ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562.[self-published source] -30. ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707. -31. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). "Sound science is quackers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02. -32. ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003. -33. ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171. -34. ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243. -35. ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65. -36. ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68. -37. ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42. -38. ^ Rau 1876, p. 133. -39. ^ Higman 2012, p. 23. -40. ^ Hume 2012, p. 53. -41. ^ Hume 2012, p. 52. -42. ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167. -43. ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774. -44. ^ "Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019. -45. ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25. -46. ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin". Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23. -47. ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23. -48. ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9. -49. ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3. -50. ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021. -51. ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021. -52. ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest joke revealed". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019. -53. ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database. -54. ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck. -55. ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20. +1. [^ "Duckling" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .](#cite_ref-1) +2. [^ "Duckling" . Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .](#cite_ref-2) +3. [^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 .](#cite_ref-3) +4. [^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 .](#cite_ref-4) +5. [^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0) +6. [^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0) +7. [^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988 , p. 452.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0) +8. [^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002 , pp. 353–354.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0) +9. [^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992 , p. 540.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0) +10. [^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 191.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0) +11. [^ Kear 2005 , p. 448.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0) +12. [^ Kear 2005 , p. 622–623.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0) +13. [^ Kear 2005 , p. 686.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0) +14. [^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 193.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0) +15. [^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992 , p. 537.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0) +16. [^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 , p. xix.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix_16-0) +17. [^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 .](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998_17-0) +18. [^ Carboneras 1992 , p. 538.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0) +19. [^ Christidis & Boles 2008 , p. 62.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0) +20. [^ Shirihai 2008 , pp. 239, 245.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0) +21. [^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987 , pp. 98–107.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0) +22. [^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000 , pp. 52–3.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0) +23. [^ "Pacific Black Duck" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .](#cite_ref-23) +24. [^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks" . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .](#cite_ref-24) +25. [^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists" . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .](#cite_ref-25) +26. [^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology . pp. 187–221. doi : 10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4 . ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9 .](#cite_ref-26) +27. [^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks" . The Condor . 102 (1): 201–205. doi : 10.1093/condor/102.1.201 . hdl : 10315/13797 .](#cite_ref-27) +28. [^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber" . wildliferehabber.com . Archived from the original on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .](#cite_ref-28) +29. [^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible . Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562 . [ self-published source ]](#cite_ref-29) +30. [^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707 .](#cite_ref-30) +31. [^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). "Sound science is quackers" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .](#cite_ref-31) +32. [^ "Mythbusters Episode 8" . 12 December 2003.](#cite_ref-32) +33. [^ Erlandson 1994 , p. 171.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0) +34. [^ Jeffries 2008 , pp. 168, 243.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0) +35. [^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003 , p. 65.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0) +36. [^ Thorpe 1996 , p. 68.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0) +37. [^ Maisels 1999 , p. 42.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0) +38. [^ Rau 1876 , p. 133.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0) +39. [^ Higman 2012 , p. 23.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0) +40. [^ Hume 2012 , p. 53.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0) +41. [^ Hume 2012 , p. 52.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0) +42. [^ Fieldhouse 2002 , p. 167.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0) +43. [^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals . Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774 .](#cite_ref-43) +44. [^ "Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl" (PDF) . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .](#cite_ref-44) +45. [^ "FAOSTAT" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .](#cite_ref-45) +46. [^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin" . Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .](#cite_ref-46) +47. [^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica" . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .](#cite_ref-47) +48. [^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records . Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135 . ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9 .](#cite_ref-48) +49. [^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3 .](#cite_ref-49) +50. [^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .](#cite_ref-50) +51. [^ "Föglö" (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .](#cite_ref-51) +52. [^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest joke revealed" . New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .](#cite_ref-52) +53. [^ "Howard the Duck (character)" . Grand Comics Database .](#cite_ref-53) +54. [^ Sanderson, Peter ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley . p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238 . December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.](#cite_ref-54) +55. [^ "The Duck" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .](#cite_ref-55) ### Sources -- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. -- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8. -- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6. -- Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339–356. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..339D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792. -- Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4. -- Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0. -- Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. Vol. I: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. -- Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5. -- Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7. -- Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5. -- Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7. -- Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0. -- Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters" (PDF). The Auk. 103 (4): 737–754. doi:10.1093/auk/103.4.737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. -- Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). "A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA" (PDF). The Auk. 105 (3): 452–459. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.452. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. -- Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8. -- Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9. -- Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168. -- Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0. -- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7. -- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5. +- [American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.](https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf) +- [Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) +- [Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) +- [Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339–356. Bibcode : 2002MolPE..23..339D . doi : 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2 . PMID 12099792 .](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) +- [Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) +- [Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast . New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171) +- [Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions . Vol. I: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167) +- [Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) +- [Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History . Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801) +- [Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds . London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53) +- [Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7 .](https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up) +- [Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts ( Cairina to Mergus ) . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) +- [Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters" (PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737–754. doi : 10.1093/auk/103.4.737 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf) +- [Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). "A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA" (PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452–459. doi : 10.1093/auk/105.3.452 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf) +- [Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42) +- [Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) +- [Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe . New York: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133) +- [Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) +- [Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies . General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65) +- [Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68) ## External links -- Definitions from Wiktionary -- Media from Commons -- Quotations from Wikiquote -- Recipes from Wikibooks -- Taxa from Wikispecies -- Data from Wikidata +- [Definitions from Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duck) +- [Media from Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae) +- [Quotations from Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birds) +- [Recipes from Wikibooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Duck) +- [Taxa from Wikispecies](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae) +- [Data from Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439) -- list of books (useful looking abstracts) -- Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine -- Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl +- [list of books (useful looking abstracts)](https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm) +- [Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine](http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html) +- [Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl](https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884) | Authority control databases | Authority control databases | |--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------| @@ -483,49 +483,49 @@ Retrieved from "" : -- Ducks -- Game birds -- Bird common names +- [Ducks](/wiki/Category:Ducks) +- [Game birds](/wiki/Category:Game_birds) +- [Bird common names](/wiki/Category:Bird_common_names) Hidden categories: -- All accuracy disputes -- Accuracy disputes from February 2020 -- CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) -- CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv) -- CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) -- Articles with short description -- Short description is different from Wikidata -- Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages -- Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages -- Articles with 'species' microformats -- Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text -- Articles containing Dutch-language text -- Articles containing German-language text -- Articles containing Norwegian-language text -- Articles containing Lithuanian-language text -- Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text -- All articles with self-published sources -- Articles with self-published sources from February 2020 -- All articles with unsourced statements -- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022 -- CS1: long volume value -- Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch -- Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata -- Webarchive template wayback links -- Articles with Project Gutenberg links -- Articles containing video clips +- [All accuracy disputes](/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes) +- [Accuracy disputes from February 2020](/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_February_2020) +- [CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)) +- [CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)) +- [CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)) +- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) +- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) +- [Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages) +- [Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages) +- [Articles with 'species' microformats](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats) +- [Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text) +- [Articles containing Dutch-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text) +- [Articles containing German-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text) +- [Articles containing Norwegian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text) +- [Articles containing Lithuanian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text) +- [Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text) +- [All articles with self-published sources](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources) +- [Articles with self-published sources from February 2020](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_February_2020) +- [All articles with unsourced statements](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) +- [Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022) +- [CS1: long volume value](/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value) +- [Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch) +- [Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata) +- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) +- [Articles with Project Gutenberg links](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links) +- [Articles containing video clips](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips) -- This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC). -- Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; -additional terms may apply. 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