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chore: set TextItem label to 'text' instead of 'paragraph'

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Signed-off-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com>
This commit is contained in:
Cesar Berrospi Ramis 2025-03-01 11:27:03 -03:00
parent 38d622f22c
commit 3ea31b6111
11 changed files with 114 additions and 114 deletions
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4
docling/backend/html_backend.py
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@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
if text and tag.name in ["div"]:
doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH,
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
if text:
doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH,
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_01.html.itxt
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Introduction
item-2 at level 2: paragraph: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-2 at level 2: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 3: paragraph: Some background information here.
item-4 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: picture
item-6 at level 3: list: group list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_01.html.json
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some background information here.",
"text": "Some background information here."

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_02.html.itxt
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Introduction
item-2 at level 2: paragraph: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-2 at level 2: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 3: paragraph: Some background information here.
item-4 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: list: group list
item-6 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: Second item in unordered list

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_02.html.json
View File

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some background information here.",
"text": "Some background information here."

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_03.html.itxt
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@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Example Document
item-2 at level 2: section_header: Introduction
item-3 at level 3: paragraph: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 3: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-4 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-5 at level 3: paragraph: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-6 at level 3: list: group list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-8 at level 5: list: group list

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_03.html.json
View File

@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some background information here.",
"text": "Some background information here."

10
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.itxt
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: paragraph: This is a div with text.
item-2 at level 1: paragraph: This is another div with text.
item-3 at level 1: paragraph: This is a regular paragraph.
item-4 at level 1: paragraph: This is a third div
item-1 at level 1: text: This is a div with text.
item-2 at level 1: text: This is another div with text.
item-3 at level 1: text: This is a regular paragraph.
item-4 at level 1: text: This is a third div
with a new line.
item-5 at level 1: paragraph: This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.
item-5 at level 1: text: This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.

10
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.json
View File

@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a div with text.",
"text": "This is a div with text."
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is another div with text.",
"text": "This is another div with text."
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a regular paragraph.",
"text": "This is a regular paragraph."
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a third div\nwith a new line.",
"text": "This is a third div\nwith a new line."
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.",
"text": "This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph."

86
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt
View File

@ -145,13 +145,13 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-144 at level 3: list_item: Read
item-145 at level 3: list_item: View source
item-146 at level 3: list_item: View history
item-147 at level 2: paragraph: Tools
item-148 at level 2: paragraph: Actions
item-147 at level 2: text: Tools
item-148 at level 2: text: Actions
item-149 at level 2: list: group list
item-150 at level 3: list_item: Read
item-151 at level 3: list_item: View source
item-152 at level 3: list_item: View history
item-153 at level 2: paragraph: General
item-153 at level 2: text: General
item-154 at level 2: list: group list
item-155 at level 3: list_item: What links here
item-156 at level 3: list_item: Related changes
@ -163,91 +163,91 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-162 at level 3: list_item: Get shortened URL
item-163 at level 3: list_item: Download QR code
item-164 at level 3: list_item: Wikidata item
item-165 at level 2: paragraph: Print/export
item-165 at level 2: text: Print/export
item-166 at level 2: list: group list
item-167 at level 3: list_item: Download as PDF
item-168 at level 3: list_item: Printable version
item-169 at level 2: paragraph: In other projects
item-169 at level 2: text: In other projects
item-170 at level 2: list: group list
item-171 at level 3: list_item: Wikimedia Commons
item-172 at level 3: list_item: Wikiquote
item-173 at level 2: paragraph: Appearance
item-173 at level 2: text: Appearance
item-174 at level 2: picture
item-175 at level 2: paragraph: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
item-176 at level 2: paragraph: Common name for many species of bird
item-177 at level 2: paragraph: This article is about the bird. ... as a food, see . For other uses, see .
item-178 at level 2: paragraph: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see .
item-175 at level 2: text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
item-176 at level 2: text: Common name for many species of bird
item-177 at level 2: text: This article is about the bird. ... as a food, see . For other uses, see .
item-178 at level 2: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see .
item-179 at level 2: table with [13x2]
item-180 at level 2: paragraph: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water.
item-181 at level 2: paragraph: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-180 at level 2: text: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water.
item-181 at level 2: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-182 at level 2: section_header: Etymology
item-183 at level 3: paragraph: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-183 at level 3: text: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-184 at level 3: picture
item-184 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-185 at level 3: paragraph: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-186 at level 3: paragraph: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-187 at level 3: paragraph: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-185 at level 3: text: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-186 at level 3: text: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-187 at level 3: text: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-188 at level 3: picture
item-188 at level 4: caption: Male mallard.
item-189 at level 3: picture
item-189 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks.
item-190 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy
item-191 at level 3: paragraph: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9]
item-191 at level 3: text: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9]
item-192 at level 3: picture
item-192 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-193 at level 3: paragraph: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-194 at level 3: paragraph: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-193 at level 3: text: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-194 at level 3: text: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-195 at level 2: section_header: Morphology
item-196 at level 3: picture
item-196 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-197 at level 3: paragraph: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration.
item-198 at level 3: paragraph: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-197 at level 3: text: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration.
item-198 at level 3: text: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-199 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat
item-200 at level 3: picture
item-200 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-201 at level 3: paragraph: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-201 at level 3: text: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-202 at level 3: picture
item-202 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-203 at level 3: paragraph: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-203 at level 3: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-204 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour
item-205 at level 3: section_header: Feeding
item-206 at level 4: picture
item-206 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-207 at level 4: picture
item-207 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-208 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-209 at level 4: paragraph: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-210 at level 4: paragraph: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-211 at level 4: paragraph: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-212 at level 4: paragraph: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-213 at level 4: paragraph: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-208 at level 4: text: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-209 at level 4: text: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-210 at level 4: text: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-211 at level 4: text: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-212 at level 4: text: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-213 at level 4: text: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-214 at level 3: section_header: Breeding
item-215 at level 4: picture
item-215 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-216 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-216 at level 4: text: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-217 at level 3: section_header: Communication
item-218 at level 4: paragraph: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-219 at level 4: paragraph: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-218 at level 4: text: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-219 at level 4: text: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-220 at level 3: section_header: Predators
item-221 at level 4: picture
item-221 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal
item-222 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-223 at level 4: paragraph: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-222 at level 4: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-223 at level 4: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-224 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans
item-225 at level 3: section_header: Hunting
item-226 at level 4: paragraph: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-227 at level 4: paragraph: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-226 at level 4: text: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-227 at level 4: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-228 at level 3: section_header: Domestication
item-229 at level 4: picture
item-229 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-230 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-230 at level 4: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-231 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry
item-232 at level 4: picture
item-232 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-233 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-233 at level 4: text: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-234 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references
item-235 at level 4: paragraph: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-236 at level 4: paragraph: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-235 at level 4: text: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-236 at level 4: text: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-237 at level 2: section_header: See also
item-238 at level 3: list: group list
item-239 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal
@ -352,13 +352,13 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-338 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl
item-339 at level 3: table with [3x2]
item-340 at level 3: picture
item-341 at level 3: paragraph: Retrieved from ""
item-342 at level 3: paragraph: :
item-341 at level 3: text: Retrieved from ""
item-342 at level 3: text: :
item-343 at level 3: list: group list
item-344 at level 4: list_item: Ducks
item-345 at level 4: list_item: Game birds
item-346 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names
item-347 at level 3: paragraph: Hidden categories:
item-347 at level 3: text: Hidden categories:
item-348 at level 3: list: group list
item-349 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes
item-350 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020

94
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json
View File

@ -1624,7 +1624,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Main menu",
"text": "Main menu"
@ -1636,7 +1636,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Navigation",
"text": "Navigation"
@ -1732,7 +1732,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Contribute",
"text": "Contribute"
@ -1884,7 +1884,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Pages for logged out editors",
"text": "Pages for logged out editors"
@ -4377,7 +4377,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Tools",
"text": "Tools"
@ -4389,7 +4389,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Actions",
"text": "Actions"
@ -4443,7 +4443,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "General",
"text": "General"
@ -4595,7 +4595,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Print/export",
"text": "Print/export"
@ -4635,7 +4635,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "In other projects",
"text": "In other projects"
@ -4675,7 +4675,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Appearance",
"text": "Appearance"
@ -4687,7 +4687,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia",
"text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"
@ -4699,7 +4699,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Common name for many species of bird",
"text": "Common name for many species of bird"
@ -4711,7 +4711,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see . For other uses, see .",
"text": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see . For other uses, see ."
@ -4723,7 +4723,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see .",
"text": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see ."
@ -4735,7 +4735,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.",
"text": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water."
@ -4747,7 +4747,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.",
"text": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots."
@ -4794,7 +4794,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The word duck comes from Old English d\u016bce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *d\u016bcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.",
"text": "The word duck comes from Old English d\u016bce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *d\u016bcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'."
@ -4818,7 +4818,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This word replaced Old English ened /\u00e6nid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /\u00e6nid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian \u00e1ntis 'duck', Ancient Greek \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 /\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1 (n\u0113ssa /n\u0113tta) 'duck', and Sanskrit \u0101t\u00ed 'water bird', among others.",
"text": "This word replaced Old English ened /\u00e6nid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /\u00e6nid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian \u00e1ntis 'duck', Ancient Greek \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 /\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1 (n\u0113ssa /n\u0113tta) 'duck', and Sanskrit \u0101t\u00ed 'water bird', among others."
@ -4830,7 +4830,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.",
"text": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling."
@ -4842,7 +4842,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]",
"text": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]"
@ -4904,7 +4904,7 @@
},
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"orig": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]",
"text": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]"
@ -4928,7 +4928,7 @@
},
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"orig": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks \u2013 named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]",
"text": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks \u2013 named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]"
@ -4940,7 +4940,7 @@
},
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"orig": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]",
"text": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]"
@ -4987,7 +4987,7 @@
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"orig": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration.",
"text": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration."
@ -4999,7 +4999,7 @@
},
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"orig": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.",
"text": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape."
@ -5049,7 +5049,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"label": "paragraph",
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"orig": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]",
"text": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]"
@ -5073,7 +5073,7 @@
},
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"label": "text",
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"orig": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]",
"text": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]"
@ -5173,7 +5173,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.",
"text": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs."
@ -5185,7 +5185,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"orig": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.",
"text": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items."
@ -5197,7 +5197,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"label": "text",
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"orig": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.",
"text": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly."
@ -5209,7 +5209,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"prov": [],
"orig": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.",
"text": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish."
@ -5221,7 +5221,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"orig": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn.",
"text": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn."
@ -5233,7 +5233,7 @@
},
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"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]",
"text": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]"
@ -5277,7 +5277,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"orig": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]",
"text": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]"
@ -5309,7 +5309,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup \u2013 which are diving ducks \u2013 make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.",
"text": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup \u2013 which are diving ducks \u2013 make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls."
@ -5321,7 +5321,7 @@
},
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"orig": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]",
"text": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]"
@ -5368,7 +5368,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls.",
"text": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls."
@ -5380,7 +5380,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.",
"text": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks."
@ -5438,7 +5438,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 \u2013 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that M\u0101ori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]",
"text": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 \u2013 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that M\u0101ori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]"
@ -5450,7 +5450,7 @@
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"orig": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]",
"text": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]"
@ -5494,7 +5494,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1\u00a0kg (2.2\u00a0lb).[48]",
"text": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1\u00a0kg (2.2\u00a0lb).[48]"
@ -5538,7 +5538,7 @@
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"orig": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lub\u0101na (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of F\u00f6gl\u00f6 (\u00c5land).[51]",
"text": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lub\u0101na (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of F\u00f6gl\u00f6 (\u00c5land).[51]"
@ -5570,7 +5570,7 @@
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"orig": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.",
"text": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986."
@ -5582,7 +5582,7 @@
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"orig": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]",
"text": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]"
@ -6995,7 +6995,7 @@
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"orig": "Retrieved from \"\"",
"text": "Retrieved from \"\""
@ -7007,7 +7007,7 @@
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"orig": ":",
"text": ":"
@ -7061,7 +7061,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Hidden categories:",
"text": "Hidden categories:"