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feat(html): Support formatting tags in HTML texts (#2111)

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* add parsing for formatting tags in HTML backend

Signed-off-by: Roman Kayan BAZG <roman.kayan@bazg.admin.ch>

fix latest tests + wiki_duck result files.

Signed-off-by: Roman Kayan BAZG <roman.kayan@bazg.admin.ch>

* convert _collect_parent_format_tags to staticmethod

Signed-off-by: Roman Kayan BAZG <roman.kayan@bazg.admin.ch>

---------

Signed-off-by: Roman Kayan BAZG <roman.kayan@bazg.admin.ch>
This commit is contained in:
krrome
2025-08-22 10:37:34 +02:00
committed by GitHub
parent e76298c40d
commit 94fcc46aa9
15 changed files with 9420 additions and 4456 deletions
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5
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.itxt vendored
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@@ -7,4 +7,7 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-6 at level 1: section: group details
item-7 at level 2: text: Heading for the details element
item-8 at level 2: text: Description of the details element.
item-9 at level 1: text: This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.
item-9 at level 1: inline: group group
item-10 at level 2: text: This is a fourth div with a
item-11 at level 2: text: bold
item-12 at level 2: text: paragraph.

59
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.json vendored
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@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/8"
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
@@ -63,6 +63,26 @@
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "details",
"label": "section"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/8"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/9"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/10"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "group",
"label": "inline"
}
],
"texts": [
@@ -165,14 +185,45 @@
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/8",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.",
"text": "This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph."
"orig": "This is a fourth div with a",
"text": "This is a fourth div with a"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/9",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "bold",
"text": "bold",
"formatting": {
"bold": true,
"italic": false,
"underline": false,
"strikethrough": false,
"script": "baseline"
}
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/10",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "paragraph.",
"text": "paragraph."
}
],
"pictures": [],

2
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.md vendored
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@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Heading for the details element
Description of the details element.
This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.
This is a fourth div with a **bold** paragraph.

23
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_09.html.itxt vendored
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@@ -18,10 +18,19 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-13 at level 3: section_header: Three backends for handling HTML files
item-14 at level 4: text: Docling has three backends for parsing HTML files:
item-15 at level 4: list: group ordered list
item-16 at level 5: list_item: HTMLDocumentBackend Ignores images
item-17 at level 5: list_item: HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline Extracts images inline
item-18 at level 5: list_item: HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced Extracts images as references
item-19 at level 1: caption: Docling
item-20 at level 1: caption: PDF
item-21 at level 1: caption: DOCX
item-22 at level 1: caption: HTML
item-16 at level 5: list_item:
item-17 at level 6: inline: group group
item-18 at level 7: text: HTMLDocumentBackend
item-19 at level 7: text: Ignores images
item-20 at level 5: list_item:
item-21 at level 6: inline: group group
item-22 at level 7: text: HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline
item-23 at level 7: text: Extracts images inline
item-24 at level 5: list_item:
item-25 at level 6: inline: group group
item-26 at level 7: text: HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced
item-27 at level 7: text: Extracts images as references
item-28 at level 1: caption: Docling
item-29 at level 1: caption: PDF
item-30 at level 1: caption: DOCX
item-31 at level 1: caption: HTML

184
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_09.html.json vendored
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@@ -76,6 +76,23 @@
{
"$ref": "#/texts/13"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/16"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/19"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "ordered list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/13"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/14"
},
@@ -84,8 +101,42 @@
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "ordered list",
"label": "list"
"name": "group",
"label": "inline"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/16"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/17"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/18"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "group",
"label": "inline"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/4",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/19"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/20"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/21"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "group",
"label": "inline"
}
],
"texts": [
@@ -285,42 +336,147 @@
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [],
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "HTMLDocumentBackend Ignores images",
"text": "HTMLDocumentBackend Ignores images",
"orig": "",
"text": "",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": ""
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/14",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline Extracts images inline",
"text": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline Extracts images inline",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": ""
"orig": "HTMLDocumentBackend",
"text": "HTMLDocumentBackend",
"formatting": {
"bold": true,
"italic": false,
"underline": false,
"strikethrough": false,
"script": "baseline"
}
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/15",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ignores images",
"text": "Ignores images"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/16",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced Extracts images as references",
"text": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced Extracts images as references",
"orig": "",
"text": "",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": ""
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/17",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline",
"text": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline",
"formatting": {
"bold": true,
"italic": false,
"underline": false,
"strikethrough": false,
"script": "baseline"
}
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/18",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Extracts images inline",
"text": "Extracts images inline"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/19",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/4"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "",
"text": "",
"enumerated": true,
"marker": ""
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/20",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/4"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced",
"text": "HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced",
"formatting": {
"bold": true,
"italic": false,
"underline": false,
"strikethrough": false,
"script": "baseline"
}
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/21",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/4"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Extracts images as references",
"text": "Extracts images as references"
}
],
"pictures": [

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tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_09.html.md vendored
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@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ HTML
Docling has three backends for parsing HTML files:
1. HTMLDocumentBackend Ignores images
2. HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline Extracts images inline
3. HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced Extracts images as references
1. **HTMLDocumentBackend** Ignores images
2. **HTMLDocumentBackendImagesInline** Extracts images inline
3. **HTMLDocumentBackendImagesReferenced** Extracts images as references

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tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/formatting.html.itxt vendored Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: HTML Text Formatting Examples
item-2 at level 2: inline: group group
item-3 at level 3: text: This is a
item-4 at level 3: text: bold (b)
item-5 at level 3: text: example and right next to it we have a
item-6 at level 3: text: strong emphasis (strong)
item-7 at level 3: text: .
item-8 at level 2: text: Notice that
item-9 at level 2: inline: group group
item-10 at level 3: text: strong + bold mixed
item-11 at level 3: text: looks similar but carries additional semantic meaning.
item-12 at level 2: inline: group group
item-13 at level 3: text: Here is an
item-14 at level 3: text: italic (i)
item-15 at level 3: text: word and an
item-16 at level 3: text: emphasis (em)
item-17 at level 3: text: example.
item-18 at level 2: text: Sometimes we combine them like
item-19 at level 2: inline: group group
item-20 at level 3: text: italic + emphasis together
item-21 at level 3: text: .
item-22 at level 2: inline: group group
item-23 at level 3: text: Now let's look at text that appears crossed out:
item-24 at level 3: text: strikethrough with s
item-25 at level 3: text: and
item-26 at level 3: text: deleted with del
item-27 at level 3: text: .
item-28 at level 2: text: You can also mix them:
item-29 at level 2: inline: group group
item-30 at level 3: text: double strikethrough (s + del)
item-31 at level 3: text: .
item-32 at level 2: inline: group group
item-33 at level 3: text: To highlight insertions or underlines:
item-34 at level 3: text: underlined with u
item-35 at level 3: text: ,
item-36 at level 3: text: inserted with ins
item-37 at level 3: text: .
item-38 at level 2: text: A combination could be:
item-39 at level 2: inline: group group
item-40 at level 3: text: underline + insertion together
item-41 at level 3: text: .
item-42 at level 2: text: Subscript and superscript examples:
item-43 at level 2: text: Water is written as H
item-44 at level 2: inline: group group
item-45 at level 3: text: 2
item-46 at level 3: text: O using sub.
item-47 at level 2: text: The mathematical expression x
item-48 at level 2: inline: group group
item-49 at level 3: text: 2
item-50 at level 3: text: + y
item-51 at level 3: text: 3
item-52 at level 3: text: uses sup.
item-53 at level 2: text: They can also be combined: CO
item-54 at level 2: inline: group group
item-55 at level 3: text: 2
item-56 at level 3: text: *
item-57 at level 3: text: .
item-58 at level 2: inline: group group
item-59 at level 3: text: Mixing several: This sentence has
item-60 at level 3: text: strong + emphasis
item-61 at level 3: text: ,
item-62 at level 2: text: some
item-63 at level 2: inline: group group
item-64 at level 3: text: bold + underline
item-65 at level 3: text: , and a formula like a
item-66 at level 3: text: 2
item-67 at level 3: text: + b
item-68 at level 3: text: 3
item-69 at level 3: text: .

1219
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tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/formatting.html.md vendored Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
# HTML Text Formatting Examples
This is a **bold (b)** example and right next to it we have a **strong emphasis (strong)** .
Notice that
**strong + bold mixed** looks similar but carries additional semantic meaning.
Here is an *italic (i)* word and an *emphasis (em)* example.
Sometimes we combine them like
*italic + emphasis together* .
Now let's look at text that appears crossed out: ~~strikethrough with s~~ and ~~deleted with del~~ .
You can also mix them:
~~double strikethrough (s + del)~~ .
To highlight insertions or underlines: underlined with u , inserted with ins .
A combination could be:
underline + insertion together .
Subscript and superscript examples:
Water is written as H
2 O using sub.
The mathematical expression x
2 + y 3 uses sup.
They can also be combined: CO
2 * .
Mixing several: This sentence has ***strong + emphasis*** ,
some
**bold + underline** , and a formula like a 2 + b 3 .

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tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md vendored
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@@ -251,19 +251,19 @@ This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see [Duck as food](/wiki/Duc
| Subfamilies | Subfamilies |
| See text | See text |
Duck is the common name for numerous species of [waterfowl](/wiki/Waterfowl) in the [family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than [swans](/wiki/Swan) and [geese](/wiki/Goose) , which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a [form taxon](/wiki/Form_taxon) ; they do not represent a [monophyletic group](/wiki/Monophyletic_group) (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly [aquatic birds](/wiki/Aquatic_bird) , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
**Duck** is the common name for numerous species of [waterfowl](/wiki/Waterfowl) in the [family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than [swans](/wiki/Swan) and [geese](/wiki/Goose) , which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a [form taxon](/wiki/Form_taxon) ; they do not represent a [monophyletic group](/wiki/Monophyletic_group) (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly [aquatic birds](/wiki/Aquatic_bird) , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as [loons](/wiki/Loon) or divers, [grebes](/wiki/Grebe) , [gallinules](/wiki/Gallinule) and [coots](/wiki/Coot) .
## Etymology
The word duck comes from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English) dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb * dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [dabbling duck](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) group feed by upending; compare with [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language) duiken and [German](/wiki/German_language) tauchen 'to dive'.
The word *duck* comes from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English) *dūce* 'diver', a derivative of the verb * *dūcan* 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [dabbling duck](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) group feed by upending; compare with [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language) *duiken* and [German](/wiki/German_language) *tauchen* 'to dive'.
Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
<!-- image -->
This word replaced Old English ened / ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck , for example, Dutch eend , German Ente and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language) and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from [Proto-Indo-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language) ; [cf.](/wiki/Cf.) [Latin](/wiki/Latin) anas "duck", [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language) ántis 'duck', [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit) ātí 'water bird', among others.
This word replaced Old English *ened* / *ænid* 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as *ende* 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for *duck* , for example, Dutch *eend* , German *Ente* and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language) *and* . The word *ened* / *ænid* was inherited from [Proto-Indo-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language) ; [cf.](/wiki/Cf.) [Latin](/wiki/Latin) *anas* "duck", [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language) *ántis* 'duck', [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) νῆσσα / νῆττα ( *nēssa* / *nētta* ) 'duck', and [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit) *ātí* 'water bird', among others.
A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage [[ 1 ]](#cite_note-1) or baby duck, [[ 2 ]](#cite_note-2) but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ A few specialized species such as the [mergansers](/wiki/Merganser) are adapted
The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to [dredging](/wiki/Dredging) -type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no [cere](/wiki/Cere) , but the nostrils come out through hard horn.
[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian) published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [damages the health of the ducks](/wiki/Angel_wing) and pollutes waterways. [[ 25 ]](#cite_note-25)
[*The Guardian*](/wiki/The_Guardian) published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [damages the health of the ducks](/wiki/Angel_wing) and pollutes waterways. [[ 25 ]](#cite_note-25)
### Breeding
@@ -345,9 +345,9 @@ Ducks generally [only have one partner at a time](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals) , a
### Communication
Female [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the [American](/wiki/American_black_duck) and [Pacific black ducks](/wiki/Pacific_black_duck) , [spot-billed duck](/wiki/Spot-billed_duck) , [northern pintail](/wiki/Northern_pintail) and [common teal](/wiki/Common_teal) ) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze", [[ 29 ]](#cite_note-29) [ [self-published source?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack". [[ 30 ]](#cite_note-30) In general, ducks make a range of [calls](/wiki/Bird_vocalisation) , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [scaup](/wiki/Scaup) - which are [diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) - make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
Female [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ducks (as well as several other species in the genus *Anas* , such as the [American](/wiki/American_black_duck) and [Pacific black ducks](/wiki/Pacific_black_duck) , [spot-billed duck](/wiki/Spot-billed_duck) , [northern pintail](/wiki/Northern_pintail) and [common teal](/wiki/Common_teal) ) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze", [[ 29 ]](#cite_note-29) [ [*self-published source?*](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack". [[ 30 ]](#cite_note-30) In general, ducks make a range of [calls](/wiki/Bird_vocalisation) , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [scaup](/wiki/Scaup) - which are [diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) - make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
A common [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend) claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford) in 2003 as part of the [British Association](/wiki/British_Association) 's Festival of Science. [[ 31 ]](#cite_note-31) It was also debunked in [one of the earlier episodes](/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?) of the popular Discovery Channel television show [MythBusters](/wiki/MythBusters) . [[ 32 ]](#cite_note-32)
A common [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend) claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford) in 2003 as part of the [British Association](/wiki/British_Association) 's Festival of Science. [[ 31 ]](#cite_note-31) It was also debunked in [one of the earlier episodes](/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?) of the popular Discovery Channel television show [*MythBusters*](/wiki/MythBusters) . [[ 32 ]](#cite_note-32)
### Predators
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ Indian Runner ducks , a common breed of domestic ducks
<!-- image -->
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [down](/wiki/Down_feather) ). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. [[ 45 ]](#cite_note-45) They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the [Muscovy duck](/wiki/Muscovy_duck) ( Cairina moschata ). [[ 46 ]](#cite_note-46) [[ 47 ]](#cite_note-47) The [Call duck](/wiki/Call_duck) is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). [[ 48 ]](#cite_note-48)
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [down](/wiki/Down_feather) ). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. [[ 45 ]](#cite_note-45) They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ( *Anas platyrhynchos* ), apart from the [Muscovy duck](/wiki/Muscovy_duck) ( *Cairina moschata* ). [[ 46 ]](#cite_note-46) [[ 47 ]](#cite_note-47) The [Call duck](/wiki/Call_duck) is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). [[ 48 ]](#cite_note-48)
### Heraldry
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ Ducks appear on several [coats of arms](/wiki/Coats_of_arms) , including the coa
In 2002, psychologist [Richard Wiseman](/wiki/Richard_Wiseman) and colleagues at the [University of Hertfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire) , [UK](/wiki/UK) , finished a year-long [LaughLab](/wiki/LaughLab) experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck." [[ 52 ]](#cite_note-52) The word "duck" may have become an [inherently funny word](/wiki/Inherently_funny_word) in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many [ducks in fiction](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) , many are cartoon characters, such as [Walt Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) 's [Donald Duck](/wiki/Donald_Duck) , and [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros.) ' [Daffy Duck](/wiki/Daffy_Duck) . [Howard the Duck](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck) started as a comic book character in 1973 [[ 53 ]](#cite_note-53) [[ 54 ]](#cite_note-54) and was made into a [movie](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)) in 1986.
The 1992 Disney film [The Mighty Ducks](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starring [Emilio Estevez](/wiki/Emilio_Estevez) , chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League) professional team of the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks) , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [ [citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] The duck is also the nickname of the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon) sports teams as well as the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks) minor league [baseball](/wiki/Baseball) team. [[ 55 ]](#cite_note-55)
The 1992 Disney film [*The Mighty Ducks*](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starring [Emilio Estevez](/wiki/Emilio_Estevez) , chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League) professional team of the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks) , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [ [*citation needed*](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] The duck is also the nickname of the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon) sports teams as well as the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks) minor league [baseball](/wiki/Baseball) team. [[ 55 ]](#cite_note-55)
## See also
@@ -409,90 +409,88 @@ The 1992 Disney film [The Mighty Ducks](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starrin
### Citations
1. [^](#cite_ref-1) ["Duckling"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
2. [^](#cite_ref-2) ["Duckling"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling) . Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000-2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
3. [^](#cite_ref-3) Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). [The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds](https://books.google.com/books?id=WJCTL_mC5w4C&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck&pg=PA457) . Yale University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0300138139](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138139) .
4. [^](#cite_ref-4) Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). [How to Draw Cartoon Birds](https://books.google.com/books?id=VqSquCLNrZcC&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck+%28or+hen%29&pg=PA16) . The Rosen Publishing Group. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780823961566](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823961566) .
5. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-1) [c](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-2) [d](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-3) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 536.
6. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0) [Livezey 1986](#CITEREFLivezey1986) , pp. 737-738.
7. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0) [Madsen, McHugh &amp; de Kloet 1988](#CITEREFMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988) , p. 452.
8. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0) [Donne-Goussé, Laudet &amp; Hänni 2002](#CITEREFDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002) , pp. 353-354.
9. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-1) [c](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-2) [d](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-3) [e](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-4) [f](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-5) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 540.
10. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0) [Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001](#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001) , p. 191.
11. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 448.
12. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 622-623.
13. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 686.
14. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0) [Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001](#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001) , p. 193.
15. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-1) [c](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-2) [d](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-3) [e](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-4) [f](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-5) [g](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-6) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 537.
16. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix_16-0) [American Ornithologists' Union 1998](#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998) , p. xix.
17. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998_17-0) [American Ornithologists' Union 1998](#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998) .
18. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 538.
19. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0) [Christidis &amp; Boles 2008](#CITEREFChristidisBoles2008) , p. 62.
20. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0) [Shirihai 2008](#CITEREFShirihai2008) , pp. 239, 245.
21. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-1) [Pratt, Bruner &amp; Berrett 1987](#CITEREFPrattBrunerBerrett1987) , pp. 98-107.
22. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0) [Fitter, Fitter &amp; Hosking 2000](#CITEREFFitterFitterHosking2000) , pp. 52-3.
23. [^](#cite_ref-23) ["Pacific Black Duck"](http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html) . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .
24. [^](#cite_ref-24) Ogden, Evans. ["Dabbling Ducks"](https://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/species/dabbducks.html) . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
25. [^](#cite_ref-25) Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). ["Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/dont-feed-the-ducks-bread-say-conservationists) . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .
26. [^](#cite_ref-26) Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology . pp. 187-221. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6787-5_4) . [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4615-6789-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6789-9) .
27. [^](#cite_ref-27) Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). ["Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201) . The Condor . 102 (1): 201-205. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/condor/102.1.201](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201) . [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : [10315/13797](https://hdl.handle.net/10315%2F13797) .
28. [^](#cite_ref-28) ["If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180923152911/http://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling) . wildliferehabber.com . Archived from [the original](https://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling) on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .
29. [^](#cite_ref-29) Carver, Heather (2011). [The Duck Bible](https://books.google.com/books?id=VGofAwAAQBAJ&q=mallard+sound+deep+and+raspy&pg=PA39) . Lulu.com. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780557901562](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557901562) . [ [self-published source](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ]
30. [^](#cite_ref-30) Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). [Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends](https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJBBAAAQBAJ&q=Females+of+most+dabbling+ducks+make+the+classic+%22quack%22+sound+but+most+ducks+don%27t+quack&pg=PA123) . Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780762797707](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762797707) .
31. [^](#cite_ref-31) Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). ["Sound science is quackers"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm) . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
32. [^](#cite_ref-32) ["Mythbusters Episode 8"](http://mythbustersresults.com/episode8) . 12 December 2003.
33. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0) [Erlandson 1994](#CITEREFErlandson1994) , p. 171.
34. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0) [Jeffries 2008](#CITEREFJeffries2008) , pp. 168, 243.
35. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-1) [Sued-Badillo 2003](#CITEREFSued-Badillo2003) , p. 65.
36. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0) [Thorpe 1996](#CITEREFThorpe1996) , p. 68.
37. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0) [Maisels 1999](#CITEREFMaisels1999) , p. 42.
38. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0) [Rau 1876](#CITEREFRau1876) , p. 133.
39. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0) [Higman 2012](#CITEREFHigman2012) , p. 23.
40. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0) [Hume 2012](#CITEREFHume2012) , p. 53.
41. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0) [Hume 2012](#CITEREFHume2012) , p. 52.
42. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0) [Fieldhouse 2002](#CITEREFFieldhouse2002) , p. 167.
43. [^](#cite_ref-43) Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). [Guide to Edible Plants and Animals](https://books.google.com/books?id=NViSMffyaSgC&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0In+many+areas,+wild+ducks+of+various+species+are+hunted+for+food+or+sport) . Wordsworth Editions, Limited. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781853263774](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263774) .
44. [^](#cite_ref-44) ["Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl"](https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf) (PDF) . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .
45. [^](#cite_ref-45) ["FAOSTAT"](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL) . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .
46. [^](#cite_ref-46) ["Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin"](http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/) . Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
47. [^](#cite_ref-47) Sy Montgomery. ["Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica"](https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-360302/mallard) . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
48. [^](#cite_ref-48) Glenday, Craig (2014). [Guinness World Records](https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135) . Guinness World Records Limited. pp. [135](https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135) . [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-908843-15-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9) .
49. [^](#cite_ref-49) Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [951-773-085-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3) .
50. [^](#cite_ref-50) ["Lubānas simbolika"](http://www.lubana.lv/index.php/lv/homepage/lubanas-pilseta-2) (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
51. [^](#cite_ref-51) ["Föglö"](http://digi.narc.fi/digi/view.ka?kuid=1738595) (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
52. [^](#cite_ref-52) Young, Emma. ["World's funniest joke revealed"](https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2876-worlds-funniest-joke-revealed/) . New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .
53. [^](#cite_ref-53) ["Howard the Duck (character)"](http://www.comics.org/character/name/Howard%20the%20Duck/sort/chrono/) . [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database) .
54. [^](#cite_ref-54) [Sanderson, Peter](/wiki/Peter_Sanderson) ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom: [Dorling Kindersley](/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley) . p. 161. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0756641238](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756641238) . December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.
55. [^](#cite_ref-55) ["The Duck"](https://goducks.com/sports/2003/8/28/153778.aspx) . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .
1. [**^**](#cite_ref-1) ["Duckling"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling) . *The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition* . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
2. [**^**](#cite_ref-2) ["Duckling"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling) . *Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version)* . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000-2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
3. [**^**](#cite_ref-3) Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). [*The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WJCTL_mC5w4C&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck&pg=PA457) . Yale University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0300138139](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138139) .
4. [**^**](#cite_ref-4) Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). [*How to Draw Cartoon Birds*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VqSquCLNrZcC&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck+%28or+hen%29&pg=PA16) . The Rosen Publishing Group. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780823961566](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823961566) .
5. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-3) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 536.
6. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0) [Livezey 1986](#CITEREFLivezey1986) , pp. 737-738.
7. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0) [Madsen, McHugh &amp; de Kloet 1988](#CITEREFMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988) , p. 452.
8. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0) [Donne-Goussé, Laudet &amp; Hänni 2002](#CITEREFDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002) , pp. 353-354.
9. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-5) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 540.
10. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0) [Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001](#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001) , p. 191.
11. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 448.
12. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 622-623.
13. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 686.
14. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0) [Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001](#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001) , p. 193.
15. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-6) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 537.
16. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix_16-0) [American Ornithologists' Union 1998](#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998) , p. xix.
17. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998_17-0) [American Ornithologists' Union 1998](#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998) .
18. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 538.
19. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0) [Christidis &amp; Boles 2008](#CITEREFChristidisBoles2008) , p. 62.
20. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0) [Shirihai 2008](#CITEREFShirihai2008) , pp. 239, 245.
21. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-1) [Pratt, Bruner &amp; Berrett 1987](#CITEREFPrattBrunerBerrett1987) , pp. 98-107.
22. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0) [Fitter, Fitter &amp; Hosking 2000](#CITEREFFitterFitterHosking2000) , pp. 52-3.
23. [**^**](#cite_ref-23) ["Pacific Black Duck"](http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html) . *www.wiresnr.org* . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .
24. [**^**](#cite_ref-24) Ogden, Evans. ["Dabbling Ducks"](https://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/species/dabbducks.html) . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
25. [**^**](#cite_ref-25) Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). ["Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/dont-feed-the-ducks-bread-say-conservationists) . *The Guardian* . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .
26. [**^**](#cite_ref-26) Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". *Current Ornithology* . pp. 187-221. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6787-5_4) . [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4615-6789-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6789-9) .
27. [**^**](#cite_ref-27) Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). ["Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201) . *The Condor* . **102** (1): 201-205. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/condor/102.1.201](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201) . [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : [10315/13797](https://hdl.handle.net/10315%2F13797) .
28. [**^**](#cite_ref-28) ["If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180923152911/http://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling) . *wildliferehabber.com* . Archived from [the original](https://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling) on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .
29. [**^**](#cite_ref-29) Carver, Heather (2011). [*The Duck Bible*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VGofAwAAQBAJ&q=mallard+sound+deep+and+raspy&pg=PA39) . Lulu.com. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780557901562](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557901562) . [ [*self-published source*](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ]
30. [**^**](#cite_ref-30) Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). [*Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJBBAAAQBAJ&q=Females+of+most+dabbling+ducks+make+the+classic+%22quack%22+sound+but+most+ducks+don%27t+quack&pg=PA123) . Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780762797707](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762797707) .
31. [**^**](#cite_ref-31) Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). ["Sound science is quackers"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm) . *BBC News* . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
32. [**^**](#cite_ref-32) ["Mythbusters Episode 8"](http://mythbustersresults.com/episode8) . 12 December 2003.
33. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0) [Erlandson 1994](#CITEREFErlandson1994) , p. 171.
34. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0) [Jeffries 2008](#CITEREFJeffries2008) , pp. 168, 243.
35. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-1) [Sued-Badillo 2003](#CITEREFSued-Badillo2003) , p. 65.
36. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0) [Thorpe 1996](#CITEREFThorpe1996) , p. 68.
37. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0) [Maisels 1999](#CITEREFMaisels1999) , p. 42.
38. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0) [Rau 1876](#CITEREFRau1876) , p. 133.
39. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0) [Higman 2012](#CITEREFHigman2012) , p. 23.
40. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0) [Hume 2012](#CITEREFHume2012) , p. 53.
41. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0) [Hume 2012](#CITEREFHume2012) , p. 52.
42. [**^**](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0) [Fieldhouse 2002](#CITEREFFieldhouse2002) , p. 167.
43. [**^**](#cite_ref-43) Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). [*Guide to Edible Plants and Animals*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NViSMffyaSgC&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0In+many+areas,+wild+ducks+of+various+species+are+hunted+for+food+or+sport) . Wordsworth Editions, Limited. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781853263774](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263774) .
44. [**^**](#cite_ref-44) ["Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl"](https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf) (PDF) . *New York State Department of Environmental Conservation* . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .
45. [**^**](#cite_ref-45) ["FAOSTAT"](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL) . *www.fao.org* . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .
46. [**^**](#cite_ref-46) ["Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin"](http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/) . Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
47. [**^**](#cite_ref-47) Sy Montgomery. ["Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica"](https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-360302/mallard) . *Britannica.com* . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
48. [**^**](#cite_ref-48) Glenday, Craig (2014). [*Guinness World Records*](https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135) . Guinness World Records Limited. pp. [135](https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135) . [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-908843-15-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9) .
49. [**^**](#cite_ref-49) *Suomen kunnallisvaakunat* (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [951-773-085-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3) .
50. [**^**](#cite_ref-50) ["Lubānas simbolika"](http://www.lubana.lv/index.php/lv/homepage/lubanas-pilseta-2) (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
51. [**^**](#cite_ref-51) ["Föglö"](http://digi.narc.fi/digi/view.ka?kuid=1738595) (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
52. [**^**](#cite_ref-52) Young, Emma. ["World's funniest joke revealed"](https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2876-worlds-funniest-joke-revealed/) . *New Scientist* . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .
53. [**^**](#cite_ref-53) ["Howard the Duck (character)"](http://www.comics.org/character/name/Howard%20the%20Duck/sort/chrono/) . [*Grand Comics Database*](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database) .
54. [**^**](#cite_ref-54) [Sanderson, Peter](/wiki/Peter_Sanderson) ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". *Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History* . London, United Kingdom: [Dorling Kindersley](/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley) . p. 161. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0756641238](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756641238) . December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.
55. [**^**](#cite_ref-55) ["The Duck"](https://goducks.com/sports/2003/8/28/153778.aspx) . *University of Oregon Athletics* . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .
### Sources
- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). [Checklist of North American Birds](https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf) (PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-891276-00-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891276-00-2) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-87334-10-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8) .
- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-643-06511-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6) .
- Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339-356. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : [2002MolPE..23..339D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MolPE..23..339D) . [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900019-2) . [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [12099792](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12099792) .
- Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7136-6250-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6250-4) .
- Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). [Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast](https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171) . New York, NY: Springer Science &amp; Business Media. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4419-3231-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-3231-0) .
- Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). [Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions](https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167) . Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61069-412-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4) .
- Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-10295-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10295-5) .
- Higman, B. W. (2012). [How Food Made History](https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801) . Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4051-8947-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8947-7) .
- Hume, Julian H. (2012). [Extinct Birds](https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53) . London: Christopher Helm. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4729-3744-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3744-5) .
- Jeffries, Richard (2008). [Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley](https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up) . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8173-1658-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1658-7) .
- Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts ( Cairina to Mergus ) . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-861009-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861009-0) .
- Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). ["A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters"](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf) (PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737-754. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/auk/103.4.737](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F103.4.737) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). ["A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA"](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf) (PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452-459. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/auk/105.3.452](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F105.3.452) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). [Early Civilizations of the Old World](https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42) . London: Routledge. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-10975-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10975-8) .
- Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-691-02399-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02399-9) .
- Rau, Charles (1876). [Early Man in Europe](https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133) . New York: Harper &amp; Brothers. [LCCN](/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) [05040168](https://lccn.loc.gov/05040168) .
- Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-13666-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0) .
- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). [Autochthonous Societies](https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65) . General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-3-103832-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103832-7) .
- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). [The Origins of Agriculture in Europe](https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68) . New York: Routledge. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-08009-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08009-5) .
- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). [*Checklist of North American Birds*](https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf) (PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-891276-00-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891276-00-2) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). *Handbook of the Birds of the World* . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-87334-10-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8) .
- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). *Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds* . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-643-06511-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6) .
- Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* . **23** (3): 339-356. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : [2002MolPE..23..339D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MolPE..23..339D) . [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900019-2) . [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [12099792](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12099792) .
- Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). *The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour* . London: Christopher Helm. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7136-6250-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6250-4) .
- Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). [*Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171) . New York, NY: Springer Science &amp; Business Media. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4419-3231-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-3231-0) .
- Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). [*Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions*](https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167) . Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61069-412-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4) .
- Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). *Wildlife of the Galápagos* . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-10295-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10295-5) .
- Higman, B. W. (2012). [*How Food Made History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801) . Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4051-8947-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8947-7) .
- Hume, Julian H. (2012). [*Extinct Birds*](https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53) . London: Christopher Helm. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4729-3744-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3744-5) .
- Jeffries, Richard (2008). [*Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley*](https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up) . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8173-1658-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1658-7) .
- Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). *Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (* Cairina *to* Mergus *)* . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-861009-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861009-0) .
- Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). ["A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters"](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf) (PDF) . *The Auk* . **103** (4): 737-754. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/auk/103.4.737](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F103.4.737) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). ["A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA"](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf) (PDF) . *The Auk* . **105** (3): 452-459. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/auk/105.3.452](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F105.3.452) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). [*Early Civilizations of the Old World*](https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42) . London: Routledge. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-10975-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10975-8) .
- Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). *A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific* . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-691-02399-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02399-9) .
- Rau, Charles (1876). [*Early Man in Europe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133) . New York: Harper &amp; Brothers. [LCCN](/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) [05040168](https://lccn.loc.gov/05040168) .
- Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). *A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife* . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-13666-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0) .
- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). [*Autochthonous Societies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65) . General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-3-103832-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103832-7) .
- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). [*The Origins of Agriculture in Europe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68) . New York: Routledge. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-08009-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08009-5) .
## External links
Duck at Wikipedia's
[sister projects](/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)
**Duck** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)
- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duck) from Wiktionary
<!-- image -->
@@ -509,7 +507,7 @@ Duck at Wikipedia's
- [list of books](https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm) (useful looking abstracts)
- [Ducks on postage stamps](http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022903/http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html) 2013-05-13 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine)
- [Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines](https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884) at [Project Gutenberg](/wiki/Project_Gutenberg) - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl
- [*Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines*](https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884) at [Project Gutenberg](/wiki/Project_Gutenberg) - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl
<!-- image -->

47
tests/data/html/formatting.html vendored Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>HTML Formatting Tags Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>HTML Text Formatting Examples</h1>
<p>
This is a <b>bold (b)</b> example and right next to it we have a
<strong>strong emphasis (strong)</strong>.
Notice that <strong><b>strong + bold mixed</b></strong> looks similar but carries additional semantic meaning.
</p>
<p>
Here is an <i>italic (i)</i> word and an <em>emphasis (em)</em> example.
Sometimes we combine them like <i><em>italic + emphasis together</em></i>.
</p>
<p>
Now let's look at text that appears crossed out:
<s>strikethrough with s</s> and
<del>deleted with del</del>.
You can also mix them: <s><del>double strikethrough (s + del)</del></s>.
</p>
<p>
To highlight insertions or underlines:
<u>underlined with u</u>,
<ins>inserted with ins</ins>.
A combination could be: <u><ins>underline + insertion together</ins></u>.
</p>
<p>
Subscript and superscript examples:
Water is written as H<sub>2</sub>O using sub.
The mathematical expression x<sup>2</sup> + y<sup>3</sup> uses sup.
They can also be combined: CO<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup>.
</p>
<p>
Mixing several: This sentence has <strong><em>strong + emphasis</em></strong>,
some <b><u>bold + underline</u></b>, and a formula like a<sup>2</sup> + b<sub>3</sub>.
</p>
</body>
</html>

2
tests/test_backend_html.py
View File

@@ -208,6 +208,6 @@ def test_html_furniture():
included_content_layers={ContentLayer.BODY, ContentLayer.FURNITURE}
)
assert md_all == (
"Initial content with some bold text\n\n# Main Heading\n\nSome Content\n\n"
"Initial content with some **bold text**\n\n# Main Heading\n\nSome Content\n\n"
"Some Footer Content"
)