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A new HTML backend that handles styled html (ignors it) as well as images.

Browse Source 
- Updated unit tests
- Added documentation (Example notebook)

Note: MyPy fails.
Seems to be a known issue with BeautifulSoup:
https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/13604

Signed-off-by: Alexander Vaagan <alexander.vaagan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: vaaale <2428222+vaaale@users.noreply.github.com>
This commit is contained in:
Alexander Vaagan 2025-04-26 16:30:09 +02:00 committed by vaaale
parent 98b5eeb844
commit 733360c7b2
38 changed files with 4983 additions and 4233 deletions
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762
docling/backend/html_backend.py
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@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
import base64
import logging
import traceback
import re
from enum import Enum
from io import BytesIO
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Final, Optional, Union, cast
from typing import Optional, Union
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, NavigableString, PageElement, Tag
from bs4.element import PreformattedString
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, NavigableString, Tag
from docling_core.types.doc import (
DocItem,
DocItemLabel,
DoclingDocument,
DocumentOrigin,
GroupItem,
GroupLabel,
Size,
TableCell,
TableData,
)
from docling_core.types.doc.document import ContentLayer
from docling_core.types.doc.document import ContentLayer, ImageRef
from PIL import Image, UnidentifiedImageError
from pydantic import AnyUrl, HttpUrl, ValidationError
from typing_extensions import override
from docling.backend.abstract_backend import DeclarativeDocumentBackend
@ -25,56 +27,38 @@ from docling.datamodel.document import InputDocument
_log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# tags that generate NodeItem elements
TAGS_FOR_NODE_ITEMS: Final = [
"address",
"details",
"h1",
"h2",
"h3",
"h4",
"h5",
"h6",
"p",
"pre",
"code",
"ul",
"ol",
"li",
"summary",
"table",
"figure",
"img",
]
# Tags that initiate distinct Docling items
_BLOCK_TAGS = {"h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6", "p", "ul", "ol", "table"}
class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
class ImageOptions(str, Enum):
"""Image options for HTML backend."""
NONE = "none"
INLINE = "inline"
REFERENCED = "referenced"
class BaseHTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
@override
def __init__(self, in_doc: "InputDocument", path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path]):
def __init__(
self,
in_doc: InputDocument,
path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path],
image_options: Optional[ImageOptions] = ImageOptions.NONE,
):
super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream)
self.image_options = image_options
self.soup: Optional[Tag] = None
# HTML file:
self.path_or_stream = path_or_stream
# Initialise the parents for the hierarchy
self.max_levels = 10
self.level = 0
self.parents: dict[int, Optional[Union[DocItem, GroupItem]]] = {}
for i in range(self.max_levels):
self.parents[i] = None
try:
if isinstance(self.path_or_stream, BytesIO):
text_stream = self.path_or_stream.getvalue()
self.soup = BeautifulSoup(text_stream, "html.parser")
if isinstance(self.path_or_stream, Path):
with open(self.path_or_stream, "rb") as f:
html_content = f.read()
self.soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, "html.parser")
raw = (
path_or_stream.getvalue()
if isinstance(path_or_stream, BytesIO)
else Path(path_or_stream).read_bytes()
)
self.soup = BeautifulSoup(raw, "html.parser")
except Exception as e:
raise RuntimeError(
"Could not initialize HTML backend for file with "
f"hash {self.document_hash}."
) from e
raise RuntimeError(f"Could not initialize HTML backend: {e}")
@override
def is_valid(self) -> bool:
@ -89,7 +73,6 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
def unload(self):
if isinstance(self.path_or_stream, BytesIO):
self.path_or_stream.close()
self.path_or_stream = None
@classmethod
@ -99,490 +82,247 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
@override
def convert(self) -> DoclingDocument:
# access self.path_or_stream to load stuff
origin = DocumentOrigin(
filename=self.file.name or "file",
mimetype="text/html",
binary_hash=self.document_hash,
)
doc = DoclingDocument(name=self.file.stem or "file", origin=origin)
_log.debug("Trying to convert HTML...")
if self.is_valid():
_log.debug("Starting HTML conversion...")
if not self.is_valid():
raise RuntimeError("Invalid HTML document.")
assert self.soup is not None
content = self.soup.body or self.soup
# Replace <br> tags with newline characters
# TODO: remove style to avoid losing text from tags like i, b, span, ...
for br in content("br"):
# Remove all script/style content
for tag in self.soup.find_all(["script", "style"]):
tag.decompose()
body = self.soup.body or self.soup
# Normalize <br> tags to newline strings
for br in body.find_all("br"):
br.replace_with(NavigableString("\n"))
headers = content.find(["h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6"])
# Decide content layer by presence of headers
headers = body.find(list(_BLOCK_TAGS))
self.content_layer = (
ContentLayer.BODY if headers is None else ContentLayer.FURNITURE
)
self.walk(content, doc)
else:
raise RuntimeError(
f"Cannot convert doc with {self.document_hash} because the backend "
"failed to init."
)
# Walk the body to build the DoclingDocument
self._walk(body, doc, parent=doc.body)
return doc
def walk(self, tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
# Iterate over elements in the body of the document
text: str = ""
for element in tag.children:
if isinstance(element, Tag):
def _walk(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument, parent) -> None:
"""
Recursively walk element.contents, buffering inline text across tags like <b> or <span>,
emitting text nodes only at block boundaries, and extracting images immediately.
"""
buffer: list[str] = []
def flush_buffer():
if not buffer:
return
text = "".join(buffer).strip()
buffer.clear()
if not text:
return
# Split on newlines for <br>
for part in text.split("\n"):
seg = part.strip()
if seg:
doc.add_text(DocItemLabel.TEXT, seg, parent=parent)
for node in element.contents:
# Skip scripts/styles
if isinstance(node, Tag) and node.name.lower() in ("script", "style"):
continue
# Immediate image extraction
if isinstance(node, Tag) and node.name.lower() == "img":
flush_buffer()
self._emit_image(node, doc, parent)
continue
# Block-level element triggers flush + handle
if isinstance(node, Tag) and node.name.lower() in _BLOCK_TAGS:
flush_buffer()
self._handle_block(node, doc, parent)
# Inline tag with nested blocks: recurse
elif isinstance(node, Tag) and node.find(list(_BLOCK_TAGS)):
flush_buffer()
self._walk(node, doc, parent)
# Inline text
elif isinstance(node, Tag):
buffer.append(node.get_text())
elif isinstance(node, NavigableString):
buffer.append(str(node))
# Flush any remaining text
flush_buffer()
def _handle_block(self, tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument, parent) -> None:
tag_name = tag.name.lower()
if tag_name == "h1":
text = tag.get_text(strip=True)
if text:
doc.add_title(text, parent=parent)
for img_tag in tag.find_all("img", recursive=True):
self._emit_image(img_tag, doc, parent)
elif tag_name in {"h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6"}:
level = int(tag_name[1])
text = tag.get_text(strip=True)
if text:
doc.add_heading(text, level=level, parent=parent)
for img_tag in tag.find_all("img", recursive=True):
self._emit_image(img_tag, doc, parent)
elif tag_name == "p":
for part in tag.get_text().split("\n"):
seg = part.strip()
if seg:
doc.add_text(DocItemLabel.TEXT, seg, parent=parent)
for img_tag in tag.find_all("img", recursive=True):
self._emit_image(img_tag, doc, parent)
elif tag_name in {"ul", "ol"}:
is_ordered = tag_name == "ol"
group = (
doc.add_ordered_list(parent=parent)
if is_ordered
else doc.add_unordered_list(parent=parent)
)
for li in tag.find_all("li", recursive=False):
li_text = li.get_text(separator=" ", strip=True)
li_item = doc.add_list_item(
text=li_text, enumerated=is_ordered, parent=group
)
# Nested lists inside <li>
for sub in li.find_all(["ul", "ol"], recursive=False):
self._handle_block(sub, doc, parent=group)
for img_tag in li.find_all("img", recursive=True):
self._emit_image(img_tag, doc, li_item)
elif tag_name == "table":
# Add table item and extract nested images
data = self._parse_table(tag, doc, parent)
doc.add_table(data=data, parent=parent)
def _emit_image(self, img_tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument, parent) -> None:
"""
Helper to create a PictureItem (with optional CAPTION) for an <img> tag.
"""
if ImageOptions.NONE == self.image_options:
return
alt = (img_tag.get("alt") or "").strip()
caption_item = None
if alt:
caption_item = doc.add_text(DocItemLabel.CAPTION, alt, parent=parent)
src_url = img_tag.get("src")
width = img_tag.get("width", "128")
height = img_tag.get("height", "128")
img_ref = None
if ImageOptions.INLINE == self.image_options:
try:
self.analyze_tag(cast(Tag, element), doc)
except Exception as exc_child:
_log.error(
f"Error processing child from tag {tag.name}:\n{traceback.format_exc()}"
if src_url.startswith("http"):
img = Image.open(requests.get(src_url, stream=True).raw)
elif src_url.startswith("file:"):
img = Image.open(src_url)
elif src_url.startswith("data:"):
image_data = re.sub("^data:image/.+;base64,", "", src_url)
img = Image.open(BytesIO(base64.b64decode(image_data)))
else:
return
img_ref = ImageRef.from_pil(img, dpi=int(img.info.get("dpi")[0]))
except (FileNotFoundError, UnidentifiedImageError) as ve:
_log.warning(f"Could not load image (src={src_url}): {ve}")
return
elif ImageOptions.REFERENCED == self.image_options:
try:
img_url = AnyUrl(src_url)
img_ref = ImageRef(
uri=img_url,
dpi=72,
mimetype="image/png",
size=Size(width=float(width), height=float(height)),
)
raise exc_child
elif isinstance(element, NavigableString) and not isinstance(
element, PreformattedString
):
# Floating text outside paragraphs or analyzed tags
text += element
siblings: list[Tag] = [
item for item in element.next_siblings if isinstance(item, Tag)
]
if element.next_sibling is None or any(
item.name in TAGS_FOR_NODE_ITEMS for item in siblings
):
text = text.strip()
if text and tag.name in ["div"]:
doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
text = ""
except ValidationError as ve:
_log.warning(f"Could not load image (src={src_url}): {ve}")
return
def analyze_tag(self, tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
if tag.name in ["h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6"]:
self.handle_header(tag, doc)
elif tag.name in ["p", "address", "summary"]:
self.handle_paragraph(tag, doc)
elif tag.name in ["pre", "code"]:
self.handle_code(tag, doc)
elif tag.name in ["ul", "ol"]:
self.handle_list(tag, doc)
elif tag.name in ["li"]:
self.handle_list_item(tag, doc)
elif tag.name == "table":
self.handle_table(tag, doc)
elif tag.name == "figure":
self.handle_figure(tag, doc)
elif tag.name == "img":
self.handle_image(tag, doc)
elif tag.name == "details":
self.handle_details(tag, doc)
else:
self.walk(tag, doc)
doc.add_picture(image=img_ref, caption=caption_item, parent=parent)
def get_text(self, item: PageElement) -> str:
"""Get the text content of a tag."""
parts: list[str] = self.extract_text_recursively(item)
return "".join(parts) + " "
# Function to recursively extract text from all child nodes
def extract_text_recursively(self, item: PageElement) -> list[str]:
result: list[str] = []
if isinstance(item, NavigableString):
return [item]
tag = cast(Tag, item)
if tag.name not in ["ul", "ol"]:
for child in tag:
# Recursively get the child's text content
result.extend(self.extract_text_recursively(child))
return ["".join(result) + " "]
def handle_details(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handle details tag (details) and its content."""
self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_group(
name="details",
label=GroupLabel.SECTION,
parent=self.parents[self.level],
content_layer=self.content_layer,
def _parse_table(self, table_tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument, parent) -> TableData:
"""
Convert an HTML table into TableData, capturing cell spans and text,
and emitting any nested images as PictureItems.
"""
# Build TableData
rows = []
for sec in ("thead", "tbody", "tfoot"):
section = table_tag.find(sec)
if section:
rows.extend(section.find_all("tr", recursive=False))
if not rows:
rows = table_tag.find_all("tr", recursive=False)
occupied: dict[tuple[int, int], bool] = {}
cells: list[TableCell] = []
max_cols = 0
for r, tr in enumerate(rows):
c = 0
for cell_tag in tr.find_all(("td", "th"), recursive=False):
while occupied.get((r, c)):
c += 1
rs = int(cell_tag.get("rowspan", 1) or 1)
cs = int(cell_tag.get("colspan", 1) or 1)
txt = cell_tag.get_text(strip=True)
cell = TableCell(
bbox=None,
row_span=rs,
col_span=cs,
start_row_offset_idx=r,
end_row_offset_idx=r + rs,
start_col_offset_idx=c,
end_col_offset_idx=c + cs,
text=txt,
column_header=(cell_tag.name == "th"),
row_header=False,
row_section=False,
)
cells.append(cell)
for dr in range(rs):
for dc in range(cs):
occupied[(r + dr, c + dc)] = True
c += cs
max_cols = max(max_cols, c)
# Emit images inside this table
for img_tag in table_tag.find_all("img", recursive=True):
self._emit_image(img_tag, doc, parent)
return TableData(table_cells=cells, num_rows=len(rows), num_cols=max_cols)
self.level += 1
self.walk(element, doc)
self.parents[self.level + 1] = None
self.level -= 1
def handle_header(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles header tags (h1, h2, etc.)."""
hlevel = int(element.name.replace("h", ""))
text = element.text.strip()
self.content_layer = ContentLayer.BODY
if hlevel == 1:
for key in self.parents.keys():
self.parents[key] = None
self.level = 1
self.parents[self.level] = doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[0],
label=DocItemLabel.TITLE,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
else:
if hlevel > self.level:
# add invisible group
for i in range(self.level + 1, hlevel):
self.parents[i] = doc.add_group(
name=f"header-{i}",
label=GroupLabel.SECTION,
parent=self.parents[i - 1],
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
self.level = hlevel
elif hlevel < self.level:
# remove the tail
for key in self.parents.keys():
if key > hlevel:
self.parents[key] = None
self.level = hlevel
self.parents[hlevel] = doc.add_heading(
parent=self.parents[hlevel - 1],
text=text,
level=hlevel - 1,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_code(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles monospace code snippets (pre)."""
if element.text is None:
return
text = element.text.strip()
if text:
doc.add_code(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_paragraph(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles paragraph tags (p) or equivalent ones."""
if element.text is None:
return
text = element.text.strip()
if text:
doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_list(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles list tags (ul, ol) and their list items."""
if element.name == "ul":
# create a list group
self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_group(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
name="list",
label=GroupLabel.LIST,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
elif element.name == "ol":
start_attr = element.get("start")
start: int = (
int(start_attr)
if isinstance(start_attr, str) and start_attr.isnumeric()
else 1
)
# create a list group
self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_group(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
name="ordered list" + (f" start {start}" if start != 1 else ""),
label=GroupLabel.ORDERED_LIST,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
self.level += 1
self.walk(element, doc)
self.parents[self.level + 1] = None
self.level -= 1
def handle_list_item(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles list item tags (li)."""
nested_list = element.find(["ul", "ol"])
parent = self.parents[self.level]
if parent is None:
_log.debug(f"list-item has no parent in DoclingDocument: {element}")
return
parent_label: str = parent.label
index_in_list = len(parent.children) + 1
if (
parent_label == GroupLabel.ORDERED_LIST
and isinstance(parent, GroupItem)
and parent.name
class HTMLDocumentBackend(BaseHTMLDocumentBackend):
@override
def __init__(
self,
in_doc: InputDocument,
path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path],
):
start_in_list: str = parent.name.split(" ")[-1]
start: int = int(start_in_list) if start_in_list.isnumeric() else 1
index_in_list += start - 1
super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream, image_options=ImageOptions.NONE)
if nested_list:
# Text in list item can be hidden within hierarchy, hence
# we need to extract it recursively
text: str = self.get_text(element)
# Flatten text, remove break lines:
text = text.replace("\n", "").replace("\r", "")
text = " ".join(text.split()).strip()
marker = ""
enumerated = False
if parent_label == GroupLabel.ORDERED_LIST:
marker = str(index_in_list)
enumerated = True
if len(text) > 0:
# create a list-item
self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_list_item(
text=text,
enumerated=enumerated,
marker=marker,
parent=parent,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
self.level += 1
self.walk(element, doc)
self.parents[self.level + 1] = None
self.level -= 1
else:
self.walk(element, doc)
elif element.text.strip():
text = element.text.strip()
marker = ""
enumerated = False
if parent_label == GroupLabel.ORDERED_LIST:
marker = f"{index_in_list!s}."
enumerated = True
doc.add_list_item(
text=text,
enumerated=enumerated,
marker=marker,
parent=parent,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
else:
_log.debug(f"list-item has no text: {element}")
@staticmethod
def parse_table_data(element: Tag) -> Optional[TableData]: # noqa: C901
nested_tables = element.find("table")
if nested_tables is not None:
_log.debug("Skipping nested table.")
return None
# Find the number of rows and columns (taking into account spans)
num_rows = 0
num_cols = 0
for row in element("tr"):
col_count = 0
is_row_header = True
if not isinstance(row, Tag):
continue
for cell in row(["td", "th"]):
if not isinstance(row, Tag):
continue
cell_tag = cast(Tag, cell)
val = cell_tag.get("colspan", "1")
colspan = int(val) if (isinstance(val, str) and val.isnumeric()) else 1
col_count += colspan
if cell_tag.name == "td" or cell_tag.get("rowspan") is None:
is_row_header = False
num_cols = max(num_cols, col_count)
if not is_row_header:
num_rows += 1
_log.debug(f"The table has {num_rows} rows and {num_cols} cols.")
grid: list = [[None for _ in range(num_cols)] for _ in range(num_rows)]
data = TableData(num_rows=num_rows, num_cols=num_cols, table_cells=[])
# Iterate over the rows in the table
start_row_span = 0
row_idx = -1
for row in element("tr"):
if not isinstance(row, Tag):
continue
# For each row, find all the column cells (both <td> and <th>)
cells = row(["td", "th"])
# Check if cell is in a column header or row header
col_header = True
row_header = True
for html_cell in cells:
if isinstance(html_cell, Tag):
if html_cell.name == "td":
col_header = False
row_header = False
elif html_cell.get("rowspan") is None:
row_header = False
if not row_header:
row_idx += 1
start_row_span = 0
else:
start_row_span += 1
# Extract the text content of each cell
col_idx = 0
for html_cell in cells:
if not isinstance(html_cell, Tag):
continue
# extract inline formulas
for formula in html_cell("inline-formula"):
math_parts = formula.text.split("$$")
if len(math_parts) == 3:
math_formula = f"$${math_parts[1]}$$"
formula.replace_with(NavigableString(math_formula))
# TODO: extract content correctly from table-cells with lists
text = html_cell.text
# label = html_cell.name
col_val = html_cell.get("colspan", "1")
col_span = (
int(col_val)
if isinstance(col_val, str) and col_val.isnumeric()
else 1
)
row_val = html_cell.get("rowspan", "1")
row_span = (
int(row_val)
if isinstance(row_val, str) and row_val.isnumeric()
else 1
)
if row_header:
row_span -= 1
while (
col_idx < num_cols
and grid[row_idx + start_row_span][col_idx] is not None
class HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline(BaseHTMLDocumentBackend):
@override
def __init__(
self,
in_doc: InputDocument,
path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path],
):
col_idx += 1
for r in range(start_row_span, start_row_span + row_span):
for c in range(col_span):
if row_idx + r < num_rows and col_idx + c < num_cols:
grid[row_idx + r][col_idx + c] = text
super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream, image_options=ImageOptions.INLINE)
table_cell = TableCell(
text=text,
row_span=row_span,
col_span=col_span,
start_row_offset_idx=start_row_span + row_idx,
end_row_offset_idx=start_row_span + row_idx + row_span,
start_col_offset_idx=col_idx,
end_col_offset_idx=col_idx + col_span,
column_header=col_header,
row_header=((not col_header) and html_cell.name == "th"),
)
data.table_cells.append(table_cell)
return data
def handle_table(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles table tags."""
table_data = HTMLDocumentBackend.parse_table_data(element)
if table_data is not None:
doc.add_table(
data=table_data,
parent=self.parents[self.level],
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def get_list_text(self, list_element: Tag, level: int = 0) -> list[str]:
"""Recursively extract text from <ul> or <ol> with proper indentation."""
result = []
bullet_char = "*" # Default bullet character for unordered lists
if list_element.name == "ol": # For ordered lists, use numbers
for i, li in enumerate(list_element("li", recursive=False), 1):
if not isinstance(li, Tag):
continue
# Add numbering for ordered lists
result.append(f"{' ' * level}{i}. {li.get_text(strip=True)}")
# Handle nested lists
nested_list = li.find(["ul", "ol"])
if isinstance(nested_list, Tag):
result.extend(self.get_list_text(nested_list, level + 1))
elif list_element.name == "ul": # For unordered lists, use bullet points
for li in list_element("li", recursive=False):
if not isinstance(li, Tag):
continue
# Add bullet points for unordered lists
result.append(
f"{' ' * level}{bullet_char} {li.get_text(strip=True)}"
)
# Handle nested lists
nested_list = li.find(["ul", "ol"])
if isinstance(nested_list, Tag):
result.extend(self.get_list_text(nested_list, level + 1))
return result
def handle_figure(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles image tags (img)."""
# Extract the image URI from the <img> tag
# image_uri = root.xpath('//figure//img/@src')[0]
contains_captions = element.find(["figcaption"])
if not isinstance(contains_captions, Tag):
doc.add_picture(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
caption=None,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
else:
texts = []
for item in contains_captions:
texts.append(item.text)
fig_caption = doc.add_text(
label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION,
text=("".join(texts)).strip(),
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
doc.add_picture(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
caption=fig_caption,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_image(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles image tags (img)."""
_log.debug(f"ignoring <img> tags at the moment: {element}")
doc.add_picture(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
caption=None,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
class HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced(BaseHTMLDocumentBackend):
@override
def __init__(
self,
in_doc: InputDocument,
path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path],
):
super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream, image_options=ImageOptions.REFERENCED)

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19
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_01.html.itxt
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@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Introduction
item-2 at level 2: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: picture
item-6 at level 3: list: group list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-8 at level 4: list_item: Second item in unordered list
item-9 at level 3: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-10 at level 4: list_item: First item in ordered list
item-11 at level 4: list_item: Second item in ordered list
item-2 at level 1: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 1: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 1: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 1: list: group group
item-6 at level 2: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-7 at level 2: list_item: Second item in unordered list
item-8 at level 1: ordered_list: group group
item-9 at level 2: list_item: First item in ordered list
item-10 at level 2: list_item: Second item in ordered list

76
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_01.html.json
View File

@ -19,6 +19,21 @@
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -29,7 +44,7 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
@ -40,13 +55,13 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
@ -57,7 +72,7 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "ordered list",
"name": "group",
"label": "ordered_list"
}
],
@ -67,14 +82,7 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
@ -84,7 +92,7 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -96,33 +104,20 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
{
"$ref": "#/pictures/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Background",
"text": "Background",
"level": 1
"level": 2
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -171,7 +166,7 @@
"orig": "First item in ordered list",
"text": "First item in ordered list",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "1."
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/7",
@ -185,25 +180,10 @@
"orig": "Second item in ordered list",
"text": "Second item in ordered list",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "2."
}
],
"pictures": [
{
"self_ref": "#/pictures/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "picture",
"prov": [],
"captions": [],
"references": [],
"footnotes": [],
"annotations": []
"marker": "-"
}
],
"pictures": [],
"tables": [],
"key_value_items": [],
"form_items": [],

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_01.html.md
View File

@ -2,12 +2,10 @@
This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
## Background
### Background
Some background information here.
<!-- image -->
- First item in unordered list
- Second item in unordered list

18
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_02.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Introduction
item-2 at level 2: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: list: group list
item-6 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: Second item in unordered list
item-8 at level 3: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-9 at level 4: list_item: First item in ordered list
item-10 at level 4: list_item: Second item in ordered list
item-2 at level 1: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 1: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 1: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 1: list: group group
item-6 at level 2: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-7 at level 2: list_item: Second item in unordered list
item-8 at level 1: ordered_list: group group
item-9 at level 2: list_item: First item in ordered list
item-10 at level 2: list_item: Second item in ordered list

152
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_02.html.json
View File

@ -19,86 +19,13 @@
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/5"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/6"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/7"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "ordered list",
"label": "ordered_list"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Introduction",
"text": "Introduction"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
@ -110,16 +37,87 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/5"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/6"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/7"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "group",
"label": "ordered_list"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Introduction",
"text": "Introduction"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Background",
"text": "Background",
"level": 1
"level": 2
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -168,7 +166,7 @@
"orig": "First item in ordered list",
"text": "First item in ordered list",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "1."
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/7",
@ -182,7 +180,7 @@
"orig": "Second item in ordered list",
"text": "Second item in ordered list",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "2."
"marker": "-"
}
],
"pictures": [],

2
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_02.html.md
View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
## Background
### Background
Some background information here.

36
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_03.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Example Document
item-2 at level 2: section_header: Introduction
item-3 at level 3: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-4 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-5 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-6 at level 3: list: group list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-8 at level 5: list: group list
item-9 at level 6: list_item: Nested item 1
item-10 at level 6: list_item: Nested item 2
item-11 at level 4: list_item: Second item in unordered list
item-12 at level 3: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-13 at level 4: list_item: First item in ordered list
item-14 at level 5: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-15 at level 6: list_item: Nested ordered item 1
item-16 at level 6: list_item: Nested ordered item 2
item-17 at level 4: list_item: Second item in ordered list
item-18 at level 2: section_header: Data Table
item-19 at level 3: table with [4x3]
item-2 at level 1: section_header: Introduction
item-3 at level 1: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-4 at level 1: section_header: Background
item-5 at level 1: text: Some background information here.
item-6 at level 1: list: group group
item-7 at level 2: list_item: First item in unordered list Nested item 1 Nested item 2
item-8 at level 2: list: group group
item-9 at level 3: list_item: Nested item 1
item-10 at level 3: list_item: Nested item 2
item-11 at level 2: list_item: Second item in unordered list
item-12 at level 1: ordered_list: group group
item-13 at level 2: list_item: First item in ordered list Nested ordered item 1 Nested ordered item 2
item-14 at level 2: ordered_list: group group
item-15 at level 3: list_item: Nested ordered item 1
item-16 at level 3: list_item: Nested ordered item 2
item-17 at level 2: list_item: Second item in ordered list
item-18 at level 1: section_header: Data Table
item-19 at level 1: table with [4x3]

128
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_03.html.json
View File

@ -19,6 +19,30 @@
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/13"
},
{
"$ref": "#/tables/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -29,24 +53,27 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/5"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/8"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/5"
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [
{
@ -57,30 +84,33 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/9"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/12"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "ordered list",
"name": "group",
"label": "ordered_list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/9"
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [
{
@ -91,7 +121,7 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "ordered list",
"name": "group",
"label": "ordered_list"
}
],
@ -101,17 +131,7 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/13"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
@ -121,24 +141,20 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Introduction",
"text": "Introduction",
"level": 1
"level": 2
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -150,30 +166,20 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Background",
"text": "Background",
"level": 1
"level": 2
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/4",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -187,16 +193,12 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "First item in unordered list",
"text": "First item in unordered list",
"orig": "First item in unordered list Nested item 1 Nested item 2",
"text": "First item in unordered list Nested item 1 Nested item 2",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
@ -247,18 +249,14 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "First item in ordered list",
"text": "First item in ordered list",
"orig": "First item in ordered list Nested ordered item 1 Nested ordered item 2",
"text": "First item in ordered list Nested ordered item 1 Nested ordered item 2",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "1"
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/10",
@ -272,7 +270,7 @@
"orig": "Nested ordered item 1",
"text": "Nested ordered item 1",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "1."
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/11",
@ -286,7 +284,7 @@
"orig": "Nested ordered item 2",
"text": "Nested ordered item 2",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "2."
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/12",
@ -300,24 +298,20 @@
"orig": "Second item in ordered list",
"text": "Second item in ordered list",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": "2."
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/13",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/tables/0"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Data Table",
"text": "Data Table",
"level": 1
"level": 2
}
],
"pictures": [],
@ -325,7 +319,7 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/tables/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/13"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",

10
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_03.html.md
View File

@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
# Example Document
## Introduction
### Introduction
This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
## Background
### Background
Some background information here.
- First item in unordered list
- First item in unordered list Nested item 1 Nested item 2
- Nested item 1
- Nested item 2
- Second item in unordered list
1. First item in ordered list
1. First item in ordered list Nested ordered item 1 Nested ordered item 2
1. Nested ordered item 1
2. Nested ordered item 2
2. Second item in ordered list
## Data Table
### Data Table
| Header 1 | Header 2 | Header 3 |
|--------------|--------------|--------------|

2
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_04.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Data Table with Rowspan and Colspan
item-2 at level 2: table with [4x3]
item-2 at level 1: table with [4x3]

11
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_04.html.json
View File

@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/tables/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -32,11 +35,7 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/tables/0"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
@ -49,7 +48,7 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/tables/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",

2
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_05.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Omitted html and body tags
item-2 at level 2: table with [4x3]
item-2 at level 1: table with [4x3]

11
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_05.html.json
View File

@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/tables/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -32,11 +35,7 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/tables/0"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
@ -49,7 +48,7 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/tables/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",

1
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.md
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@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ This is another div with text.
This is a regular paragraph.
This is a third div
with a new line.
Heading for the details element

44
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_07.html.itxt
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@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: list: group list
item-2 at level 2: list_item: Asia
item-3 at level 3: list: group list
item-4 at level 4: list_item: China
item-5 at level 4: list_item: Japan
item-6 at level 4: list_item: Thailand
item-7 at level 2: list_item: Europe
item-8 at level 3: list: group list
item-9 at level 4: list_item: UK
item-10 at level 4: list_item: Germany
item-11 at level 4: list_item: Switzerland
item-12 at level 5: list: group list
item-13 at level 6: list: group list
item-14 at level 7: list_item: Bern
item-15 at level 7: list_item: Aargau
item-16 at level 4: list_item: Italy
item-17 at level 5: list: group list
item-18 at level 6: list: group list
item-19 at level 7: list_item: Piedmont
item-20 at level 7: list_item: Liguria
item-21 at level 2: list_item: Africa
item-1 at level 1: list: group group
item-2 at level 2: list_item: Asia China Japan Thailand
item-3 at level 2: list: group group
item-4 at level 3: list_item: China
item-5 at level 3: list_item: Japan
item-6 at level 3: list_item: Thailand
item-7 at level 2: list_item: Europe UK Germany Switzerland Bern Aargau Italy Piedmont Liguria
item-8 at level 2: list: group group
item-9 at level 3: list_item: UK
item-10 at level 3: list_item: Germany
item-11 at level 3: list_item: Switzerland Bern Aargau
item-12 at level 3: list: group group
item-13 at level 4: list_item: Bern Aargau
item-14 at level 4: list: group group
item-15 at level 5: list_item: Bern
item-16 at level 5: list_item: Aargau
item-17 at level 3: list_item: Italy Piedmont Liguria
item-18 at level 3: list: group group
item-19 at level 4: list_item: Piedmont Liguria
item-20 at level 4: list: group group
item-21 at level 5: list_item: Piedmont
item-22 at level 5: list_item: Liguria
item-23 at level 2: list_item: Africa

130
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_07.html.json
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@ -35,21 +35,27 @@
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/13"
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/15"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [
{
@ -63,13 +69,13 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
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"children": [
{
@ -82,25 +88,34 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/7"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/10"
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
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{
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{
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"content_layer": "body",
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"name": "group",
"label": "list"
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{
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"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/7"
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
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"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/8"
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{
"$ref": "#/groups/4"
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"content_layer": "body",
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"name": "group",
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{
@ -110,28 +125,31 @@
},
"children": [
{
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"$ref": "#/texts/9"
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{
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"$ref": "#/texts/10"
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"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
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{
"self_ref": "#/groups/5",
"parent": {
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"$ref": "#/groups/2"
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"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/12"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/6"
}
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"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
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{
@ -141,14 +159,14 @@
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/11"
"$ref": "#/texts/13"
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{
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"$ref": "#/texts/14"
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"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"name": "group",
"label": "list"
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],
@ -158,16 +176,12 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Asia",
"text": "Asia",
"orig": "Asia China Japan Thailand",
"text": "Asia China Japan Thailand",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
@ -218,16 +232,12 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Europe",
"text": "Europe",
"orig": "Europe UK Germany Switzerland Bern Aargau Italy Piedmont Liguria",
"text": "Europe UK Germany Switzerland Bern Aargau Italy Piedmont Liguria",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
@ -264,21 +274,31 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Switzerland",
"text": "Switzerland",
"orig": "Switzerland Bern Aargau",
"text": "Switzerland Bern Aargau",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/8",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Bern Aargau",
"text": "Bern Aargau",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/9",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/4"
},
@ -292,7 +312,7 @@
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/9",
"self_ref": "#/texts/10",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/4"
},
@ -306,25 +326,35 @@
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/10",
"self_ref": "#/texts/11",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/5"
}
],
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Italy",
"text": "Italy",
"orig": "Italy Piedmont Liguria",
"text": "Italy Piedmont Liguria",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/11",
"self_ref": "#/texts/12",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/5"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Piedmont Liguria",
"text": "Piedmont Liguria",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/13",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/6"
},
@ -338,7 +368,7 @@
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/12",
"self_ref": "#/texts/14",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/6"
},
@ -352,7 +382,7 @@
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/13",
"self_ref": "#/texts/15",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},

10
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_07.html.md
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@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
- Asia
- Asia China Japan Thailand
- China
- Japan
- Thailand
- Europe
- Europe UK Germany Switzerland Bern Aargau Italy Piedmont Liguria
- UK
- Germany
- Switzerland
- Switzerland Bern Aargau
- Bern Aargau
- Bern
- Aargau
- Italy
- Italy Piedmont Liguria
- Piedmont Liguria
- Piedmont
- Liguria
- Africa

2
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/mixed.md.md
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
Some text
## Famous ducks
### Famous ducks
Here is a table:

8
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/mixed_without_h1.md.md
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@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
## Some heading
Content before first heading
### Some heading
This is HTML
- A. first
- subitem
- B. second
1. strange
The end!

63
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/nested.md.md
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@ -3,29 +3,64 @@
A list featuring nesting:
- abc
- abc123
- abc1234
- abc12345
- a.
- b.
- abcd1234：
- abcd12345：
- a.
- b.
- def：
- def1234：
- def12345。
- after one empty line
- foo
- afer two empty lines
- bar
- changing symbol
A nested HTML list:
- First item
- Second item with subitems:
- Second item with subitems: Subitem 1 Subitem 2
- Subitem 1
- Subitem 2
- Last list item
Table nesting apparently not yet suported by HTML backend:
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Cell&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Nested Table
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Cell 1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Cell 2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Cell 3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Cell 4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;additional row&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

2
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/powerpoint_with_image.pptx.json
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tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/test-01.xlsx.json
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2
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13
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/unit_test_01.html.itxt
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@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Title
item-2 at level 2: section_header: section-1
item-3 at level 3: section_header: section-1.1
item-4 at level 2: section_header: section-2
item-5 at level 3: section: group header-3
item-6 at level 4: section_header: section-2.0.1
item-7 at level 3: section_header: section-2.2
item-8 at level 3: section_header: section-2.3
item-2 at level 1: section_header: section-1
item-3 at level 1: section_header: section-1.1
item-4 at level 1: section_header: section-2
item-5 at level 1: section_header: section-2.0.1
item-6 at level 1: section_header: section-2.2
item-7 at level 1: section_header: section-2.3

136
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/unit_test_01.html.json
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@ -19,86 +19,18 @@
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
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"groups": [
{
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"content_layer": "body",
"name": "header-3",
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"texts": [
{
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"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Title",
"text": "Title"
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{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
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],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-1",
"text": "section-1",
"level": 1
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-1.1",
"text": "section-1.1",
"level": 2
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
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"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
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{
"$ref": "#/texts/5"
@ -108,16 +40,66 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
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"groups": [],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
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"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Title",
"text": "Title"
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{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
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"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-1",
"text": "section-1",
"level": 2
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-1.1",
"text": "section-1.1",
"level": 3
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-2",
"text": "section-2",
"level": 1
"level": 2
},
{
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"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
"$ref": "#/body"
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"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -125,12 +107,12 @@
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-2.0.1",
"text": "section-2.0.1",
"level": 3
"level": 4
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{
"self_ref": "#/texts/5",
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"$ref": "#/texts/3"
"$ref": "#/body"
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"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -138,12 +120,12 @@
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-2.2",
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"level": 2
"level": 3
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{
"self_ref": "#/texts/6",
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"$ref": "#/body"
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"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
@ -151,7 +133,7 @@
"prov": [],
"orig": "section-2.3",
"text": "section-2.3",
"level": 2
"level": 3
}
],
"pictures": [],

12
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/unit_test_01.html.md
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@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
# Title
## section-1
### section-1
### section-1.1
#### section-1.1
## section-2
### section-2
#### section-2.0.1
##### section-2.0.1
### section-2.2
#### section-2.2
### section-2.3
#### section-2.3

973
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt
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@ -1,458 +1,517 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: section: group header-1
item-2 at level 2: section_header: Contents
item-3 at level 3: list: group list
item-4 at level 4: list_item: (Top)
item-5 at level 4: list_item: 1 Etymology
item-6 at level 5: list: group list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: 2 Taxonomy
item-8 at level 5: list: group list
item-9 at level 4: list_item: 3 Morphology
item-10 at level 5: list: group list
item-11 at level 4: list_item: 4 Distribution and habitat
item-12 at level 5: list: group list
item-13 at level 4: list_item: 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection
item-14 at level 5: list: group list
item-15 at level 6: list_item: 5.1 Feeding
item-16 at level 7: list: group list
item-17 at level 6: list_item: 5.2 Breeding
item-18 at level 7: list: group list
item-19 at level 6: list_item: 5.3 Communication
item-20 at level 7: list: group list
item-21 at level 6: list_item: 5.4 Predators
item-22 at level 7: list: group list
item-23 at level 4: list_item: 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection
item-24 at level 5: list: group list
item-25 at level 6: list_item: 6.1 Hunting
item-26 at level 7: list: group list
item-27 at level 6: list_item: 6.2 Domestication
item-28 at level 7: list: group list
item-29 at level 6: list_item: 6.3 Heraldry
item-30 at level 7: list: group list
item-31 at level 6: list_item: 6.4 Cultural references
item-32 at level 7: list: group list
item-33 at level 4: list_item: 7 See also
item-34 at level 5: list: group list
item-35 at level 4: list_item: 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection
item-36 at level 5: list: group list
item-37 at level 6: list_item: 8.1 Citations
item-38 at level 7: list: group list
item-39 at level 6: list_item: 8.2 Sources
item-40 at level 7: list: group list
item-41 at level 4: list_item: 9 External links
item-42 at level 5: list: group list
item-43 at level 1: title: Duck
item-44 at level 2: list: group list
item-45 at level 3: list_item: Acèh
item-46 at level 3: list_item: Afrikaans
item-47 at level 3: list_item: Alemannisch
item-48 at level 3: list_item: አማርኛ
item-49 at level 3: list_item: Ænglisc
item-50 at level 3: list_item: العربية
item-51 at level 3: list_item: Aragonés
item-52 at level 3: list_item: ܐܪܡܝܐ
item-53 at level 3: list_item: Armãneashti
item-54 at level 3: list_item: Asturianu
item-55 at level 3: list_item: Atikamekw
item-56 at level 3: list_item: Авар
item-57 at level 3: list_item: Aymar aru
item-58 at level 3: list_item: تۆرکجه
item-59 at level 3: list_item: Basa Bali
item-60 at level 3: list_item: বাংলা
item-61 at level 3: list_item: 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
item-62 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская
item-63 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
item-64 at level 3: list_item: Bikol Central
item-65 at level 3: list_item: Български
item-66 at level 3: list_item: Brezhoneg
item-67 at level 3: list_item: Буряад
item-68 at level 3: list_item: Català
item-69 at level 3: list_item: Чӑвашла
item-70 at level 3: list_item: Čeština
item-71 at level 3: list_item: ChiShona
item-72 at level 3: list_item: Cymraeg
item-73 at level 3: list_item: Dagbanli
item-74 at level 3: list_item: Dansk
item-75 at level 3: list_item: Deitsch
item-76 at level 3: list_item: Deutsch
item-77 at level 3: list_item: डोटेली
item-78 at level 3: list_item: Ελληνικά
item-79 at level 3: list_item: Emiliàn e rumagnòl
item-80 at level 3: list_item: Español
item-81 at level 3: list_item: Esperanto
item-82 at level 3: list_item: Euskara
item-83 at level 3: list_item: فارسی
item-84 at level 3: list_item: Français
item-85 at level 3: list_item: Gaeilge
item-86 at level 3: list_item: Galego
item-87 at level 3: list_item: ГӀалгӀай
item-88 at level 3: list_item: 贛語
item-89 at level 3: list_item: گیلکی
item-90 at level 3: list_item: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
item-91 at level 3: list_item: गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
item-92 at level 3: list_item: 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî
item-93 at level 3: list_item: 한국어
item-94 at level 3: list_item: Hausa
item-95 at level 3: list_item: Հայերեն
item-96 at level 3: list_item: हिन्दी
item-97 at level 3: list_item: Hrvatski
item-98 at level 3: list_item: Ido
item-99 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Indonesia
item-100 at level 3: list_item: Iñupiatun
item-101 at level 3: list_item: Íslenska
item-102 at level 3: list_item: Italiano
item-103 at level 3: list_item: עברית
item-104 at level 3: list_item: Jawa
item-105 at level 3: list_item: ಕನ್ನಡ
item-106 at level 3: list_item: Kapampangan
item-107 at level 3: list_item: ქართული
item-108 at level 3: list_item: कॉशुर / کٲشُر
item-109 at level 3: list_item: Қазақша
item-110 at level 3: list_item: Ikirundi
item-111 at level 3: list_item: Kongo
item-112 at level 3: list_item: Kreyòl ayisyen
item-113 at level 3: list_item: Кырык мары
item-114 at level 3: list_item: ລາວ
item-115 at level 3: list_item: Latina
item-116 at level 3: list_item: Latviešu
item-117 at level 3: list_item: Lietuvių
item-118 at level 3: list_item: Li Niha
item-119 at level 3: list_item: Ligure
item-120 at level 3: list_item: Limburgs
item-121 at level 3: list_item: Lingála
item-122 at level 3: list_item: Malagasy
item-123 at level 3: list_item: മലയാളം
item-124 at level 3: list_item: मराठी
item-125 at level 3: list_item: مازِرونی
item-126 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Melayu
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item-215 at level 2: text: Appearance
item-216 at level 2: picture
item-217 at level 2: text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
item-218 at level 2: text: Common name for many species of bird
item-219 at level 2: text: This article is about the bird. ... as a food, see . For other uses, see .
item-220 at level 2: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see .
item-221 at level 2: table with [13x2]
item-222 at level 2: text: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water.
item-223 at level 2: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-224 at level 2: section_header: Etymology
item-225 at level 3: text: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-226 at level 3: picture
item-226 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-227 at level 3: text: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-228 at level 3: text: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-229 at level 3: text: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-230 at level 3: picture
item-230 at level 4: caption: Male mallard.
item-231 at level 3: picture
item-231 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks.
item-232 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy
item-233 at level 3: text: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9]
item-234 at level 3: picture
item-234 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-235 at level 3: text: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-236 at level 3: text: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-237 at level 2: section_header: Morphology
item-238 at level 3: picture
item-238 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-239 at level 3: text: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration.
item-240 at level 3: text: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-241 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat
item-242 at level 3: picture
item-242 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-243 at level 3: text: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-244 at level 3: picture
item-244 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-245 at level 3: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-246 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour
item-247 at level 3: section_header: Feeding
item-248 at level 4: picture
item-248 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-249 at level 4: picture
item-249 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-250 at level 4: text: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-251 at level 4: text: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-252 at level 4: text: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-253 at level 4: text: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-254 at level 4: text: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-255 at level 4: text: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-256 at level 3: section_header: Breeding
item-257 at level 4: picture
item-257 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-258 at level 4: text: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-259 at level 3: section_header: Communication
item-260 at level 4: text: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-261 at level 4: text: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-262 at level 3: section_header: Predators
item-263 at level 4: picture
item-263 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal
item-264 at level 4: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-265 at level 4: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-266 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans
item-267 at level 3: section_header: Hunting
item-268 at level 4: text: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-269 at level 4: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-270 at level 3: section_header: Domestication
item-271 at level 4: picture
item-271 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-272 at level 4: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-273 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry
item-274 at level 4: picture
item-274 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-275 at level 4: text: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-276 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references
item-277 at level 4: text: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-278 at level 4: text: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-279 at level 2: section_header: See also
item-280 at level 3: list: group list
item-281 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal
item-282 at level 3: list: group list
item-283 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck
item-284 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food
item-285 at level 4: list_item: Duck test
item-286 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds
item-287 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks
item-288 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck
item-289 at level 2: section_header: Notes
item-290 at level 3: section_header: Citations
item-291 at level 4: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-292 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". The American Herit ... n Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-293 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English ... Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-294 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.
item-295 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.
item-296 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.
item-297 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.
item-298 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452.
item-299 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.
item-300 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.
item-301 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191.
item-302 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 448.
item-303 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.
item-304 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 686.
item-305 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.
item-306 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.
item-307 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.
item-308 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.
item-309 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.
item-310 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.
item-311 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.
item-312 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.
item-313 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.
item-314 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
item-315 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-316 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
item-317 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.
item-318 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... 093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.
item-319 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... l on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
item-320 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ...  9780557901562.[self-published source]
item-321 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... man & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.
item-322 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... kers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-323 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003.
item-324 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.
item-325 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.
item-326 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.
item-327 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.
item-328 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.
item-329 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876, p. 133.
item-330 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012, p. 23.
item-331 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 53.
item-332 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 52.
item-333 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.
item-334 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.
item-335 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
item-336 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
item-337 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... . Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-338 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-339 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
item-340 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... tto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
item-341 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-342 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-343 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... w Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
item-344 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database.
item-345 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Lau ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck.
item-346 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
item-347 at level 3: section_header: Sources
item-348 at level 4: list: group list
item-349 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-350 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
item-351 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... ro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
item-352 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... /S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.
item-353 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.
item-354 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... usiness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.
item-355 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
item-356 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.
item-357 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.
item-358 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.
item-359 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.
item-360 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.
item-361 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-362 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-363 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... on: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.
item-364 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.
item-365 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... ork: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168.
item-366 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.
item-367 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.
item-368 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... rk: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.
item-369 at level 2: section_header: External links
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item-378 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts)
item-379 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
item-380 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl
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item-418 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).
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item-432 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-433 at level 1: caption: Male mallard.
item-434 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks.
item-435 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-436 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-437 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-438 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-439 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-440 at level 1: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-441 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-442 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal
item-443 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-444 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
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item-44 at level 2: list_item: 1 Etymology
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item-46 at level 2: list_item: 2 Taxonomy
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item-50 at level 2: list_item: 4 Distribution and habitat
item-51 at level 2: list: group group
item-52 at level 2: list_item: 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour sub ... eeding 5.3 Communication 5.4 Predators
item-53 at level 2: list: group group
item-54 at level 3: list_item: 5.1 Feeding
item-55 at level 3: list: group group
item-56 at level 3: list_item: 5.2 Breeding
item-57 at level 3: list: group group
item-58 at level 3: list_item: 5.3 Communication
item-59 at level 3: list: group group
item-60 at level 3: list_item: 5.4 Predators
item-61 at level 3: list: group group
item-62 at level 2: list_item: 6 Relationship with humans Toggl ... n 6.3 Heraldry 6.4 Cultural references
item-63 at level 2: list: group group
item-64 at level 3: list_item: 6.1 Hunting
item-65 at level 3: list: group group
item-66 at level 3: list_item: 6.2 Domestication
item-67 at level 3: list: group group
item-68 at level 3: list_item: 6.3 Heraldry
item-69 at level 3: list: group group
item-70 at level 3: list_item: 6.4 Cultural references
item-71 at level 3: list: group group
item-72 at level 2: list_item: 7 See also
item-73 at level 2: list: group group
item-74 at level 2: list_item: 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources
item-75 at level 2: list: group group
item-76 at level 3: list_item: 8.1 Citations
item-77 at level 3: list: group group
item-78 at level 3: list_item: 8.2 Sources
item-79 at level 3: list: group group
item-80 at level 2: list_item: 9 External links
item-81 at level 2: list: group group
item-82 at level 1: text: Toggle the table of contents
item-83 at level 1: title: Duck
item-84 at level 1: text: 136 languages
item-85 at level 1: list: group group
item-86 at level 2: list_item: Acèh
item-87 at level 2: list_item: Afrikaans
item-88 at level 2: list_item: Alemannisch
item-89 at level 2: list_item: አማርኛ
item-90 at level 2: list_item: Ænglisc
item-91 at level 2: list_item: العربية
item-92 at level 2: list_item: Aragonés
item-93 at level 2: list_item: ܐܪܡܝܐ
item-94 at level 2: list_item: Armãneashti
item-95 at level 2: list_item: Asturianu
item-96 at level 2: list_item: Atikamekw
item-97 at level 2: list_item: Авар
item-98 at level 2: list_item: Aymar aru
item-99 at level 2: list_item: تۆرکجه
item-100 at level 2: list_item: Basa Bali
item-101 at level 2: list_item: বাংলা
item-102 at level 2: list_item: 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
item-103 at level 2: list_item: Беларуская
item-104 at level 2: list_item: Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
item-105 at level 2: list_item: Bikol Central
item-106 at level 2: list_item: Български
item-107 at level 2: list_item: Brezhoneg
item-108 at level 2: list_item: Буряад
item-109 at level 2: list_item: Català
item-110 at level 2: list_item: Чӑвашла
item-111 at level 2: list_item: Čeština
item-112 at level 2: list_item: ChiShona
item-113 at level 2: list_item: Cymraeg
item-114 at level 2: list_item: Dagbanli
item-115 at level 2: list_item: Dansk
item-116 at level 2: list_item: Deitsch
item-117 at level 2: list_item: Deutsch
item-118 at level 2: list_item: डोटेली
item-119 at level 2: list_item: Ελληνικά
item-120 at level 2: list_item: Emiliàn e rumagnòl
item-121 at level 2: list_item: Español
item-122 at level 2: list_item: Esperanto
item-123 at level 2: list_item: Euskara
item-124 at level 2: list_item: فارسی
item-125 at level 2: list_item: Français
item-126 at level 2: list_item: Gaeilge
item-127 at level 2: list_item: Galego
item-128 at level 2: list_item: ГӀалгӀай
item-129 at level 2: list_item: 贛語
item-130 at level 2: list_item: گیلکی
item-131 at level 2: list_item: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
item-132 at level 2: list_item: गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
item-133 at level 2: list_item: 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî
item-134 at level 2: list_item: 한국어
item-135 at level 2: list_item: Hausa
item-136 at level 2: list_item: Հայերեն
item-137 at level 2: list_item: हिन्दी
item-138 at level 2: list_item: Hrvatski
item-139 at level 2: list_item: Ido
item-140 at level 2: list_item: Bahasa Indonesia
item-141 at level 2: list_item: Iñupiatun
item-142 at level 2: list_item: Íslenska
item-143 at level 2: list_item: Italiano
item-144 at level 2: list_item: עברית
item-145 at level 2: list_item: Jawa
item-146 at level 2: list_item: ಕನ್ನಡ
item-147 at level 2: list_item: Kapampangan
item-148 at level 2: list_item: ქართული
item-149 at level 2: list_item: कॉशुर / کٲشُر
item-150 at level 2: list_item: Қазақша
item-151 at level 2: list_item: Ikirundi
item-152 at level 2: list_item: Kongo
item-153 at level 2: list_item: Kreyòl ayisyen
item-154 at level 2: list_item: Кырык мары
item-155 at level 2: list_item: ລາວ
item-156 at level 2: list_item: Latina
item-157 at level 2: list_item: Latviešu
item-158 at level 2: list_item: Lietuvių
item-159 at level 2: list_item: Li Niha
item-160 at level 2: list_item: Ligure
item-161 at level 2: list_item: Limburgs
item-162 at level 2: list_item: Lingála
item-163 at level 2: list_item: Malagasy
item-164 at level 2: list_item: മലയാളം
item-165 at level 2: list_item: मराठी
item-166 at level 2: list_item: مازِرونی
item-167 at level 2: list_item: Bahasa Melayu
item-168 at level 2: list_item: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
item-169 at level 2: list_item: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
item-170 at level 2: list_item: Мокшень
item-171 at level 2: list_item: Монгол
item-172 at level 2: list_item: မြန်မာဘာသာ
item-173 at level 2: list_item: Nederlands
item-174 at level 2: list_item: Nedersaksies
item-175 at level 2: list_item: नेपाली
item-176 at level 2: list_item: नेपाल भाषा
item-177 at level 2: list_item: 日本語
item-178 at level 2: list_item: Нохчийн
item-179 at level 2: list_item: Norsk nynorsk
item-180 at level 2: list_item: Occitan
item-181 at level 2: list_item: Oromoo
item-182 at level 2: list_item: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
item-183 at level 2: list_item: Picard
item-184 at level 2: list_item: Plattdüütsch
item-185 at level 2: list_item: Polski
item-186 at level 2: list_item: Português
item-187 at level 2: list_item: Qırımtatarca
item-188 at level 2: list_item: Română
item-189 at level 2: list_item: Русский
item-190 at level 2: list_item: Саха тыла
item-191 at level 2: list_item: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
item-192 at level 2: list_item: Sardu
item-193 at level 2: list_item: Scots
item-194 at level 2: list_item: Seeltersk
item-195 at level 2: list_item: Shqip
item-196 at level 2: list_item: Sicilianu
item-197 at level 2: list_item: සිංහල
item-198 at level 2: list_item: Simple English
item-199 at level 2: list_item: سنڌي
item-200 at level 2: list_item: کوردی
item-201 at level 2: list_item: Српски / srpski
item-202 at level 2: list_item: Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
item-203 at level 2: list_item: Sunda
item-204 at level 2: list_item: Svenska
item-205 at level 2: list_item: Tagalog
item-206 at level 2: list_item: தமிழ்
item-207 at level 2: list_item: Taqbaylit
item-208 at level 2: list_item: Татарча / tatarça
item-209 at level 2: list_item: ไทย
item-210 at level 2: list_item: Türkçe
item-211 at level 2: list_item: Українська
item-212 at level 2: list_item: ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
item-213 at level 2: list_item: Vahcuengh
item-214 at level 2: list_item: Tiếng Việt
item-215 at level 2: list_item: Walon
item-216 at level 2: list_item: 文言
item-217 at level 2: list_item: Winaray
item-218 at level 2: list_item: 吴语
item-219 at level 2: list_item: 粵語
item-220 at level 2: list_item: Žemaitėška
item-221 at level 2: list_item: 中文
item-222 at level 1: text: Edit links
item-223 at level 1: list: group group
item-224 at level 2: list_item: Article
item-225 at level 2: list_item: Talk
item-226 at level 1: text: English
item-227 at level 1: list: group group
item-228 at level 1: list: group group
item-229 at level 2: list_item: Read
item-230 at level 2: list_item: View source
item-231 at level 2: list_item: View history
item-232 at level 1: text: Tools
item-233 at level 1: text: Tools
item-234 at level 1: text: move to sidebar
item-235 at level 1: text: hide
item-236 at level 1: text: Actions
item-237 at level 1: list: group group
item-238 at level 2: list_item: Read
item-239 at level 2: list_item: View source
item-240 at level 2: list_item: View history
item-241 at level 1: text: General
item-242 at level 1: list: group group
item-243 at level 2: list_item: What links here
item-244 at level 2: list_item: Related changes
item-245 at level 2: list_item: Upload file
item-246 at level 2: list_item: Special pages
item-247 at level 2: list_item: Permanent link
item-248 at level 2: list_item: Page information
item-249 at level 2: list_item: Cite this page
item-250 at level 2: list_item: Get shortened URL
item-251 at level 2: list_item: Download QR code
item-252 at level 2: list_item: Wikidata item
item-253 at level 1: text: Print/export
item-254 at level 1: list: group group
item-255 at level 2: list_item: Download as PDF
item-256 at level 2: list_item: Printable version
item-257 at level 1: text: In other projects
item-258 at level 1: list: group group
item-259 at level 2: list_item: Wikimedia Commons
item-260 at level 2: list_item: Wikiquote
item-261 at level 1: text: Appearance
item-262 at level 1: text: move to sidebar
item-263 at level 1: text: hide
item-264 at level 1: text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
item-265 at level 1: text: (Redirected from Duckling)
item-266 at level 1: text: Common name for many species of bird
item-267 at level 1: text: This article is about the bird. ... other uses, see Duck (disambiguation).
item-268 at level 1: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see Duckling (disambiguation).
item-269 at level 1: table with [13x2]
item-270 at level 1: text: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water.
item-271 at level 1: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-272 at level 1: section_header: Etymology
item-273 at level 1: text: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-274 at level 1: text: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-275 at level 1: text: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-276 at level 1: text: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-277 at level 1: text: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-278 at level 1: text: Male mallard.
item-279 at level 1: text: Wood ducks.
item-280 at level 1: section_header: Taxonomy
item-281 at level 1: text: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9]
item-282 at level 1: text: Mallard landing in approach
item-283 at level 1: text: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-284 at level 1: text: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-285 at level 1: section_header: Morphology
item-286 at level 1: text: Male Mandarin duck
item-287 at level 1: text: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration.
item-288 at level 1: text: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-289 at level 1: section_header: Distribution and habitat
item-290 at level 1: text: See also: List of Anseriformes by population
item-291 at level 1: text: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-292 at level 1: text: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-293 at level 1: text: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-294 at level 1: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-295 at level 1: section_header: Behaviour
item-296 at level 1: section_header: Feeding
item-297 at level 1: text: Pecten along the bill
item-298 at level 1: text: Mallard duckling preening
item-299 at level 1: text: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-300 at level 1: text: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-301 at level 1: text: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-302 at level 1: text: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-303 at level 1: text: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-304 at level 1: text: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-305 at level 1: section_header: Breeding
item-306 at level 1: text: A Muscovy duckling
item-307 at level 1: text: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-308 at level 1: section_header: Communication
item-309 at level 1: text: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-310 at level 1: text: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-311 at level 1: section_header: Predators
item-312 at level 1: text: Ringed teal
item-313 at level 1: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-314 at level 1: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-315 at level 1: section_header: Relationship with humans
item-316 at level 1: section_header: Hunting
item-317 at level 1: text: Main article: Waterfowl hunting
item-318 at level 1: text: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-319 at level 1: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-320 at level 1: section_header: Domestication
item-321 at level 1: text: Main article: Domestic duck
item-322 at level 1: text: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-323 at level 1: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-324 at level 1: section_header: Heraldry
item-325 at level 1: text: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-326 at level 1: text: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-327 at level 1: section_header: Cultural references
item-328 at level 1: text: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-329 at level 1: text: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-330 at level 1: section_header: See also
item-331 at level 1: list: group group
item-332 at level 2: list_item: Birds portal
item-333 at level 1: list: group group
item-334 at level 2: list_item: Domestic duck
item-335 at level 2: list_item: Duck as food
item-336 at level 2: list_item: Duck test
item-337 at level 2: list_item: Duck breeds
item-338 at level 2: list_item: Fictional ducks
item-339 at level 2: list_item: Rubber duck
item-340 at level 1: section_header: Notes
item-341 at level 1: section_header: Citations
item-342 at level 1: ordered_list: group group
item-343 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Duckling" . The American Heri ... Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
item-344 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Duckling" . Kernerman English ... td. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
item-345 at level 2: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... niversity Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 .
item-346 at level 2: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 .
item-347 at level 2: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536.
item-348 at level 2: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738.
item-349 at level 2: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988 , p. 452.
item-350 at level 2: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002 , pp. 353–354.
item-351 at level 2: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992 , p. 540.
item-352 at level 2: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 191.
item-353 at level 2: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 448.
item-354 at level 2: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 622–623.
item-355 at level 2: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 686.
item-356 at level 2: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 193.
item-357 at level 2: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992 , p. 537.
item-358 at level 2: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 , p. xix.
item-359 at level 2: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 .
item-360 at level 2: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992 , p. 538.
item-361 at level 2: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008 , p. 62.
item-362 at level 2: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008 , pp. 239, 245.
item-363 at level 2: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987 , pp. 98–107.
item-364 at level 2: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000 , pp. 52–3.
item-365 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .
item-366 at level 2: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks" . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
item-367 at level 2: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... uardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .
item-368 at level 2: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 15-6787-5_4 . ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9 .
item-369 at level 2: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... condor/102.1.201 . hdl : 10315/13797 .
item-370 at level 2: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .
item-371 at level 2: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ... 0557901562 . [ self-published source ]
item-372 at level 2: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... an & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707 .
item-373 at level 2: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... s" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
item-374 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8" . 12 December 2003.
item-375 at level 2: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994 , p. 171.
item-376 at level 2: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008 , pp. 168, 243.
item-377 at level 2: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003 , p. 65.
item-378 at level 2: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996 , p. 68.
item-379 at level 2: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999 , p. 42.
item-380 at level 2: list_item: ^ Rau 1876 , p. 133.
item-381 at level 2: list_item: ^ Higman 2012 , p. 23.
item-382 at level 2: list_item: ^ Hume 2012 , p. 53.
item-383 at level 2: list_item: ^ Hume 2012 , p. 52.
item-384 at level 2: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002 , p. 167.
item-385 at level 2: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... ditions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774 .
item-386 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... n 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .
item-387 at level 2: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .
item-388 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
item-389 at level 2: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... ritannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
item-390 at level 2: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ed. pp. 135 . ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9 .
item-391 at level 2: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... to. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3 .
item-392 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
item-393 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
item-394 at level 2: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .
item-395 at level 2: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)" . Grand Comics Database .
item-396 at level 2: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter ; Gilbert, La ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck.
item-397 at level 2: list_item: ^ "The Duck" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .
item-398 at level 1: section_header: Sources
item-399 at level 1: list: group group
item-400 at level 2: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-401 at level 2: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... ynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 .
item-402 at level 2: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... o Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6 .
item-403 at level 2: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... 1055-7903(02)00019-2 . PMID 12099792 .
item-404 at level 2: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... stopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4 .
item-405 at level 2: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... siness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0 .
item-406 at level 2: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ra: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4 .
item-407 at level 2: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5 .
item-408 at level 2: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7 .
item-409 at level 2: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... stopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5 .
item-410 at level 2: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... labama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7 .
item-411 at level 2: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0 .
item-412 at level 2: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-413 at level 2: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-414 at level 2: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... n: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8 .
item-415 at level 2: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9 .
item-416 at level 2: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... rk: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168 .
item-417 at level 2: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0 .
item-418 at level 2: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... aris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7 .
item-419 at level 2: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... k: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 .
item-420 at level 1: section_header: External links
item-421 at level 1: text: Duck at Wikipedia's sister projects
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## Contents
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### Contents
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- 1 Etymology
- 2 Taxonomy
- 3 Morphology
- 4 Distribution and habitat
- 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection
- 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection 5.1 Feeding 5.2 Breeding 5.3 Communication 5.4 Predators
- 5.1 Feeding
- 5.2 Breeding
- 5.3 Communication
- 5.4 Predators
- 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection
- 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection 6.1 Hunting 6.2 Domestication 6.3 Heraldry 6.4 Cultural references
- 6.1 Hunting
- 6.2 Domestication
- 6.3 Heraldry
- 6.4 Cultural references
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection
- 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources
- 8.1 Citations
- 8.2 Sources
- 9 External links
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# Duck
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@ -160,15 +216,25 @@
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Duckling)
Common name for many species of bird
This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see . For other uses, see .
This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see Duck as food. For other uses, see Duck (disambiguation).
"Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see .
"Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see Duckling (disambiguation).
| Duck | Duck |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| | |
| Bufflehead(Bucephala albeola) | Bufflehead(Bucephala albeola) |
| Scientific classification | Scientific classification |
@ -229,14 +299,12 @@ Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae
Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
## Etymology
### Etymology
The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
<!-- image -->
This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas "duck", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
@ -245,60 +313,46 @@ A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a he
Male mallard.
<!-- image -->
Wood ducks.
<!-- image -->
## Taxonomy
### Taxonomy
All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]
Mallard landing in approach
<!-- image -->
In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
## Morphology
### Morphology
Male Mandarin duck
<!-- image -->
The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration.
The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
## Distribution and habitat
### Distribution and habitat
See also: List of Anseriformes by population
Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
<!-- image -->
Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
Female mallard in Cornwall, England
<!-- image -->
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]
## Behaviour
### Behaviour
### Feeding
#### Feeding
Pecten along the bill
<!-- image -->
Mallard duckling preening
<!-- image -->
Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.
@ -311,61 +365,57 @@ The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs
The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
### Breeding
#### Breeding
A Muscovy duckling
<!-- image -->
Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]
### Communication
#### Communication
Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup – which are diving ducks – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]
### Predators
#### Predators
Ringed teal
<!-- image -->
Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
## Relationship with humans
### Relationship with humans
### Hunting
#### Hunting
Main article: Waterfowl hunting
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 – 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
### Domestication
#### Domestication
Main article: Domestic duck
Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
<!-- image -->
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
### Heraldry
#### Heraldry
Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
<!-- image -->
Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
### Cultural references
#### Cultural references
In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."[52] The word "duck" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
## See also
### See also
- Birds portal
@ -376,14 +426,14 @@ The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck a
- Fictional ducks
- Rubber duck
## Notes
### Notes
### Citations
#### Citations
1. ^ "Duckling" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
2. ^ "Duckling" . Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
3. ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.
4. ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.
3. ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 .
4. ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 .
5. ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536.
6. ^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738.
7. ^ Madsen, McHugh &amp; de Kloet 1988 , p. 452.
@ -405,11 +455,11 @@ The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck a
23. ^ "Pacific Black Duck" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .
24. ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks" . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
25. ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists" . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .
26. ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology. pp. 187–221. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.
26. ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology . pp. 187–221. doi : 10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4 . ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9 .
27. ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks" . The Condor . 102 (1): 201–205. doi : 10.1093/condor/102.1.201 . hdl : 10315/13797 .
28. ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber" . wildliferehabber.com . Archived from the original on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .
29. ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562.[self-published source]
30. ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.
29. ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible . Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562 . [ self-published source ]
30. ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends . Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707 .
31. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). "Sound science is quackers" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
32. ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8" . 12 December 2003.
33. ^ Erlandson 1994 , p. 171.
@ -422,44 +472,46 @@ The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck a
40. ^ Hume 2012 , p. 53.
41. ^ Hume 2012 , p. 52.
42. ^ Fieldhouse 2002 , p. 167.
43. ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.
43. ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals . Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774 .
44. ^ "Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl" (PDF) . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .
45. ^ "FAOSTAT" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .
46. ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin" . Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
47. ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica" . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
48. ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
49. ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
48. ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records . Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135 . ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9 .
49. ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3 .
50. ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
51. ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
52. ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest joke revealed" . New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .
53. ^ "Howard the Duck (character)" . Grand Comics Database .
54. ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.
54. ^ Sanderson, Peter ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley . p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238 . December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.
55. ^ "The Duck" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .
### Sources
#### Sources
- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
- Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339–356. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..339D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.
- Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.
- Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. New York, NY: Springer Science &amp; Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.
- Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. Vol. I: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
- Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.
- Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.
- Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.
- Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.
- Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.
- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 .
- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6 .
- Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339–356. Bibcode : 2002MolPE..23..339D . doi : 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2 . PMID 12099792 .
- Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4 .
- Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast . New York, NY: Springer Science &amp; Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0 .
- Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions . Vol. I: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4 .
- Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5 .
- Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History . Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7 .
- Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds . London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5 .
- Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7 .
- Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts ( Cairina to Mergus ) . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0 .
- Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters" (PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737–754. doi : 10.1093/auk/103.4.737 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). "A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA" (PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452–459. doi : 10.1093/auk/105.3.452 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.
- Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.
- Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers. LCCN 05040168.
- Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.
- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.
- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.
- Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8 .
- Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9 .
- Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe . New York: Harper &amp; Brothers. LCCN 05040168 .
- Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0 .
- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies . General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7 .
- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 .
## External links
### External links
Duck at Wikipedia's sister projects
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Commons
@ -473,15 +525,75 @@ The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck a
- Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl
| Authority control databases | Authority control databases |
|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| National | United StatesFranceBnF dataJapanLatviaIsrael |
| Other | IdRef |
<!-- image -->
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&amp;oldid=1246843351"
Categories:
- Ducks
- Game birds
@ -516,7 +628,7 @@ Hidden categories:
- Articles with Project Gutenberg links
- Articles containing video clips
- This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).
- This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) .
- Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0 ;
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2
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/word_sample.docx.json
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21
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
<html>
<body>
<h1>Introduction to parsing HTML files with <img src="https://docling-project.github.io/docling/assets/logo.png" alt="Docling" height="64"> Docling</h1>
<p>Docling simplifies document processing, parsing diverse formats — including HTML — and providing seamless integrations with the gen AI ecosystem.</p>
<h2>Supported file formats</h2>
<p>Docling supports multiple file formats..</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="file://../assets/pdf.png" height="32" alt="PDF">Advanced PDF understanding</li>
<li><img src="file://../assets/docx.png" height="32" alt="DOCX">Microsoft Office DOCX</li>
<li><img src="file://../assets/html.png" height="32" alt="HTML">HTML files (with optional support for images)</li>
</ul>
<h3>Three backends for handling HTML files</h3>
<p>Docling has three backends for parsing HTML files:</p>
<ol>
<li><b>HTMLDocumentBackend</b> Ignores images</li>
<li><b>HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline</b> Extracts images inline</li>
<li><b>HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced</b> Extracts images as references</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

21
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
<html>
<body>
<h1>Introduction to parsing HTML files with <img src="https://docling-project.github.io/docling/assets/logo.png" alt="Docling" height="64"> Docling</h1>
<p>Docling simplifies document processing, parsing diverse formats — including HTML — and providing seamless integrations with the gen AI ecosystem.</p>
<h2>Supported file formats</h2>
<p>Docling supports multiple file formats..</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://github.com/docling-project/docling/tree/main/docs/assets/pdf.png" height="32" alt="PDF">Advanced PDF understanding</li>
<li><img src="https://github.com/docling-project/docling/tree/main/docs/assets/docx.png" height="32" alt="DOCX">Microsoft Office DOCX</li>
<li><img src="https://github.com/docling-project/docling/tree/main/docs/assets/html.png" height="32" alt="HTML">HTML files (with optional support for images)</li>
</ul>
<h3>Three backends for handling HTML files</h3>
<p>Docling has three backends for parsing HTML files:</p>
<ol>
<li><b>HTMLDocumentBackend</b> Ignores images</li>
<li><b>HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline</b> Extracts images inline</li>
<li><b>HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced</b> Extracts images as references</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

4
tests/test_backend_html.py
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@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ def test_heading_levels():
if isinstance(item, SectionHeaderItem):
if item.text == "Etymology":
found_lvl_1 = True
assert item.level == 1
assert item.level == 2
elif item.text == "Feeding":
found_lvl_2 = True
assert item.level == 2
assert item.level == 3
assert found_lvl_1 and found_lvl_2