diff --git a/docling/backend/html_backend.py b/docling/backend/html_backend.py index a0bf7c8f..016b2345 100644 --- a/docling/backend/html_backend.py +++ b/docling/backend/html_backend.py @@ -1,8 +1,11 @@ import logging import re +from contextlib import contextmanager +from copy import deepcopy from io import BytesIO from pathlib import Path from typing import Final, Optional, Union, cast +from urllib.parse import urljoin from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, NavigableString, PageElement, Tag from bs4.element import PreformattedString @@ -18,7 +21,7 @@ from docling_core.types.doc import ( TextItem, ) from docling_core.types.doc.document import ContentLayer -from pydantic import BaseModel +from pydantic import AnyUrl, BaseModel, ValidationError from typing_extensions import override from docling.backend.abstract_backend import DeclarativeDocumentBackend @@ -56,12 +59,76 @@ class _Context(BaseModel): list_start_by_ref: dict[str, int] = {} +class AnnotatedText(BaseModel): + text: str + hyperlink: Union[AnyUrl, Path, None] = None + + +class AnnotatedTextList(list): + def to_single_text_element(self) -> AnnotatedText: + current_h = None + current_text = "" + for at in self: + t = at.text + h = at.hyperlink + current_text += t.strip() + " " + if h is not None and current_h is None: + current_h = h + elif h is not None and current_h is not None and h != current_h: + _log.warning( + f"Clashing hyperlinks: '{h}' and '{current_h}'! Chose '{current_h}'" + ) + return AnnotatedText(text=current_text.strip(), hyperlink=current_h) + + def simplify_text_elements(self) -> "AnnotatedTextList": + simplified = AnnotatedTextList() + if not self: + return self + text = self[0].text + hyperlink = self[0].hyperlink + last_elm = text + for i in range(1, len(self)): + if hyperlink == self[i].hyperlink: + sep = " " + if not self[i].text.strip() or not last_elm.strip(): + sep = "" + text += sep + self[i].text + last_elm = self[i].text + else: + simplified.append(AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=hyperlink)) + text = self[i].text + last_elm = text + hyperlink = self[i].hyperlink + if text: + simplified.append(AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=hyperlink)) + return simplified + + def split_by_newline(self): + super_list = [] + active_annotated_text_list = AnnotatedTextList() + for el in self: + sub_texts = el.text.split("\n") + if len(sub_texts) == 1: + active_annotated_text_list.append(el) + else: + for text in sub_texts: + sub_el = deepcopy(el) + sub_el.text = text + active_annotated_text_list.append(sub_el) + super_list.append(active_annotated_text_list) + active_annotated_text_list = AnnotatedTextList() + if active_annotated_text_list: + super_list.append(active_annotated_text_list) + return super_list + + class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): @override def __init__( self, in_doc: InputDocument, path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path], + original_url: Optional[AnyUrl] = None, ): super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream) self.soup: Optional[Tag] = None @@ -74,6 +141,8 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self.ctx = _Context() for i in range(self.max_levels): self.parents[i] = None + self.hyperlink = None + self.original_url = original_url try: raw = ( @@ -160,26 +229,32 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): element: The XML tag to parse. doc: The Docling document to be updated with the parsed content. """ - buffer: list[str] = [] + buffer: AnnotatedTextList = AnnotatedTextList() def flush_buffer(): if not buffer: return - text = "".join(buffer).strip() + annotated_text_list = buffer.simplify_text_elements() + parts = annotated_text_list.split_by_newline() buffer.clear() - if not text: + + if not "".join([el.text for el in annotated_text_list]): return - for part in text.split("\n"): - seg = part.strip() - seg_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(seg) - if seg: - doc.add_text( - label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, - text=seg_clean, - orig=seg, - parent=self.parents[self.level], - content_layer=self.content_layer, - ) + + for annotated_text_list in parts: + with self.use_inline_group(annotated_text_list, doc): + for annotated_text in annotated_text_list: + if annotated_text.text.strip(): + seg_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode( + annotated_text.text.strip() + ) + doc.add_text( + parent=self.parents[self.level], + label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, + text=seg_clean, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, + ) for node in element.contents: if isinstance(node, Tag): @@ -187,6 +262,9 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): if name == "img": flush_buffer() self._emit_image(node, doc) + elif name == "a": + with self.use_hyperlink(node): + self._walk(node, doc) elif name in _BLOCK_TAGS: flush_buffer() self._handle_block(node, doc) @@ -194,28 +272,154 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): flush_buffer() self._walk(node, doc) else: - buffer.append(node.text) + buffer.extend( + self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + node, find_parent_annotation=True, keep_newlines=True + ) + ) elif isinstance(node, NavigableString) and not isinstance( node, PreformattedString ): - buffer.append(str(node)) + if str(node).strip("\n\r") == "": + flush_buffer() + else: + buffer.extend( + self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + node, find_parent_annotation=True, keep_newlines=True + ) + ) flush_buffer() + def _extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + self, + item: PageElement, + ignore_list=False, + find_parent_annotation=False, + keep_newlines=False, + ) -> AnnotatedTextList: + result: AnnotatedTextList = AnnotatedTextList() + + # If find_parent_annotation, make sure that we keep track of + # any a-tag that has been present in the DOM-parents already. + if find_parent_annotation: + this_parent = item.parent + while this_parent is not None: + if this_parent.name == "a" and this_parent.get("href"): + with self.use_hyperlink(this_parent): + return self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + item, ignore_list + ) + this_parent = this_parent.parent + + if isinstance(item, PreformattedString): + return AnnotatedTextList() + + if isinstance(item, NavigableString): + text = item.strip() + if text: + return AnnotatedTextList( + [AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=self.hyperlink)] + ) + if keep_newlines and item.strip("\n\r") == "": + return AnnotatedTextList( + [AnnotatedText(text="\n", hyperlink=self.hyperlink)] + ) + return AnnotatedTextList() + + tag = cast(Tag, item) + if not ignore_list or (tag.name not in ["ul", "ol"]): + for child in tag: + if isinstance(child, Tag) and child.name == "a": + with self.use_hyperlink(child): + result.extend( + self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + child, ignore_list, keep_newlines=keep_newlines + ) + ) + else: + # Recursively get the child's text content + result.extend( + self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + child, ignore_list, keep_newlines=keep_newlines + ) + ) + return result + + @contextmanager + def use_hyperlink(self, tag): + this_href = tag.get("href") + if this_href is None: + yield None + else: + if this_href: + old_hyperlink = self.hyperlink + if self.original_url is not None: + this_href = urljoin(self.original_url, this_href) + # ugly fix for relative links since pydantic does not support them. + try: + AnyUrl(this_href) + except ValidationError: + this_href = Path(this_href) + self.hyperlink = this_href + try: + yield None + finally: + if this_href: + self.hyperlink = old_hyperlink + + @contextmanager + def use_inline_group( + self, annotated_text_list: AnnotatedTextList, doc: DoclingDocument + ): + """Create an inline group for annotated texts. + + Checks if annotated_text_list has more than one item and if so creates an inline + group in which the text elements can then be generated. While the context manager + is active the inline group is set as the current parent. + + Args: + annotated_text_list (AnnotatedTextList): Annotated text + doc (DoclingDocument): Currently used document + + Yields: + None: _description_ + """ + if len(annotated_text_list) > 1: + inline_fmt = doc.add_group( + label=GroupLabel.INLINE, + parent=self.parents[self.level], + content_layer=self.content_layer, + ) + self.parents[self.level + 1] = inline_fmt + self.level += 1 + try: + yield None + finally: + self.parents[self.level] = None + self.level -= 1 + else: + yield None + def _handle_heading(self, tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None: tag_name = tag.name.lower() # set default content layer to BODY as soon as we encounter a heading self.content_layer = ContentLayer.BODY level = int(tag_name[1]) - text = tag.get_text(strip=True, separator=" ") - text_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(text) + annotated_text_list = self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + tag, find_parent_annotation=True + ) + annotated_text = annotated_text_list.to_single_text_element() + text_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(annotated_text.text) # the first level is for the title item if level == 1: for key in self.parents.keys(): self.parents[key] = None self.level = 0 self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_title( - text=text_clean, orig=text, content_layer=self.content_layer + text_clean, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, ) # the other levels need to be lowered by 1 if a title was set else: @@ -241,9 +445,10 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_heading( parent=self.parents[self.level], text=text_clean, - orig=text, + orig=annotated_text.text, level=self.level, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, ) self.level += 1 for img_tag in tag("img"): @@ -292,37 +497,69 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): marker = "" # 2) extract only the "direct" text from this
  • - parts: list[str] = [] - for child in li.contents: - if isinstance(child, NavigableString) and not isinstance( - child, PreformattedString - ): - parts.append(child) - elif isinstance(child, Tag) and child.name not in ("ul", "ol"): - text_part = HTMLDocumentBackend.get_text(child) - if text_part: - parts.append(text_part) - li_text = re.sub(r"\s+|\n+", " ", "".join(parts)).strip() - li_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(li_text) + parts = self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + li, ignore_list=True, find_parent_annotation=True + ) + min_parts = parts.simplify_text_elements() + li_text = re.sub( + r"\s+|\n+", " ", "".join([el.text for el in min_parts]) + ).strip() # 3) add the list item if li_text: - self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_list_item( - text=li_clean, - enumerated=is_ordered, - marker=marker, - orig=li_text, - parent=list_group, - content_layer=self.content_layer, - ) + if len(min_parts) > 1: + # create an empty list element in order to hook the inline group onto that one + self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_list_item( + text="", + enumerated=is_ordered, + marker=marker, + parent=list_group, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + ) + self.level += 1 + with self.use_inline_group(min_parts, doc): + for annotated_text in min_parts: + li_text = re.sub( + r"\s+|\n+", " ", annotated_text.text + ).strip() + li_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(li_text) + doc.add_text( + parent=self.parents[self.level], + label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, + text=li_clean, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, + ) - # 4) recurse into any nested lists, attaching them to this
  • item - for sublist in li({"ul", "ol"}, recursive=False): - if isinstance(sublist, Tag): - self.level += 1 - self._handle_block(sublist, doc) - self.parents[self.level + 1] = None - self.level -= 1 + # 4) recurse into any nested lists, attaching them to this
  • item + for sublist in li({"ul", "ol"}, recursive=False): + if isinstance(sublist, Tag): + self._handle_block(sublist, doc) + + # now the list element with inline group is not a parent anymore + self.parents[self.level] = None + self.level -= 1 + else: + annotated_text = min_parts[0] + li_text = re.sub(r"\s+|\n+", " ", annotated_text.text).strip() + li_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(li_text) + self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_list_item( + text=li_clean, + enumerated=is_ordered, + marker=marker, + orig=li_text, + parent=list_group, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, + ) + + # 4) recurse into any nested lists, attaching them to this
  • item + for sublist in li({"ul", "ol"}, recursive=False): + if isinstance(sublist, Tag): + self.level += 1 + self._handle_block(sublist, doc) + self.parents[self.level + 1] = None + self.level -= 1 else: for sublist in li({"ul", "ol"}, recursive=False): if isinstance(sublist, Tag): @@ -351,17 +588,23 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): self._handle_list(tag, doc) elif tag_name in {"p", "address", "summary"}: - for part in tag.text.split("\n"): - seg = part.strip() - seg_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(seg) - if seg: - doc.add_text( - label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, - text=seg_clean, - orig=seg, - parent=self.parents[self.level], - content_layer=self.content_layer, - ) + text_list = self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + tag, find_parent_annotation=True + ) + annotated_texts = text_list.simplify_text_elements() + for part in annotated_texts.split_by_newline(): + with self.use_inline_group(part, doc): + for annotated_text in part: + if seg := annotated_text.text.strip(): + seg_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(seg) + doc.add_text( + parent=self.parents[self.level], + label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, + text=seg_clean, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, + ) + for img_tag in tag("img"): if isinstance(img_tag, Tag): self._emit_image(img_tag, doc) @@ -380,15 +623,21 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): elif tag_name in {"pre", "code"}: # handle monospace code snippets (pre). - text = tag.get_text(strip=True) - text_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(text) - if text: - doc.add_code( - parent=self.parents[self.level], - text=text_clean, - orig=text, - content_layer=self.content_layer, - ) + text_list = self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + tag, find_parent_annotation=True + ) + annotated_texts = text_list.simplify_text_elements() + with self.use_inline_group(annotated_texts, doc): + for annotated_text in annotated_texts: + text_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode( + annotated_text.text.strip() + ) + doc.add_code( + parent=self.parents[self.level], + text=text_clean, + content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink, + ) elif tag_name == "details": # handle details and its content. @@ -405,22 +654,45 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend): def _emit_image(self, img_tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None: figure = img_tag.find_parent("figure") - caption: str = "" + caption: AnnotatedTextList = AnnotatedTextList() + + # check if the figure has a link - this is HACK: + def get_img_hyperlink(img_tag): + this_parent = img_tag.parent + while this_parent is not None: + if this_parent.name == "a" and this_parent.get("href"): + return this_parent.get("href") + this_parent = this_parent.parent + return None + + if img_hyperlink := get_img_hyperlink(img_tag): + caption.append( + AnnotatedText(text="Image Hyperlink.", hyperlink=img_hyperlink) + ) + if isinstance(figure, Tag): caption_tag = figure.find("figcaption", recursive=False) if isinstance(caption_tag, Tag): - caption = caption_tag.get_text() - if not caption: - caption = str(img_tag.get("alt", "")).strip() + caption = self._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + caption_tag, find_parent_annotation=True + ) + if not caption and img_tag.get("alt"): + caption = AnnotatedTextList([AnnotatedText(text=img_tag.get("alt"))]) + + caption_anno_text = caption.to_single_text_element() caption_item: Optional[TextItem] = None - if caption: - caption_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode(caption) + if caption_anno_text.text: + text_clean = HTMLDocumentBackend._clean_unicode( + caption_anno_text.text.strip() + ) + print(caption_anno_text) caption_item = doc.add_text( label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION, - text=caption_clean, - orig=caption, + text=text_clean, + orig=caption_anno_text.text, content_layer=self.content_layer, + hyperlink=caption_anno_text.hyperlink, ) doc.add_picture( diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.itxt b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.itxt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13f67657 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.itxt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_ + item-1 at level 1: title: Something + item-2 at level 2: inline: group group + item-3 at level 3: text: Please follow the link to: + item-4 at level 3: text: This page + item-5 at level 3: text: . \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.json b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1f3c8618 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.json @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +{ + "schema_name": "DoclingDocument", + "version": "1.5.0", + "name": "hyperlink_01", + "origin": { + "mimetype": "text/html", + "binary_hash": 17149231461445569313, + "filename": "hyperlink_01.html" + }, + "furniture": { + "self_ref": "#/furniture", + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "body": { + "self_ref": "#/body", + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "groups": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + } + ], + "texts": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/0" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/2" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/3" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "title", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Something", + "text": "Something" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/0" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Please follow the link to:", + "text": "Please follow the link to:" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/2", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "This page", + "text": "This page", + "hyperlink": "#" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/3", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + } + ], + "pictures": [], + "tables": [], + "key_value_items": [], + "form_items": [], + "pages": {} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.md b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..14b49160 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# Something + +Please follow the link to: [This page](#) . \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.itxt b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.itxt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6738ae86 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.itxt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_ + item-1 at level 1: section: group header-1 + item-2 at level 2: section_header: Home \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.json b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0dd757f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.json @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +{ + "schema_name": "DoclingDocument", + "version": "1.5.0", + "name": "hyperlink_02", + "origin": { + "mimetype": "text/html", + "binary_hash": 15683290523889238210, + "filename": "hyperlink_02.html" + }, + "furniture": { + "self_ref": "#/furniture", + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "body": { + "self_ref": "#/body", + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/0" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "groups": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "header-1", + "label": "section" + } + ], + "texts": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/0" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Home", + "text": "Home", + "hyperlink": "/home.html", + "level": 1 + } + ], + "pictures": [], + "tables": [], + "key_value_items": [], + "form_items": [], + "pages": {} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.md b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0648bcb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +## [Home](/home.html) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.itxt b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.itxt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a55098de --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.itxt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_ + item-1 at level 1: list: group list + item-2 at level 2: list_item: My Section + item-3 at level 3: list: group list + item-4 at level 4: list_item: Some page + item-5 at level 5: list: group list + item-6 at level 6: list_item: A sub page + item-7 at level 5: list: group list + item-8 at level 6: list_item: + item-9 at level 7: inline: group group + item-10 at level 8: text: This is my + item-11 at level 8: text: Homepage + item-12 at level 7: list: group list + item-13 at level 8: list_item: List item inner + item-14 at level 8: list_item: + item-15 at level 9: inline: group group + item-16 at level 10: text: More text + item-17 at level 10: text: with some links + item-18 at level 10: text: and more text. + item-19 at level 6: list_item: Main navigation + item-20 at level 2: list_item: My organisation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.json b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..25980c29 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.json @@ -0,0 +1,354 @@ +{ + "schema_name": "DoclingDocument", + "version": "1.5.0", + "name": "hyperlink_03", + "origin": { + "mimetype": "text/html", + "binary_hash": 8615138561433766155, + "filename": "hyperlink_03.html" + }, + "furniture": { + "self_ref": "#/furniture", + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "body": { + "self_ref": "#/body", + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/0" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "groups": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/12" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/1", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/2", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/2" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/3", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/3" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/11" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/4", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/3" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/4" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/5" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/5", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/3" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/6" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/7" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/6", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/7" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/8" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/9" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/10" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + } + ], + "texts": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/0" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/1" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "My Section", + "text": "My Section", + "hyperlink": "#", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/1" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/2" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/3" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Some page", + "text": "Some page", + "hyperlink": "/start.html", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/2", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/2" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A sub page", + "text": "A sub page", + "hyperlink": "/home2.html", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/3", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/3" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/4" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/5" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/4", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/4" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "This is my", + "text": "This is my" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/5", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/4" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Homepage", + "text": "Homepage", + "hyperlink": "/home.html" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/6", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/5" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "List item inner", + "text": "List item inner", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/7", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/5" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/6" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/8", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/6" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "More text", + "text": "More text" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/9", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/6" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "with some links", + "text": "with some links", + "hyperlink": "/some_links.html" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/10", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/6" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and more text.", + "text": "and more text." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/11", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/3" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Main navigation", + "text": "Main navigation", + "hyperlink": "#main-navigation", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/12", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/0" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "My organisation", + "text": "My organisation", + "hyperlink": "#", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + } + ], + "pictures": [], + "tables": [], + "key_value_items": [], + "form_items": [], + "pages": {} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.md b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..032afbf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +- [My Section](#) + - [Some page](/start.html) + - [A sub page](/home2.html) + - This is my [Homepage](/home.html) + - List item inner + - More text [with some links](/some_links.html) and more text. + - [Main navigation](#main-navigation) +- [My organisation](#) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.itxt b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.itxt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..645cbf8c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.itxt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_ + item-1 at level 1: text: This is some text. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.json b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..94b62a4d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.json @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +{ + "schema_name": "DoclingDocument", + "version": "1.5.0", + "name": "hyperlink_04", + "origin": { + "mimetype": "text/html", + "binary_hash": 14205970924528394626, + "filename": "hyperlink_04.html" + }, + "furniture": { + "self_ref": "#/furniture", + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "body": { + "self_ref": "#/body", + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "groups": [], + "texts": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "This is some text.", + "text": "This is some text.", + "hyperlink": "/start.html" + } + ], + "pictures": [], + "tables": [], + "key_value_items": [], + "form_items": [], + "pages": {} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.md b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ece7e328 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_04.html.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[This is some text.](/start.html) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.itxt b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.itxt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c881006e --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.itxt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_ + item-1 at level 1: caption: Image Hyperlink. + item-2 at level 1: picture + item-2 at level 2: caption: Image Hyperlink. + item-3 at level 1: caption: This is an example caption for the image. + item-4 at level 1: picture + item-4 at level 2: caption: This is an example caption for the image. + item-5 at level 1: caption: This is an example caption for the image. + item-6 at level 1: picture + item-6 at level 2: caption: This is an example caption for the image. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.json b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..974fe43f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.json @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +{ + "schema_name": "DoclingDocument", + "version": "1.5.0", + "name": "hyperlink_05", + "origin": { + "mimetype": "text/html", + "binary_hash": 13325077355174381809, + "filename": "hyperlink_05.html" + }, + "furniture": { + "self_ref": "#/furniture", + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "body": { + "self_ref": "#/body", + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/0" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/0" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/2" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/1" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/3" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/2" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "_root_", + "label": "unspecified" + }, + "groups": [], + "texts": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "label": "title", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Image Hyperlink and Caption Example", + "text": "Image Hyperlink and Caption Example" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Image Hyperlink.", + "text": "Image Hyperlink.", + "hyperlink": "https://www.example.com/" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/2", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "This is an example caption for the image.", + "text": "This is an example caption for the image." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/3", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "This is an example caption for the image.", + "text": "This is an example caption for the image.", + "hyperlink": "#caption" + } + ], + "pictures": [ + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/0", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/1", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/2" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/2", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/3" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + } + ], + "tables": [], + "key_value_items": [], + "form_items": [], + "pages": {} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.md b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a7c97d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_05.html.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Image Hyperlink. + + + +This is an example caption for the image. + + + +This is an example caption for the image. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt index 4f65770c..020f06d7 100644 --- a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt @@ -13,473 +13,1410 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_ item-12 at level 5: list: group list item-13 at level 4: list_item: 4 Distribution and habitat item-14 at level 5: list: group list - item-15 at level 4: list_item: 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection - item-16 at level 5: list: group list - item-17 at level 6: list_item: 5.1 Feeding - item-18 at level 7: list: group list - item-19 at level 6: list_item: 5.2 Breeding - item-20 at level 7: list: group list - item-21 at level 6: list_item: 5.3 Communication - item-22 at level 7: list: group list - item-23 at level 6: list_item: 5.4 Predators - item-24 at level 7: list: group list - item-25 at level 4: list_item: 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection - item-26 at level 5: list: group list - item-27 at level 6: list_item: 6.1 Hunting - item-28 at level 7: list: group list - item-29 at level 6: list_item: 6.2 Domestication - item-30 at level 7: list: group list - item-31 at level 6: list_item: 6.3 Heraldry - item-32 at level 7: list: group list - item-33 at level 6: list_item: 6.4 Cultural references + item-15 at level 4: list_item: + item-16 at level 5: inline: group group + item-17 at level 6: text: 5 Behaviour + item-18 at level 6: text: Toggle Behaviour subsection + item-19 at level 5: list: group list + item-20 at level 6: list_item: 5.1 Feeding + item-21 at level 7: list: group list + item-22 at level 6: list_item: 5.2 Breeding + item-23 at level 7: list: group list + item-24 at level 6: list_item: 5.3 Communication + item-25 at level 7: list: group list + item-26 at level 6: list_item: 5.4 Predators + item-27 at level 7: list: group list + item-28 at level 4: list_item: + item-29 at level 5: inline: group group + item-30 at level 6: text: 6 Relationship with humans + item-31 at level 6: text: Toggle Relationship with humans subsection + item-32 at level 5: list: group list + item-33 at level 6: list_item: 6.1 Hunting item-34 at level 7: list: group list - item-35 at level 4: list_item: 7 See also - item-36 at level 5: list: group list - item-37 at level 4: list_item: 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection - item-38 at level 5: list: group list - item-39 at level 6: list_item: 8.1 Citations + item-35 at level 6: list_item: 6.2 Domestication + item-36 at level 7: list: group list + item-37 at level 6: list_item: 6.3 Heraldry + item-38 at level 7: list: group list + item-39 at level 6: list_item: 6.4 Cultural references item-40 at level 7: list: group list - item-41 at level 6: list_item: 8.2 Sources - item-42 at level 7: list: group list - item-43 at level 4: list_item: 9 External links - item-44 at level 5: list: group list - item-45 at level 3: text: Toggle the table of contents - item-46 at level 1: title: Duck - item-47 at level 2: text: 136 languages - item-48 at level 2: list: group list - item-49 at level 3: list_item: Acèh - item-50 at level 3: list_item: Afrikaans - item-51 at level 3: list_item: Alemannisch - item-52 at level 3: list_item: አማርኛ - item-53 at level 3: list_item: Ænglisc - item-54 at level 3: list_item: العربية - item-55 at level 3: list_item: Aragonés - item-56 at level 3: list_item: ܐܪܡܝܐ - item-57 at level 3: list_item: Armãneashti - item-58 at level 3: list_item: Asturianu - item-59 at level 3: list_item: Atikamekw - item-60 at level 3: list_item: Авар - item-61 at level 3: list_item: Aymar aru - item-62 at level 3: list_item: تۆرکجه - item-63 at level 3: list_item: Basa Bali - item-64 at level 3: list_item: বাংলা - item-65 at level 3: list_item: 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú - item-66 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская - item-67 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская (тарашкевіца) - item-68 at level 3: list_item: Bikol Central - item-69 at level 3: list_item: Български - item-70 at level 3: list_item: Brezhoneg - item-71 at level 3: list_item: Буряад - item-72 at level 3: list_item: Català - item-73 at level 3: list_item: Чӑвашла - item-74 at level 3: list_item: Čeština - item-75 at level 3: list_item: ChiShona - item-76 at level 3: list_item: Cymraeg - item-77 at level 3: list_item: Dagbanli - item-78 at level 3: list_item: Dansk - item-79 at level 3: list_item: Deitsch - item-80 at level 3: list_item: Deutsch - item-81 at level 3: list_item: डोटेली - item-82 at level 3: list_item: Ελληνικά - item-83 at level 3: list_item: Emiliàn e rumagnòl - item-84 at level 3: list_item: Español - item-85 at level 3: list_item: Esperanto - item-86 at level 3: list_item: Euskara - item-87 at level 3: list_item: فارسی - item-88 at level 3: list_item: Français - item-89 at level 3: list_item: Gaeilge - item-90 at level 3: list_item: Galego - item-91 at level 3: list_item: ГӀалгӀай - item-92 at level 3: list_item: 贛語 - item-93 at level 3: list_item: گیلکی - item-94 at level 3: list_item: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 - item-95 at level 3: list_item: गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni - item-96 at level 3: list_item: 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî - item-97 at level 3: list_item: 한국어 - item-98 at level 3: list_item: Hausa - item-99 at level 3: list_item: Հայերեն - item-100 at level 3: list_item: हिन्दी - item-101 at level 3: list_item: Hrvatski - item-102 at level 3: list_item: Ido - item-103 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Indonesia - item-104 at level 3: list_item: Iñupiatun - item-105 at level 3: list_item: Íslenska - item-106 at level 3: list_item: Italiano - item-107 at level 3: list_item: עברית - item-108 at level 3: list_item: Jawa - item-109 at level 3: list_item: ಕನ್ನಡ - item-110 at level 3: list_item: Kapampangan - item-111 at level 3: list_item: ქართული - item-112 at level 3: list_item: कॉशुर / کٲشُر - item-113 at level 3: list_item: Қазақша - item-114 at level 3: list_item: Ikirundi - item-115 at level 3: list_item: Kongo - item-116 at level 3: list_item: Kreyòl ayisyen - item-117 at level 3: list_item: Кырык мары - item-118 at level 3: list_item: ລາວ - item-119 at level 3: list_item: Latina - item-120 at level 3: list_item: Latviešu - item-121 at level 3: list_item: Lietuvių - item-122 at level 3: list_item: Li Niha - item-123 at level 3: list_item: Ligure - item-124 at level 3: list_item: Limburgs - item-125 at level 3: list_item: Lingála - item-126 at level 3: list_item: Malagasy - item-127 at level 3: list_item: മലയാളം - item-128 at level 3: list_item: मराठी - item-129 at level 3: list_item: مازِرونی - item-130 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Melayu - item-131 at level 3: list_item: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ - item-132 at level 3: list_item: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ - item-133 at level 3: list_item: Мокшень - item-134 at level 3: list_item: Монгол - item-135 at level 3: list_item: မြန်မာဘာသာ - item-136 at level 3: list_item: Nederlands - item-137 at level 3: list_item: Nedersaksies - item-138 at level 3: list_item: नेपाली - item-139 at level 3: list_item: नेपाल भाषा - item-140 at level 3: list_item: 日本語 - item-141 at level 3: list_item: Нохчийн - item-142 at level 3: list_item: Norsk nynorsk - item-143 at level 3: list_item: Occitan - item-144 at level 3: list_item: Oromoo - item-145 at level 3: list_item: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ - item-146 at level 3: list_item: Picard - item-147 at level 3: list_item: Plattdüütsch - item-148 at level 3: list_item: Polski - item-149 at level 3: list_item: Português - item-150 at level 3: list_item: Qırımtatarca - item-151 at level 3: list_item: Română - item-152 at level 3: list_item: Русский - item-153 at level 3: list_item: Саха тыла - item-154 at level 3: list_item: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ - item-155 at level 3: list_item: Sardu - item-156 at level 3: list_item: Scots - item-157 at level 3: list_item: Seeltersk - item-158 at level 3: list_item: Shqip - item-159 at level 3: list_item: Sicilianu - item-160 at level 3: list_item: සිංහල - item-161 at level 3: list_item: Simple English - item-162 at level 3: list_item: سنڌي - item-163 at level 3: list_item: کوردی - item-164 at level 3: list_item: Српски / srpski - item-165 at level 3: list_item: Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски - item-166 at level 3: list_item: Sunda - item-167 at level 3: list_item: Svenska - item-168 at level 3: list_item: Tagalog - item-169 at level 3: list_item: தமிழ் - item-170 at level 3: list_item: Taqbaylit - item-171 at level 3: list_item: Татарча / tatarça - item-172 at level 3: list_item: ไทย - item-173 at level 3: list_item: Türkçe - item-174 at level 3: list_item: Українська - item-175 at level 3: list_item: ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche - item-176 at level 3: list_item: Vahcuengh - item-177 at level 3: list_item: Tiếng Việt - item-178 at level 3: list_item: Walon - item-179 at level 3: list_item: 文言 - item-180 at level 3: list_item: Winaray - item-181 at level 3: list_item: 吴语 - item-182 at level 3: list_item: 粵語 - item-183 at level 3: list_item: Žemaitėška - item-184 at level 3: list_item: 中文 - item-185 at level 2: text: Edit links - item-186 at level 2: list: group list - item-187 at level 3: list_item: Article - item-188 at level 3: list_item: Talk - item-189 at level 2: text: English - item-190 at level 2: list: group list - item-191 at level 2: list: group list - item-192 at level 3: list_item: Read - item-193 at level 3: list_item: View source - item-194 at level 3: list_item: View history - item-195 at level 2: text: Tools - item-196 at level 2: text: Tools - item-197 at level 2: text: move to sidebar - item-198 at level 2: text: hide - item-199 at level 2: text: Actions + item-41 at level 4: list_item: 7 See also + item-42 at level 5: list: group list + item-43 at level 4: list_item: + item-44 at level 5: inline: group group + item-45 at level 6: text: 8 Notes + item-46 at level 6: text: Toggle Notes subsection + item-47 at level 5: list: group list + item-48 at level 6: list_item: 8.1 Citations + item-49 at level 7: list: group list + item-50 at level 6: list_item: 8.2 Sources + item-51 at level 7: list: group list + item-52 at level 4: list_item: 9 External links + item-53 at level 5: list: group list + item-54 at level 3: text: Toggle the table of contents + item-55 at level 1: title: Duck + item-56 at level 2: text: 136 languages + item-57 at level 2: list: group list + item-58 at level 3: list_item: Acèh + item-59 at level 3: list_item: Afrikaans + item-60 at level 3: list_item: Alemannisch + item-61 at level 3: list_item: አማርኛ + item-62 at level 3: list_item: Ænglisc + item-63 at level 3: list_item: العربية + item-64 at level 3: list_item: Aragonés + item-65 at level 3: list_item: ܐܪܡܝܐ + item-66 at level 3: list_item: Armãneashti + item-67 at level 3: list_item: Asturianu + item-68 at level 3: list_item: Atikamekw + item-69 at level 3: list_item: Авар + item-70 at level 3: list_item: Aymar aru + item-71 at level 3: list_item: تۆرکجه + item-72 at level 3: list_item: Basa Bali + item-73 at level 3: list_item: বাংলা + item-74 at level 3: list_item: 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú + item-75 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская + item-76 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская (тарашкевіца) + item-77 at level 3: list_item: Bikol Central + item-78 at level 3: list_item: Български + item-79 at level 3: list_item: Brezhoneg + item-80 at level 3: list_item: Буряад + item-81 at level 3: list_item: Català + item-82 at level 3: list_item: Чӑвашла + item-83 at level 3: list_item: Čeština + item-84 at level 3: list_item: ChiShona + item-85 at level 3: list_item: Cymraeg + item-86 at level 3: list_item: Dagbanli + item-87 at level 3: list_item: Dansk + item-88 at level 3: list_item: Deitsch + item-89 at level 3: list_item: Deutsch + item-90 at level 3: list_item: डोटेली + item-91 at level 3: list_item: Ελληνικά + item-92 at level 3: list_item: Emiliàn e rumagnòl + item-93 at level 3: list_item: Español + item-94 at level 3: list_item: Esperanto + item-95 at level 3: list_item: Euskara + item-96 at level 3: list_item: فارسی + item-97 at level 3: list_item: Français + item-98 at level 3: list_item: Gaeilge + item-99 at level 3: list_item: Galego + item-100 at level 3: list_item: ГӀалгӀай + item-101 at level 3: list_item: 贛語 + item-102 at level 3: list_item: گیلکی + item-103 at level 3: list_item: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 + item-104 at level 3: list_item: गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni + item-105 at level 3: list_item: 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî + item-106 at level 3: list_item: 한국어 + item-107 at level 3: list_item: Hausa + item-108 at level 3: list_item: Հայերեն + item-109 at level 3: list_item: हिन्दी + item-110 at level 3: list_item: Hrvatski + item-111 at level 3: list_item: Ido + item-112 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Indonesia + item-113 at level 3: list_item: Iñupiatun + item-114 at level 3: list_item: Íslenska + item-115 at level 3: list_item: Italiano + item-116 at level 3: list_item: עברית + item-117 at level 3: list_item: Jawa + item-118 at level 3: list_item: ಕನ್ನಡ + item-119 at level 3: list_item: Kapampangan + item-120 at level 3: list_item: ქართული + item-121 at level 3: list_item: कॉशुर / کٲشُر + item-122 at level 3: list_item: Қазақша + item-123 at level 3: list_item: Ikirundi + item-124 at level 3: list_item: Kongo + item-125 at level 3: list_item: Kreyòl ayisyen + item-126 at level 3: list_item: Кырык мары + item-127 at level 3: list_item: ລາວ + item-128 at level 3: list_item: Latina + item-129 at level 3: list_item: Latviešu + item-130 at level 3: list_item: Lietuvių + item-131 at level 3: list_item: Li Niha + item-132 at level 3: list_item: Ligure + item-133 at level 3: list_item: Limburgs + item-134 at level 3: list_item: Lingála + item-135 at level 3: list_item: Malagasy + item-136 at level 3: list_item: മലയാളം + item-137 at level 3: list_item: मराठी + item-138 at level 3: list_item: مازِرونی + item-139 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Melayu + item-140 at level 3: list_item: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ + item-141 at level 3: list_item: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ + item-142 at level 3: list_item: Мокшень + item-143 at level 3: list_item: Монгол + item-144 at level 3: list_item: မြန်မာဘာသာ + item-145 at level 3: list_item: Nederlands + item-146 at level 3: list_item: Nedersaksies + item-147 at level 3: list_item: नेपाली + item-148 at level 3: list_item: नेपाल भाषा + item-149 at level 3: list_item: 日本語 + item-150 at level 3: list_item: Нохчийн + item-151 at level 3: list_item: Norsk nynorsk + item-152 at level 3: list_item: Occitan + item-153 at level 3: list_item: Oromoo + item-154 at level 3: list_item: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ + item-155 at level 3: list_item: Picard + item-156 at level 3: list_item: Plattdüütsch + item-157 at level 3: list_item: Polski + item-158 at level 3: list_item: Português + item-159 at level 3: list_item: Qırımtatarca + item-160 at level 3: list_item: Română + item-161 at level 3: list_item: Русский + item-162 at level 3: list_item: Саха тыла + item-163 at level 3: list_item: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ + item-164 at level 3: list_item: Sardu + item-165 at level 3: list_item: Scots + item-166 at level 3: list_item: Seeltersk + item-167 at level 3: list_item: Shqip + item-168 at level 3: list_item: Sicilianu + item-169 at level 3: list_item: සිංහල + item-170 at level 3: list_item: Simple English + item-171 at level 3: list_item: سنڌي + item-172 at level 3: list_item: کوردی + item-173 at level 3: list_item: Српски / srpski + item-174 at level 3: list_item: Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски + item-175 at level 3: list_item: Sunda + item-176 at level 3: list_item: Svenska + item-177 at level 3: list_item: Tagalog + item-178 at level 3: list_item: தமிழ் + item-179 at level 3: list_item: Taqbaylit + item-180 at level 3: list_item: Татарча / tatarça + item-181 at level 3: list_item: ไทย + item-182 at level 3: list_item: Türkçe + item-183 at level 3: list_item: Українська + item-184 at level 3: list_item: ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche + item-185 at level 3: list_item: Vahcuengh + item-186 at level 3: list_item: Tiếng Việt + item-187 at level 3: list_item: Walon + item-188 at level 3: list_item: 文言 + item-189 at level 3: list_item: Winaray + item-190 at level 3: list_item: 吴语 + item-191 at level 3: list_item: 粵語 + item-192 at level 3: list_item: Žemaitėška + item-193 at level 3: list_item: 中文 + item-194 at level 2: text: Edit links + item-195 at level 2: list: group list + item-196 at level 3: list_item: Article + item-197 at level 3: list_item: Talk + item-198 at level 2: text: English + item-199 at level 2: list: group list item-200 at level 2: list: group list item-201 at level 3: list_item: Read item-202 at level 3: list_item: View source item-203 at level 3: list_item: View history - item-204 at level 2: text: General - item-205 at level 2: list: group list - item-206 at level 3: list_item: What links here - item-207 at level 3: list_item: Related changes - item-208 at level 3: list_item: Upload file - item-209 at level 3: list_item: Special pages - item-210 at level 3: list_item: Permanent link - item-211 at level 3: list_item: Page information - item-212 at level 3: list_item: Cite this page - item-213 at level 3: list_item: Get shortened URL - item-214 at level 3: list_item: Download QR code - item-215 at level 3: list_item: Wikidata item - item-216 at level 2: text: Print/export - item-217 at level 2: list: group list - item-218 at level 3: list_item: Download as PDF - item-219 at level 3: list_item: Printable version - item-220 at level 2: text: In other projects - item-221 at level 2: list: group list - item-222 at level 3: list_item: Wikimedia Commons - item-223 at level 3: list_item: Wikiquote - item-224 at level 2: text: Appearance - item-225 at level 2: text: move to sidebar - item-226 at level 2: text: hide - item-227 at level 2: text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - item-228 at level 2: text: (Redirected from Duckling) - item-229 at level 2: text: Common name for many species of bird - item-230 at level 2: text: This article is about the bird. ... other uses, see Duck (disambiguation). - item-231 at level 2: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see Duckling (disambiguation). - item-232 at level 2: picture - item-233 at level 2: picture - item-234 at level 2: table with [13x2] - item-235 at level 2: text: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water. - item-236 at level 2: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots. - item-237 at level 2: section_header: Etymology - item-238 at level 3: text: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'. - item-239 at level 3: picture - item-239 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" - item-240 at level 3: text: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others. - item-241 at level 3: text: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling. - item-242 at level 3: text: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4] - item-243 at level 3: picture - item-243 at level 4: caption: Male mallard. - item-244 at level 3: picture - item-244 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks. - item-245 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy - item-246 at level 3: text: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9] - item-247 at level 3: picture - item-247 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach - item-248 at level 3: text: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14] - item-249 at level 3: text: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15] - item-250 at level 2: section_header: Morphology - item-251 at level 3: picture - item-251 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck - item-252 at level 3: text: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration. - item-253 at level 3: text: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. - item-254 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat - item-255 at level 3: text: See also: List of Anseriformes by population - item-256 at level 3: picture - item-256 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina - item-257 at level 3: text: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21] - item-258 at level 3: picture - item-258 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England - item-259 at level 3: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23] - item-260 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour - item-261 at level 3: section_header: Feeding - item-262 at level 4: picture - item-262 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill - item-263 at level 4: text: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs. - item-264 at level 4: text: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items. - item-265 at level 4: text: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly. - item-266 at level 4: text: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish. - item-267 at level 4: text: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn. - item-268 at level 4: text: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25] - item-269 at level 3: section_header: Breeding - item-270 at level 4: picture - item-270 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling - item-271 at level 4: text: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28] - item-272 at level 3: section_header: Communication - item-273 at level 4: text: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls. - item-274 at level 4: text: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32] - item-275 at level 3: section_header: Predators - item-276 at level 4: picture - item-276 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal - item-277 at level 4: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls. - item-278 at level 4: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks. - item-279 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans - item-280 at level 3: section_header: Hunting - item-281 at level 4: text: Main article: Waterfowl hunting - item-282 at level 4: text: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42] - item-283 at level 4: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44] - item-284 at level 3: section_header: Domestication - item-285 at level 4: text: Main article: Domestic duck - item-286 at level 4: picture - item-286 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks - item-287 at level 4: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48] - item-288 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry - item-289 at level 4: picture - item-289 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] - item-290 at level 4: text: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51] - item-291 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references - item-292 at level 4: text: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986. - item-293 at level 4: text: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55] - item-294 at level 2: section_header: See also - item-295 at level 3: list: group list - item-296 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal - item-297 at level 4: picture - item-298 at level 3: list: group list - item-299 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck - item-300 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food - item-301 at level 4: list_item: Duck test - item-302 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds - item-303 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks - item-304 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck - item-305 at level 2: section_header: Notes - item-306 at level 3: section_header: Citations - item-307 at level 4: list: group ordered list - item-308 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". The American Herit ... n Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. - item-309 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English ... Ltd. 2000-2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. - item-310 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139. - item-311 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566. - item-312 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536. - item-313 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737-738. - item-314 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452. - item-315 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353-354. - item-316 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540. - item-317 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191. - item-318 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 448. - item-319 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 622-623. - item-320 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 686. - item-321 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193. - item-322 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537. - item-323 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix. - item-324 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998. - item-325 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538. - item-326 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62. - item-327 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245. - item-328 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98-107. - item-329 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52-3. - item-330 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27. - item-331 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02. - item-332 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016. - item-333 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9. - item-334 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... 093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797. - item-335 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... l on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22. - item-336 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ... 9780557901562.[self-published source] - item-337 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... man & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707. - item-338 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... kers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02. - item-339 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003. - item-340 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171. - item-341 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243. - item-342 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65. - item-343 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68. - item-344 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42. - item-345 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876, p. 133. - item-346 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012, p. 23. - item-347 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 53. - item-348 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 52. - item-349 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167. - item-350 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774. - item-351 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019. - item-352 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25. - item-353 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... . Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23. - item-354 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23. - item-355 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9. - item-356 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... tto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3. - item-357 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021. - item-358 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021. - item-359 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... w Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019. - item-360 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database. - item-361 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Lau ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck. - item-362 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20. - item-363 at level 3: section_header: Sources - item-364 at level 4: list: group list - item-365 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. - item-366 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8. - item-367 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... ro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6. - item-368 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... /S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792. - item-369 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4. - item-370 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... usiness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0. - item-371 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. - item-372 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5. - item-373 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7. - item-374 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5. - item-375 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7. - item-376 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0. - item-377 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. - item-378 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. - item-379 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... on: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8. - item-380 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9. - item-381 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... ork: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168. - item-382 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0. - item-383 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7. - item-384 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... rk: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5. - item-385 at level 2: section_header: External links - item-386 at level 3: text: Duck at Wikipedia's sister projects - item-387 at level 3: list: group list - item-388 at level 4: list_item: Definitions from Wiktionary - item-389 at level 4: picture - item-390 at level 4: list_item: Media from Commons - item-391 at level 4: picture - item-392 at level 4: list_item: Quotations from Wikiquote - item-393 at level 4: picture - item-394 at level 4: list_item: Recipes from Wikibooks - item-395 at level 4: picture - item-396 at level 4: list_item: Taxa from Wikispecies - item-397 at level 4: picture - item-398 at level 4: list_item: Data from Wikidata - item-399 at level 4: picture - item-400 at level 3: list: group list - item-401 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts) - item-402 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine - item-403 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl - item-404 at level 3: picture - item-405 at level 3: table with [3x2] - item-406 at level 3: text: Retrieved from "https://en.wikip ... index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351" - item-407 at level 3: text: Categories: - item-408 at level 3: list: group list - item-409 at level 4: list_item: Ducks - item-410 at level 4: list_item: Game birds - item-411 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names - item-412 at level 3: text: Hidden categories: - item-413 at level 3: list: group list - item-414 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes - item-415 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020 - item-416 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) - item-417 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv) - item-418 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) - item-419 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description - item-420 at level 4: list_item: Short description is different from Wikidata - item-421 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages - item-422 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages - item-423 at level 4: list_item: Articles with 'species' microformats - item-424 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text - item-425 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Dutch-language text - item-426 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing German-language text - item-427 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Norwegian-language text - item-428 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Lithuanian-language text - item-429 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text - item-430 at level 4: list_item: All articles with self-published sources - item-431 at level 4: list_item: Articles with self-published sources from February 2020 - item-432 at level 4: list_item: All articles with unsourced statements - item-433 at level 4: list_item: Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022 - item-434 at level 4: list_item: CS1: long volume value - item-435 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch - item-436 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata - item-437 at level 4: list_item: Webarchive template wayback links - item-438 at level 4: list_item: Articles with Project Gutenberg links - item-439 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing video clips - item-440 at level 3: list: group list - item-441 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC). - item-442 at level 4: list_item: Text is available under the Crea ... tion, Inc., a non-profit organization. - item-443 at level 3: list: group list - item-444 at level 4: list_item: Privacy policy - item-445 at level 4: list_item: About Wikipedia - item-446 at level 4: list_item: Disclaimers - item-447 at level 4: list_item: Contact Wikipedia - item-448 at level 4: list_item: Code of Conduct - item-449 at level 4: list_item: Developers - item-450 at level 4: list_item: Statistics - item-451 at level 4: list_item: Cookie statement - item-452 at level 4: list_item: Mobile view - item-453 at level 3: list: group list - item-454 at level 4: picture - item-454 at level 5: caption: Wikimedia Foundation - item-455 at level 4: picture - item-455 at level 5: caption: Powered by MediaWiki - item-456 at level 3: list: group list - item-457 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" - item-458 at level 1: caption: Male mallard. - item-459 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks. - item-460 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach - item-461 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck - item-462 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina - item-463 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England - item-464 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill - item-465 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling - item-466 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal - item-467 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks - item-468 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] - item-469 at level 1: caption: Wikimedia Foundation - item-470 at level 1: caption: Powered by MediaWiki \ No newline at end of file + item-204 at level 2: text: Tools + item-205 at level 2: text: Tools + item-206 at level 2: text: move to sidebar + item-207 at level 2: text: hide + item-208 at level 2: text: Actions + item-209 at level 2: list: group list + item-210 at level 3: list_item: Read + item-211 at level 3: list_item: View source + item-212 at level 3: list_item: View history + item-213 at level 2: text: General + item-214 at level 2: list: group list + item-215 at level 3: list_item: What links here + item-216 at level 3: list_item: Related changes + item-217 at level 3: list_item: Upload file + item-218 at level 3: list_item: Special pages + item-219 at level 3: list_item: Permanent link + item-220 at level 3: list_item: Page information + item-221 at level 3: list_item: Cite this page + item-222 at level 3: list_item: Get shortened URL + item-223 at level 3: list_item: Download QR code + item-224 at level 3: list_item: Wikidata item + item-225 at level 2: text: Print/export + item-226 at level 2: list: group list + item-227 at level 3: list_item: Download as PDF + item-228 at level 3: list_item: Printable version + item-229 at level 2: text: In other projects + item-230 at level 2: list: group list + item-231 at level 3: list_item: Wikimedia Commons + item-232 at level 3: list_item: Wikiquote + item-233 at level 2: text: Appearance + item-234 at level 2: text: move to sidebar + item-235 at level 2: text: hide + item-236 at level 2: text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia + item-237 at level 2: inline: group group + item-238 at level 3: text: (Redirected from + item-239 at level 3: text: Duckling + item-240 at level 3: text: ) + item-241 at level 2: text: Common name for many species of bird + item-242 at level 2: inline: group group + item-243 at level 3: text: This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see + item-244 at level 3: text: Duck as food + item-245 at level 3: text: . For other uses, see + item-246 at level 3: text: Duck (disambiguation) + item-247 at level 3: text: . + item-248 at level 2: inline: group group + item-249 at level 3: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see + item-250 at level 3: text: Duckling (disambiguation) + item-251 at level 3: text: . + item-252 at level 2: picture + item-253 at level 2: picture + item-254 at level 2: table with [13x2] + item-255 at level 2: inline: group group + item-256 at level 3: text: Duck is the common name for numerous species of + item-257 at level 3: text: waterfowl + item-258 at level 3: text: in the + item-259 at level 3: text: family + item-260 at level 3: text: Anatidae + item-261 at level 3: text: . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than + item-262 at level 3: text: swans + item-263 at level 3: text: and + item-264 at level 3: text: geese + item-265 at level 3: text: , which are members of the same ... among several subfamilies, they are a + item-266 at level 3: text: form taxon + item-267 at level 3: text: ; they do not represent a + item-268 at level 3: text: monophyletic group + item-269 at level 3: text: (the group of all descendants of ... not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly + item-270 at level 3: text: aquatic birds + item-271 at level 3: text: , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. + item-272 at level 2: inline: group group + item-273 at level 3: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... ater birds with similar forms, such as + item-274 at level 3: text: loons + item-275 at level 3: text: or divers, + item-276 at level 3: text: grebes + item-277 at level 3: text: , + item-278 at level 3: text: gallinules + item-279 at level 3: text: and + item-280 at level 3: text: coots + item-281 at level 3: text: . + item-282 at level 2: section_header: Etymology + item-283 at level 3: inline: group group + item-284 at level 4: text: The word duck comes from + item-285 at level 4: text: Old English + item-286 at level 4: text: dūce 'diver', a derivative of th ... because of the way many species in the + item-287 at level 4: text: dabbling duck + item-288 at level 4: text: group feed by upending; compare with + item-289 at level 4: text: Dutch + item-290 at level 4: text: duiken and + item-291 at level 4: text: German + item-292 at level 4: text: tauchen 'to dive'. + item-293 at level 3: picture + item-293 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" + item-294 at level 3: inline: group group + item-295 at level 4: text: This word replaced Old English e ... example, Dutch eend , German Ente and + item-296 at level 4: text: Norwegian + item-297 at level 4: text: and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from + item-298 at level 4: text: Proto-Indo-European + item-299 at level 4: text: ; + item-300 at level 4: text: cf. + item-301 at level 4: text: Latin + item-302 at level 4: text: anas "duck", + item-303 at level 4: text: Lithuanian + item-304 at level 4: text: ántis 'duck', + item-305 at level 4: text: Ancient Greek + item-306 at level 4: text: νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and + item-307 at level 4: text: Sanskrit + item-308 at level 4: text: ātí 'water bird', among others. + item-309 at level 3: inline: group group + item-310 at level 4: text: A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage + item-311 at level 4: text: [ 1 ] + item-312 at level 4: text: or baby duck, + item-313 at level 4: text: [ 2 ] + item-314 at level 4: text: but in the food trade a young do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling. + item-315 at level 3: inline: group group + item-316 at level 4: text: A male is called a + item-317 at level 4: text: drake + item-318 at level 4: text: and the female is called a duck, or in + item-319 at level 4: text: ornithology + item-320 at level 4: text: a hen. + item-321 at level 4: text: [ 3 ] + item-322 at level 4: text: [ 4 ] + item-323 at level 3: picture + item-323 at level 4: caption: Male mallard . + item-324 at level 3: picture + item-324 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks . + item-325 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy + item-326 at level 3: inline: group group + item-327 at level 4: text: All ducks belong to the + item-328 at level 4: text: biological order + item-329 at level 4: text: Anseriformes + item-330 at level 4: text: , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the + item-331 at level 4: text: screamers + item-332 at level 4: text: , and the + item-333 at level 4: text: magpie goose + item-334 at level 4: text: . + item-335 at level 4: text: [ 5 ] + item-336 at level 4: text: All except the screamers belong to the + item-337 at level 4: text: biological family + item-338 at level 4: text: Anatidae + item-339 at level 4: text: . + item-340 at level 4: text: [ 5 ] + item-341 at level 4: text: Within the family, ducks are spl ... erable disagreement among taxonomists. + item-342 at level 4: text: [ 5 ] + item-343 at level 4: text: Some base their decisions on + item-344 at level 4: text: morphological characteristics + item-345 at level 4: text: , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies. + item-346 at level 4: text: [ 6 ] + item-347 at level 4: text: [ 7 ] + item-348 at level 4: text: The number of suggested subfamil ... taining ducks ranges from two to five. + item-349 at level 4: text: [ 8 ] + item-350 at level 4: text: [ 9 ] + item-351 at level 4: text: The significant level of + item-352 at level 4: text: hybridisation + item-353 at level 4: text: that occurs among wild ducks com ... relationships between various species. + item-354 at level 4: text: [ 9 ] + item-355 at level 3: picture + item-355 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach + item-356 at level 3: inline: group group + item-357 at level 4: text: In most modern classifications, ... split into a varying number of tribes. + item-358 at level 4: text: [ 10 ] + item-359 at level 4: text: The largest of these, the Anatin ... imarily at the surface of fresh water. + item-360 at level 4: text: [ 11 ] + item-361 at level 4: text: The 'diving ducks', also named f ... ng method, make up the tribe Aythyini. + item-362 at level 4: text: [ 12 ] + item-363 at level 4: text: The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mer ... majority of their lives in saltwater. + item-364 at level 4: text: [ 13 ] + item-365 at level 4: text: The tribe Oxyurini contains the ... r small size and stiff, upright tails. + item-366 at level 4: text: [ 14 ] + item-367 at level 3: inline: group group + item-368 at level 4: text: A number of other species called ... ed in other subfamilies or tribes. The + item-369 at level 4: text: whistling ducks + item-370 at level 4: text: are assigned either to a tribe ( ... y Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae, + item-371 at level 4: text: [ 15 ] + item-372 at level 4: text: or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae). + item-373 at level 4: text: [ 9 ] + item-374 at level 4: text: [ 16 ] + item-375 at level 4: text: The + item-376 at level 4: text: freckled duck + item-377 at level 4: text: of Australia is either the sole ... ctonettini in the subfamily Anserinae, + item-378 at level 4: text: [ 15 ] + item-379 at level 4: text: or in its own family, the Stictonettinae. + item-380 at level 4: text: [ 9 ] + item-381 at level 4: text: The + item-382 at level 4: text: shelducks + item-383 at level 4: text: make up the tribe Tadornini in t ... ily Anserinae in some classifications, + item-384 at level 4: text: [ 15 ] + item-385 at level 4: text: and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others, + item-386 at level 4: text: [ 17 ] + item-387 at level 4: text: while the + item-388 at level 4: text: steamer ducks + item-389 at level 4: text: are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini + item-390 at level 4: text: [ 15 ] + item-391 at level 4: text: or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini. + item-392 at level 4: text: [ 9 ] + item-393 at level 4: text: The + item-394 at level 4: text: perching ducks + item-395 at level 4: text: make up in the tribe Cairinini i ... members assigned to the tribe Anatini. + item-396 at level 4: text: [ 9 ] + item-397 at level 4: text: The + item-398 at level 4: text: torrent duck + item-399 at level 4: text: is generally included in the sub ... e in the monotypic tribe Merganettini, + item-400 at level 4: text: [ 15 ] + item-401 at level 4: text: but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini. + item-402 at level 4: text: [ 18 ] + item-403 at level 4: text: The + item-404 at level 4: text: pink-eared duck + item-405 at level 4: text: is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini + item-406 at level 4: text: [ 15 ] + item-407 at level 4: text: or the tribe Malacorhynchini, + item-408 at level 4: text: [ 19 ] + item-409 at level 4: text: and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini. + item-410 at level 4: text: [ 15 ] + item-411 at level 2: section_header: Morphology + item-412 at level 3: picture + item-412 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck + item-413 at level 3: inline: group group + item-414 at level 4: text: The overall + item-415 at level 4: text: body plan + item-416 at level 4: text: of ducks is elongated and broad, ... t from this in being more rounded. The + item-417 at level 4: text: bill + item-418 at level 4: text: is usually broad and contains serrated + item-419 at level 4: text: pectens + item-420 at level 4: text: , which are particularly well de ... e generally short and pointed, and the + item-421 at level 4: text: flight + item-422 at level 4: text: of ducks requires fast continuou ... strong wing muscles. Three species of + item-423 at level 4: text: steamer duck + item-424 at level 4: text: are almost flightless, however. ... duck are temporarily flightless while + item-425 at level 4: text: moulting + item-426 at level 4: text: ; they seek out protected habita ... period. This moult typically precedes + item-427 at level 4: text: migration + item-428 at level 4: text: . + item-429 at level 3: inline: group group + item-430 at level 4: text: The drakes of northern species often have extravagant + item-431 at level 4: text: plumage + item-432 at level 4: text: , but that is + item-433 at level 4: text: moulted + item-434 at level 4: text: in summer to give a more female- ... n resident species typically show less + item-435 at level 4: text: sexual dimorphism + item-436 at level 4: text: , although there are exceptions such as the + item-437 at level 4: text: paradise shelduck + item-438 at level 4: text: of + item-439 at level 4: text: New Zealand + item-440 at level 4: text: , which is both strikingly sexua ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. + item-441 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat + item-442 at level 3: inline: group group + item-443 at level 4: text: See also: + item-444 at level 4: text: List of Anseriformes by population + item-445 at level 3: picture + item-445 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia , Argentina + item-446 at level 3: inline: group group + item-447 at level 4: text: Ducks have a + item-448 at level 4: text: cosmopolitan distribution + item-449 at level 4: text: , and are found on every continent except Antarctica. + item-450 at level 4: text: [ 5 ] + item-451 at level 4: text: Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including + item-452 at level 4: text: South Georgia + item-453 at level 4: text: and the + item-454 at level 4: text: Auckland Islands + item-455 at level 4: text: . + item-456 at level 4: text: [ 20 ] + item-457 at level 4: text: Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the + item-458 at level 4: text: Hawaiian Islands + item-459 at level 4: text: , + item-460 at level 4: text: Micronesia + item-461 at level 4: text: and the + item-462 at level 4: text: Galápagos Islands + item-463 at level 4: text: , where they are often + item-464 at level 4: text: vagrants + item-465 at level 4: text: and less often + item-466 at level 4: text: residents + item-467 at level 4: text: . + item-468 at level 4: text: [ 21 ] + item-469 at level 4: text: [ 22 ] + item-470 at level 4: text: A handful are + item-471 at level 4: text: endemic + item-472 at level 4: text: to such far-flung islands. + item-473 at level 4: text: [ 21 ] + item-474 at level 3: picture + item-474 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall , England + item-475 at level 3: inline: group group + item-476 at level 4: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... that form after localised heavy rain. + item-477 at level 4: text: [ 23 ] + item-478 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour + item-479 at level 3: section_header: Feeding + item-480 at level 4: picture + item-480 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill + item-481 at level 4: inline: group group + item-482 at level 5: text: Ducks eat food sources such as + item-483 at level 5: text: grasses + item-484 at level 5: text: , aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small + item-485 at level 5: text: molluscs + item-486 at level 5: text: . + item-487 at level 4: inline: group group + item-488 at level 5: text: Dabbling ducks + item-489 at level 5: text: feed on the surface of water or ... -ending without completely submerging. + item-490 at level 5: text: [ 24 ] + item-491 at level 5: text: Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a + item-492 at level 5: text: pecten + item-493 at level 5: text: . This strains the water squirti ... thers and to hold slippery food items. + item-494 at level 4: inline: group group + item-495 at level 5: text: Diving ducks + item-496 at level 5: text: and + item-497 at level 5: text: sea ducks + item-498 at level 5: text: forage deep underwater. To be ab ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly. + item-499 at level 4: inline: group group + item-500 at level 5: text: A few specialized species such as the + item-501 at level 5: text: mergansers + item-502 at level 5: text: are adapted to catch and swallow large fish. + item-503 at level 4: inline: group group + item-504 at level 5: text: The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to + item-505 at level 5: text: dredging + item-506 at level 5: text: -type jobs such as pulling up wa ... y when digging into sediment it has no + item-507 at level 5: text: cere + item-508 at level 5: text: , but the nostrils come out through hard horn. + item-509 at level 4: inline: group group + item-510 at level 5: text: The Guardian + item-511 at level 5: text: published an article advising th ... hould not be fed with bread because it + item-512 at level 5: text: damages the health of the ducks + item-513 at level 5: text: and pollutes waterways. + item-514 at level 5: text: [ 25 ] + item-515 at level 3: section_header: Breeding + item-516 at level 4: picture + item-516 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling + item-517 at level 4: inline: group group + item-518 at level 5: text: Ducks generally + item-519 at level 5: text: only have one partner at a time + item-520 at level 5: text: , although the partnership usually only lasts one year. + item-521 at level 5: text: [ 26 ] + item-522 at level 5: text: Larger species and the more sede ... e pair-bonds that last numerous years. + item-523 at level 5: text: [ 27 ] + item-524 at level 5: text: Most duck species breed once a y ... ng to do so in favourable conditions ( + item-525 at level 5: text: spring + item-526 at level 5: text: /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a + item-527 at level 5: text: nest + item-528 at level 5: text: before breeding, and, after hatc ... out of (such as nesting in an enclosed + item-529 at level 5: text: courtyard + item-530 at level 5: text: ) or are not prospering due to g ... e nest and led her ducklings to water. + item-531 at level 5: text: [ 28 ] + item-532 at level 3: section_header: Communication + item-533 at level 4: inline: group group + item-534 at level 5: text: Female + item-535 at level 5: text: mallard + item-536 at level 5: text: ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the + item-537 at level 5: text: American + item-538 at level 5: text: and + item-539 at level 5: text: Pacific black ducks + item-540 at level 5: text: , + item-541 at level 5: text: spot-billed duck + item-542 at level 5: text: , + item-543 at level 5: text: northern pintail + item-544 at level 5: text: and + item-545 at level 5: text: common teal + item-546 at level 5: text: ) make the classic "quack" sound ... at is sometimes written as "breeeeze", + item-547 at level 5: text: [ 29 ] + item-548 at level 5: text: [ + item-549 at level 5: text: self-published source? + item-550 at level 5: text: ] but, despite widespread miscon ... , most species of duck do not "quack". + item-551 at level 5: text: [ 30 ] + item-552 at level 5: text: In general, ducks make a range of + item-553 at level 5: text: calls + item-554 at level 5: text: , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the + item-555 at level 5: text: scaup + item-556 at level 5: text: - which are + item-557 at level 5: text: diving ducks + item-558 at level 5: text: - make a noise like "scaup" (hen ... laying calls or quieter contact calls. + item-559 at level 4: inline: group group + item-560 at level 5: text: A common + item-561 at level 5: text: urban legend + item-562 at level 5: text: claims that duck quacks do not e ... y the Acoustics Research Centre at the + item-563 at level 5: text: University of Salford + item-564 at level 5: text: in 2003 as part of the + item-565 at level 5: text: British Association + item-566 at level 5: text: 's Festival of Science. + item-567 at level 5: text: [ 31 ] + item-568 at level 5: text: It was also debunked in + item-569 at level 5: text: one of the earlier episodes + item-570 at level 5: text: of the popular Discovery Channel television show + item-571 at level 5: text: MythBusters + item-572 at level 5: text: . + item-573 at level 5: text: [ 32 ] + item-574 at level 3: section_header: Predators + item-575 at level 4: picture + item-575 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal + item-576 at level 4: inline: group group + item-577 at level 5: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... ory birds but also for large fish like + item-578 at level 5: text: pike + item-579 at level 5: text: , + item-580 at level 5: text: crocodilians + item-581 at level 5: text: , predatory + item-582 at level 5: text: testudines + item-583 at level 5: text: such as the + item-584 at level 5: text: alligator snapping turtle + item-585 at level 5: text: , and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as + item-586 at level 5: text: herons + item-587 at level 5: text: . Ducks' nests are raided by lan ... naware on the nest by mammals, such as + item-588 at level 5: text: foxes + item-589 at level 5: text: , or large birds, such as + item-590 at level 5: text: hawks + item-591 at level 5: text: or + item-592 at level 5: text: owls + item-593 at level 5: text: . + item-594 at level 4: inline: group group + item-595 at level 5: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... ng big fish such as the North American + item-596 at level 5: text: muskie + item-597 at level 5: text: and the European + item-598 at level 5: text: pike + item-599 at level 5: text: . In flight, ducks are safe from ... a few predators such as humans and the + item-600 at level 5: text: peregrine falcon + item-601 at level 5: text: , which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks. + item-602 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans + item-603 at level 3: section_header: Hunting + item-604 at level 4: inline: group group + item-605 at level 5: text: Main article: + item-606 at level 5: text: Waterfowl hunting + item-607 at level 4: inline: group group + item-608 at level 5: text: Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of + item-609 at level 5: text: middens + item-610 at level 5: text: in California dating to 7800 - 6400 + item-611 at level 5: text: BP + item-612 at level 5: text: have turned up bones of ducks, i ... st one now-extinct flightless species. + item-613 at level 5: text: [ 33 ] + item-614 at level 5: text: Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by + item-615 at level 5: text: Holocene + item-616 at level 5: text: inhabitants of the lower + item-617 at level 5: text: Ohio River + item-618 at level 5: text: valley, suggesting they took adv ... ounty provided by migrating waterfowl. + item-619 at level 5: text: [ 34 ] + item-620 at level 5: text: Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean, + item-621 at level 5: text: [ 35 ] + item-622 at level 5: text: Scandinavia, + item-623 at level 5: text: [ 36 ] + item-624 at level 5: text: Egypt, + item-625 at level 5: text: [ 37 ] + item-626 at level 5: text: Switzerland, + item-627 at level 5: text: [ 38 ] + item-628 at level 5: text: and China relied on ducks as a s ... f protein for some or all of the year. + item-629 at level 5: text: [ 39 ] + item-630 at level 5: text: Archeological evidence shows that + item-631 at level 5: text: Māori people + item-632 at level 5: text: in New Zealand hunted the flightless + item-633 at level 5: text: Finsch's duck + item-634 at level 5: text: , possibly to extinction, though ... may also have contributed to its fate. + item-635 at level 5: text: [ 40 ] + item-636 at level 5: text: A similar end awaited the + item-637 at level 5: text: Chatham duck + item-638 at level 5: text: , a species with reduced flying ... was colonised by Polynesian settlers. + item-639 at level 5: text: [ 41 ] + item-640 at level 5: text: It is probable that duck eggs we ... ugh hard evidence of this is uncommon. + item-641 at level 5: text: [ 35 ] + item-642 at level 5: text: [ 42 ] + item-643 at level 4: inline: group group + item-644 at level 5: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... he wild) are hunted for food or sport, + item-645 at level 5: text: [ 43 ] + item-646 at level 5: text: by shooting, or by being trapped using + item-647 at level 5: text: duck decoys + item-648 at level 5: text: . Because an idle floating duck ... n "an easy target". These ducks may be + item-649 at level 5: text: contaminated by pollutants + item-650 at level 5: text: such as + item-651 at level 5: text: PCBs + item-652 at level 5: text: . + item-653 at level 5: text: [ 44 ] + item-654 at level 3: section_header: Domestication + item-655 at level 4: inline: group group + item-656 at level 5: text: Main article: + item-657 at level 5: text: Domestic duck + item-658 at level 4: picture + item-658 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks , a common breed of domestic ducks + item-659 at level 4: inline: group group + item-660 at level 5: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... eggs, and feathers (particularly their + item-661 at level 5: text: down + item-662 at level 5: text: ). Approximately 3 billion ducks ... ughtered each year for meat worldwide. + item-663 at level 5: text: [ 45 ] + item-664 at level 5: text: They are also kept and bred by a ... domestic ducks are descended from the + item-665 at level 5: text: mallard + item-666 at level 5: text: ( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the + item-667 at level 5: text: Muscovy duck + item-668 at level 5: text: ( Cairina moschata ). + item-669 at level 5: text: [ 46 ] + item-670 at level 5: text: [ 47 ] + item-671 at level 5: text: The + item-672 at level 5: text: Call duck + item-673 at level 5: text: is another example of a domestic ... as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). + item-674 at level 5: text: [ 48 ] + item-675 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry + item-676 at level 4: picture + item-676 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka [ 49 ] + item-677 at level 4: inline: group group + item-678 at level 5: text: Ducks appear on several + item-679 at level 5: text: coats of arms + item-680 at level 5: text: , including the coat of arms of + item-681 at level 5: text: Lubāna + item-682 at level 5: text: ( + item-683 at level 5: text: Latvia + item-684 at level 5: text: ) + item-685 at level 5: text: [ 50 ] + item-686 at level 5: text: and the coat of arms of + item-687 at level 5: text: Föglö + item-688 at level 5: text: ( + item-689 at level 5: text: Åland + item-690 at level 5: text: ). + item-691 at level 5: text: [ 51 ] + item-692 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references + item-693 at level 4: inline: group group + item-694 at level 5: text: In 2002, psychologist + item-695 at level 5: text: Richard Wiseman + item-696 at level 5: text: and colleagues at the + item-697 at level 5: text: University of Hertfordshire + item-698 at level 5: text: , + item-699 at level 5: text: UK + item-700 at level 5: text: , finished a year-long + item-701 at level 5: text: LaughLab + item-702 at level 5: text: experiment, concluding that of a ... involving an animal, make it a duck." + item-703 at level 5: text: [ 52 ] + item-704 at level 5: text: The word "duck" may have become an + item-705 at level 5: text: inherently funny word + item-706 at level 5: text: in many languages, possibly beca ... n their looks or behavior. Of the many + item-707 at level 5: text: ducks in fiction + item-708 at level 5: text: , many are cartoon characters, such as + item-709 at level 5: text: Walt Disney + item-710 at level 5: text: 's + item-711 at level 5: text: Donald Duck + item-712 at level 5: text: , and + item-713 at level 5: text: Warner Bros. + item-714 at level 5: text: ' + item-715 at level 5: text: Daffy Duck + item-716 at level 5: text: . + item-717 at level 5: text: Howard the Duck + item-718 at level 5: text: started as a comic book character in 1973 + item-719 at level 5: text: [ 53 ] + item-720 at level 5: text: [ 54 ] + item-721 at level 5: text: and was made into a + item-722 at level 5: text: movie + item-723 at level 5: text: in 1986. + item-724 at level 4: inline: group group + item-725 at level 5: text: The 1992 Disney film + item-726 at level 5: text: The Mighty Ducks + item-727 at level 5: text: , starring + item-728 at level 5: text: Emilio Estevez + item-729 at level 5: text: , chose the duck as the mascot f ... e nickname and mascot for the eventual + item-730 at level 5: text: National Hockey League + item-731 at level 5: text: professional team of the + item-732 at level 5: text: Anaheim Ducks + item-733 at level 5: text: , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [ + item-734 at level 5: text: citation needed + item-735 at level 5: text: ] The duck is also the nickname of the + item-736 at level 5: text: University of Oregon + item-737 at level 5: text: sports teams as well as the + item-738 at level 5: text: Long Island Ducks + item-739 at level 5: text: minor league + item-740 at level 5: text: baseball + item-741 at level 5: text: team. + item-742 at level 5: text: [ 55 ] + item-743 at level 2: section_header: See also + item-744 at level 3: list: group list + item-745 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal + item-746 at level 4: picture + item-747 at level 3: list: group list + item-748 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck + item-749 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food + item-750 at level 4: list_item: Duck test + item-751 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds + item-752 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks + item-753 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck + item-754 at level 2: section_header: Notes + item-755 at level 3: section_header: Citations + item-756 at level 4: list: group ordered list + item-757 at level 5: list_item: + item-758 at level 6: inline: group group + item-759 at level 7: text: ^ + item-760 at level 7: text: "Duckling" + item-761 at level 7: text: . The American Heritage Dictiona ... Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 . + item-762 at level 5: list_item: + item-763 at level 6: inline: group group + item-764 at level 7: text: ^ + item-765 at level 7: text: "Duckling" + item-766 at level 7: text: . Kernerman English Multilingual ... td. 2000-2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 . + item-767 at level 5: list_item: + item-768 at level 6: inline: group group + item-769 at level 7: text: ^ + item-770 at level 7: text: Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). + item-771 at level 7: text: The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds + item-772 at level 7: text: . Yale University Press. + item-773 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-774 at level 7: text: 978-0300138139 + item-775 at level 7: text: . + item-776 at level 5: list_item: + item-777 at level 6: inline: group group + item-778 at level 7: text: ^ + item-779 at level 7: text: Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). + item-780 at level 7: text: How to Draw Cartoon Birds + item-781 at level 7: text: . The Rosen Publishing Group. + item-782 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-783 at level 7: text: 9780823961566 + item-784 at level 7: text: . + item-785 at level 5: list_item: + item-786 at level 6: inline: group group + item-787 at level 7: text: ^ + item-788 at level 7: text: a + item-789 at level 7: text: b + item-790 at level 7: text: c + item-791 at level 7: text: d + item-792 at level 7: text: Carboneras 1992 + item-793 at level 7: text: , p. 536. + item-794 at level 5: list_item: + item-795 at level 6: inline: group group + item-796 at level 7: text: ^ + item-797 at level 7: text: Livezey 1986 + item-798 at level 7: text: , pp. 737-738. + item-799 at level 5: list_item: + item-800 at level 6: inline: group group + item-801 at level 7: text: ^ + item-802 at level 7: text: Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988 + item-803 at level 7: text: , p. 452. + item-804 at level 5: list_item: + item-805 at level 6: inline: group group + item-806 at level 7: text: ^ + item-807 at level 7: text: Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002 + item-808 at level 7: text: , pp. 353-354. + item-809 at level 5: list_item: + item-810 at level 6: inline: group group + item-811 at level 7: text: ^ + item-812 at level 7: text: a + item-813 at level 7: text: b + item-814 at level 7: text: c + item-815 at level 7: text: d + item-816 at level 7: text: e + item-817 at level 7: text: f + item-818 at level 7: text: Carboneras 1992 + item-819 at level 7: text: , p. 540. + item-820 at level 5: list_item: + item-821 at level 6: inline: group group + item-822 at level 7: text: ^ + item-823 at level 7: text: Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 + item-824 at level 7: text: , p. 191. + item-825 at level 5: list_item: + item-826 at level 6: inline: group group + item-827 at level 7: text: ^ + item-828 at level 7: text: Kear 2005 + item-829 at level 7: text: , p. 448. + item-830 at level 5: list_item: + item-831 at level 6: inline: group group + item-832 at level 7: text: ^ + item-833 at level 7: text: Kear 2005 + item-834 at level 7: text: , p. 622-623. + item-835 at level 5: list_item: + item-836 at level 6: inline: group group + item-837 at level 7: text: ^ + item-838 at level 7: text: Kear 2005 + item-839 at level 7: text: , p. 686. + item-840 at level 5: list_item: + item-841 at level 6: inline: group group + item-842 at level 7: text: ^ + item-843 at level 7: text: Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 + item-844 at level 7: text: , p. 193. + item-845 at level 5: list_item: + item-846 at level 6: inline: group group + item-847 at level 7: text: ^ + item-848 at level 7: text: a + item-849 at level 7: text: b + item-850 at level 7: text: c + item-851 at level 7: text: d + item-852 at level 7: text: e + item-853 at level 7: text: f + item-854 at level 7: text: g + item-855 at level 7: text: Carboneras 1992 + item-856 at level 7: text: , p. 537. + item-857 at level 5: list_item: + item-858 at level 6: inline: group group + item-859 at level 7: text: ^ + item-860 at level 7: text: American Ornithologists' Union 1998 + item-861 at level 7: text: , p. xix. + item-862 at level 5: list_item: + item-863 at level 6: inline: group group + item-864 at level 7: text: ^ + item-865 at level 7: text: American Ornithologists' Union 1998 + item-866 at level 7: text: . + item-867 at level 5: list_item: + item-868 at level 6: inline: group group + item-869 at level 7: text: ^ + item-870 at level 7: text: Carboneras 1992 + item-871 at level 7: text: , p. 538. + item-872 at level 5: list_item: + item-873 at level 6: inline: group group + item-874 at level 7: text: ^ + item-875 at level 7: text: Christidis & Boles 2008 + item-876 at level 7: text: , p. 62. + item-877 at level 5: list_item: + item-878 at level 6: inline: group group + item-879 at level 7: text: ^ + item-880 at level 7: text: Shirihai 2008 + item-881 at level 7: text: , pp. 239, 245. + item-882 at level 5: list_item: + item-883 at level 6: inline: group group + item-884 at level 7: text: ^ + item-885 at level 7: text: a + item-886 at level 7: text: b + item-887 at level 7: text: Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987 + item-888 at level 7: text: , pp. 98-107. + item-889 at level 5: list_item: + item-890 at level 6: inline: group group + item-891 at level 7: text: ^ + item-892 at level 7: text: Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000 + item-893 at level 7: text: , pp. 52-3. + item-894 at level 5: list_item: + item-895 at level 6: inline: group group + item-896 at level 7: text: ^ + item-897 at level 7: text: "Pacific Black Duck" + item-898 at level 7: text: . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 . + item-899 at level 5: list_item: + item-900 at level 6: inline: group group + item-901 at level 7: text: ^ + item-902 at level 7: text: Ogden, Evans. + item-903 at level 7: text: "Dabbling Ducks" + item-904 at level 7: text: . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 . + item-905 at level 5: list_item: + item-906 at level 6: inline: group group + item-907 at level 7: text: ^ + item-908 at level 7: text: Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). + item-909 at level 7: text: "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists" + item-910 at level 7: text: . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . + item-911 at level 5: list_item: + item-912 at level 6: inline: group group + item-913 at level 7: text: ^ + item-914 at level 7: text: Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mich ... l". Current Ornithology . pp. 187-221. + item-915 at level 7: text: doi + item-916 at level 7: text: : + item-917 at level 7: text: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4 + item-918 at level 7: text: . + item-919 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-920 at level 7: text: 978-1-4615-6789-9 + item-921 at level 7: text: . + item-922 at level 5: list_item: + item-923 at level 6: inline: group group + item-924 at level 7: text: ^ + item-925 at level 7: text: Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Ro ... Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). + item-926 at level 7: text: "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks" + item-927 at level 7: text: . The Condor . 102 (1): 201-205. + item-928 at level 7: text: doi + item-929 at level 7: text: : + item-930 at level 7: text: 10.1093/condor/102.1.201 + item-931 at level 7: text: . + item-932 at level 7: text: hdl + item-933 at level 7: text: : + item-934 at level 7: text: 10315/13797 + item-935 at level 7: text: . + item-936 at level 5: list_item: + item-937 at level 6: inline: group group + item-938 at level 7: text: ^ + item-939 at level 7: text: "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber" + item-940 at level 7: text: . wildliferehabber.com . Archived from + item-941 at level 7: text: the original + item-942 at level 7: text: on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 . + item-943 at level 5: list_item: + item-944 at level 6: inline: group group + item-945 at level 7: text: ^ + item-946 at level 7: text: Carver, Heather (2011). + item-947 at level 7: text: The Duck Bible + item-948 at level 7: text: . Lulu.com. + item-949 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-950 at level 7: text: 9780557901562 + item-951 at level 7: text: . [ + item-952 at level 7: text: self-published source + item-953 at level 7: text: ] + item-954 at level 5: list_item: + item-955 at level 6: inline: group group + item-956 at level 7: text: ^ + item-957 at level 7: text: Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). + item-958 at level 7: text: Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends + item-959 at level 7: text: . Rowman & Littlefield. + item-960 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-961 at level 7: text: 9780762797707 + item-962 at level 7: text: . + item-963 at level 5: list_item: + item-964 at level 6: inline: group group + item-965 at level 7: text: ^ + item-966 at level 7: text: Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). + item-967 at level 7: text: "Sound science is quackers" + item-968 at level 7: text: . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 . + item-969 at level 5: list_item: + item-970 at level 6: inline: group group + item-971 at level 7: text: ^ + item-972 at level 7: text: "Mythbusters Episode 8" + item-973 at level 7: text: . 12 December 2003. + item-974 at level 5: list_item: + item-975 at level 6: inline: group group + item-976 at level 7: text: ^ + item-977 at level 7: text: Erlandson 1994 + item-978 at level 7: text: , p. 171. + item-979 at level 5: list_item: + item-980 at level 6: inline: group group + item-981 at level 7: text: ^ + item-982 at level 7: text: Jeffries 2008 + item-983 at level 7: text: , pp. 168, 243. + item-984 at level 5: list_item: + item-985 at level 6: inline: group group + item-986 at level 7: text: ^ + item-987 at level 7: text: a + item-988 at level 7: text: b + item-989 at level 7: text: Sued-Badillo 2003 + item-990 at level 7: text: , p. 65. + item-991 at level 5: list_item: + item-992 at level 6: inline: group group + item-993 at level 7: text: ^ + item-994 at level 7: text: Thorpe 1996 + item-995 at level 7: text: , p. 68. + item-996 at level 5: list_item: + item-997 at level 6: inline: group group + item-998 at level 7: text: ^ + item-999 at level 7: text: Maisels 1999 + item-1000 at level 7: text: , p. 42. + item-1001 at level 5: list_item: + item-1002 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1003 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1004 at level 7: text: Rau 1876 + item-1005 at level 7: text: , p. 133. + item-1006 at level 5: list_item: + item-1007 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1008 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1009 at level 7: text: Higman 2012 + item-1010 at level 7: text: , p. 23. + item-1011 at level 5: list_item: + item-1012 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1013 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1014 at level 7: text: Hume 2012 + item-1015 at level 7: text: , p. 53. + item-1016 at level 5: list_item: + item-1017 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1018 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1019 at level 7: text: Hume 2012 + item-1020 at level 7: text: , p. 52. + item-1021 at level 5: list_item: + item-1022 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1023 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1024 at level 7: text: Fieldhouse 2002 + item-1025 at level 7: text: , p. 167. + item-1026 at level 5: list_item: + item-1027 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1028 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1029 at level 7: text: Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). + item-1030 at level 7: text: Guide to Edible Plants and Animals + item-1031 at level 7: text: . Wordsworth Editions, Limited. + item-1032 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1033 at level 7: text: 9781853263774 + item-1034 at level 7: text: . + item-1035 at level 5: list_item: + item-1036 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1037 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1038 at level 7: text: "Study plan for waterfowl injury ... ns in Hudson river resident waterfowl" + item-1039 at level 7: text: (PDF) . New York State Departmen ... ment of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. + item-1040 at level 7: text: Archived + item-1041 at level 7: text: (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 . + item-1042 at level 5: list_item: + item-1043 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1044 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1045 at level 7: text: "FAOSTAT" + item-1046 at level 7: text: . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 . + item-1047 at level 5: list_item: + item-1048 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1049 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1050 at level 7: text: "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Du ... f - The University of Texas at Austin" + item-1051 at level 7: text: . Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . + item-1052 at level 5: list_item: + item-1053 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1054 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1055 at level 7: text: Sy Montgomery. + item-1056 at level 7: text: "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica" + item-1057 at level 7: text: . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . + item-1058 at level 5: list_item: + item-1059 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1060 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1061 at level 7: text: Glenday, Craig (2014). + item-1062 at level 7: text: Guinness World Records + item-1063 at level 7: text: . Guinness World Records Limited. pp. + item-1064 at level 7: text: 135 + item-1065 at level 7: text: . + item-1066 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1067 at level 7: text: 978-1-908843-15-9 + item-1068 at level 7: text: . + item-1069 at level 5: list_item: + item-1070 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1071 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1072 at level 7: text: Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Fin ... Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. + item-1073 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1074 at level 7: text: 951-773-085-3 + item-1075 at level 7: text: . + item-1076 at level 5: list_item: + item-1077 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1078 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1079 at level 7: text: "Lubānas simbolika" + item-1080 at level 7: text: (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . + item-1081 at level 5: list_item: + item-1082 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1083 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1084 at level 7: text: "Föglö" + item-1085 at level 7: text: (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . + item-1086 at level 5: list_item: + item-1087 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1088 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1089 at level 7: text: Young, Emma. + item-1090 at level 7: text: "World's funniest joke revealed" + item-1091 at level 7: text: . New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 . + item-1092 at level 5: list_item: + item-1093 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1094 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1095 at level 7: text: "Howard the Duck (character)" + item-1096 at level 7: text: . + item-1097 at level 7: text: Grand Comics Database + item-1098 at level 7: text: . + item-1099 at level 5: list_item: + item-1100 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1101 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1102 at level 7: text: Sanderson, Peter + item-1103 at level 7: text: ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s" ... Year History . London, United Kingdom: + item-1104 at level 7: text: Dorling Kindersley + item-1105 at level 7: text: . p. 161. + item-1106 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1107 at level 7: text: 978-0756641238 + item-1108 at level 7: text: . December saw the debut of the ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck. + item-1109 at level 5: list_item: + item-1110 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1111 at level 7: text: ^ + item-1112 at level 7: text: "The Duck" + item-1113 at level 7: text: . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 . + item-1114 at level 3: section_header: Sources + item-1115 at level 4: list: group list + item-1116 at level 5: list_item: + item-1117 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1118 at level 7: text: American Ornithologists' Union (1998). + item-1119 at level 7: text: Checklist of North American Birds + item-1120 at level 7: text: (PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. + item-1121 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1122 at level 7: text: 978-1-891276-00-2 + item-1123 at level 7: text: . + item-1124 at level 7: text: Archived + item-1125 at level 7: text: (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. + item-1126 at level 5: list_item: + item-1127 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1128 at level 7: text: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... ch to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. + item-1129 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1130 at level 7: text: 978-84-87334-10-8 + item-1131 at level 7: text: . + item-1132 at level 5: list_item: + item-1133 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1134 at level 7: text: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. + item-1135 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1136 at level 7: text: 978-0-643-06511-6 + item-1137 at level 7: text: . + item-1138 at level 5: list_item: + item-1139 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1140 at level 7: text: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... etics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339-356. + item-1141 at level 7: text: Bibcode + item-1142 at level 7: text: : + item-1143 at level 7: text: 2002MolPE..23..339D + item-1144 at level 7: text: . + item-1145 at level 7: text: doi + item-1146 at level 7: text: : + item-1147 at level 7: text: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2 + item-1148 at level 7: text: . + item-1149 at level 7: text: PMID + item-1150 at level 7: text: 12099792 + item-1151 at level 7: text: . + item-1152 at level 5: list_item: + item-1153 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1154 at level 7: text: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm. + item-1155 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1156 at level 7: text: 978-0-7136-6250-4 + item-1157 at level 7: text: . + item-1158 at level 5: list_item: + item-1159 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1160 at level 7: text: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). + item-1161 at level 7: text: Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast + item-1162 at level 7: text: . New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. + item-1163 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1164 at level 7: text: 978-1-4419-3231-0 + item-1165 at level 7: text: . + item-1166 at level 5: list_item: + item-1167 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1168 at level 7: text: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). + item-1169 at level 7: text: Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Ency ... dia of Food Culture in World Religions + item-1170 at level 7: text: . Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. + item-1171 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1172 at level 7: text: 978-1-61069-412-4 + item-1173 at level 7: text: . + item-1174 at level 5: list_item: + item-1175 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1176 at level 7: text: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... ceton, NJ: Princeton University Press. + item-1177 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1178 at level 7: text: 978-0-691-10295-5 + item-1179 at level 7: text: . + item-1180 at level 5: list_item: + item-1181 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1182 at level 7: text: Higman, B. W. (2012). + item-1183 at level 7: text: How Food Made History + item-1184 at level 7: text: . Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. + item-1185 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1186 at level 7: text: 978-1-4051-8947-7 + item-1187 at level 7: text: . + item-1188 at level 5: list_item: + item-1189 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1190 at level 7: text: Hume, Julian H. (2012). + item-1191 at level 7: text: Extinct Birds + item-1192 at level 7: text: . London: Christopher Helm. + item-1193 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1194 at level 7: text: 978-1-4729-3744-5 + item-1195 at level 7: text: . + item-1196 at level 5: list_item: + item-1197 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1198 at level 7: text: Jeffries, Richard (2008). + item-1199 at level 7: text: Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley + item-1200 at level 7: text: . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. + item-1201 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1202 at level 7: text: 978-0-8173-1658-7 + item-1203 at level 7: text: . + item-1204 at level 5: list_item: + item-1205 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1206 at level 7: text: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... orld. Oxford: Oxford University Press. + item-1207 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1208 at level 7: text: 978-0-19-861009-0 + item-1209 at level 7: text: . + item-1210 at level 5: list_item: + item-1211 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1212 at level 7: text: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). + item-1213 at level 7: text: "A phylogenetic analysis of rece ... genera using morphological characters" + item-1214 at level 7: text: (PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737-754. + item-1215 at level 7: text: doi + item-1216 at level 7: text: : + item-1217 at level 7: text: 10.1093/auk/103.4.737 + item-1218 at level 7: text: . + item-1219 at level 7: text: Archived + item-1220 at level 7: text: (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. + item-1221 at level 5: list_item: + item-1222 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1223 at level 7: text: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). + item-1224 at level 7: text: "A partial classification of wat ... l (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA" + item-1225 at level 7: text: (PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452-459. + item-1226 at level 7: text: doi + item-1227 at level 7: text: : + item-1228 at level 7: text: 10.1093/auk/105.3.452 + item-1229 at level 7: text: . + item-1230 at level 7: text: Archived + item-1231 at level 7: text: (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. + item-1232 at level 5: list_item: + item-1233 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1234 at level 7: text: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). + item-1235 at level 7: text: Early Civilizations of the Old World + item-1236 at level 7: text: . London: Routledge. + item-1237 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1238 at level 7: text: 978-0-415-10975-8 + item-1239 at level 7: text: . + item-1240 at level 5: list_item: + item-1241 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1242 at level 7: text: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... ceton, NJ: Princeton University Press. + item-1243 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1244 at level 7: text: 0-691-02399-9 + item-1245 at level 7: text: . + item-1246 at level 5: list_item: + item-1247 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1248 at level 7: text: Rau, Charles (1876). + item-1249 at level 7: text: Early Man in Europe + item-1250 at level 7: text: . New York: Harper & Brothers. + item-1251 at level 7: text: LCCN + item-1252 at level 7: text: 05040168 + item-1253 at level 7: text: . + item-1254 at level 5: list_item: + item-1255 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1256 at level 7: text: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... n, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. + item-1257 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1258 at level 7: text: 978-0-691-13666-0 + item-1259 at level 7: text: . + item-1260 at level 5: list_item: + item-1261 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1262 at level 7: text: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). + item-1263 at level 7: text: Autochthonous Societies + item-1264 at level 7: text: . General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. + item-1265 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1266 at level 7: text: 978-92-3-103832-7 + item-1267 at level 7: text: . + item-1268 at level 5: list_item: + item-1269 at level 6: inline: group group + item-1270 at level 7: text: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). + item-1271 at level 7: text: The Origins of Agriculture in Europe + item-1272 at level 7: text: . New York: Routledge. + item-1273 at level 7: text: ISBN + item-1274 at level 7: text: 978-0-415-08009-5 + item-1275 at level 7: text: . + item-1276 at level 2: section_header: External links + item-1277 at level 3: text: Duck at Wikipedia's + item-1278 at level 3: text: sister projects + item-1279 at level 3: list: group list + item-1280 at level 4: list_item: + item-1281 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1282 at level 6: text: Definitions + item-1283 at level 6: text: from Wiktionary + item-1284 at level 4: picture + item-1285 at level 4: list_item: + item-1286 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1287 at level 6: text: Media + item-1288 at level 6: text: from Commons + item-1289 at level 4: picture + item-1290 at level 4: list_item: + item-1291 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1292 at level 6: text: Quotations + item-1293 at level 6: text: from Wikiquote + item-1294 at level 4: picture + item-1295 at level 4: list_item: + item-1296 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1297 at level 6: text: Recipes + item-1298 at level 6: text: from Wikibooks + item-1299 at level 4: picture + item-1300 at level 4: list_item: + item-1301 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1302 at level 6: text: Taxa + item-1303 at level 6: text: from Wikispecies + item-1304 at level 4: picture + item-1305 at level 4: list_item: + item-1306 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1307 at level 6: text: Data + item-1308 at level 6: text: from Wikidata + item-1309 at level 4: picture + item-1310 at level 3: list: group list + item-1311 at level 4: list_item: + item-1312 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1313 at level 6: text: list of books + item-1314 at level 6: text: (useful looking abstracts) + item-1315 at level 4: list_item: + item-1316 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1317 at level 6: text: Ducks on postage stamps + item-1318 at level 6: text: Archived + item-1319 at level 6: text: 2013-05-13 at the + item-1320 at level 6: text: Wayback Machine + item-1321 at level 4: list_item: + item-1322 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1323 at level 6: text: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines + item-1324 at level 6: text: at + item-1325 at level 6: text: Project Gutenberg + item-1326 at level 6: text: - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl + item-1327 at level 3: picture + item-1328 at level 3: table with [3x2] + item-1329 at level 3: inline: group group + item-1330 at level 4: text: Retrieved from " + item-1331 at level 4: text: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351 + item-1332 at level 4: text: " + item-1333 at level 3: text: Categories + item-1334 at level 3: text: : + item-1335 at level 3: list: group list + item-1336 at level 4: list_item: Ducks + item-1337 at level 4: list_item: Game birds + item-1338 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names + item-1339 at level 3: text: Hidden categories: + item-1340 at level 3: list: group list + item-1341 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes + item-1342 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020 + item-1343 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) + item-1344 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv) + item-1345 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) + item-1346 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description + item-1347 at level 4: list_item: Short description is different from Wikidata + item-1348 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages + item-1349 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages + item-1350 at level 4: list_item: Articles with 'species' microformats + item-1351 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text + item-1352 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Dutch-language text + item-1353 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing German-language text + item-1354 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Norwegian-language text + item-1355 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Lithuanian-language text + item-1356 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text + item-1357 at level 4: list_item: All articles with self-published sources + item-1358 at level 4: list_item: Articles with self-published sources from February 2020 + item-1359 at level 4: list_item: All articles with unsourced statements + item-1360 at level 4: list_item: Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022 + item-1361 at level 4: list_item: CS1: long volume value + item-1362 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch + item-1363 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata + item-1364 at level 4: list_item: Webarchive template wayback links + item-1365 at level 4: list_item: Articles with Project Gutenberg links + item-1366 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing video clips + item-1367 at level 3: list: group list + item-1368 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) . + item-1369 at level 4: list_item: + item-1370 at level 5: inline: group group + item-1371 at level 6: text: Text is available under the + item-1372 at level 6: text: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0 + item-1373 at level 6: text: ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the + item-1374 at level 6: text: Terms of Use + item-1375 at level 6: text: and + item-1376 at level 6: text: Privacy Policy + item-1377 at level 6: text: . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the + item-1378 at level 6: text: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. + item-1379 at level 6: text: , a non-profit organization. + item-1380 at level 3: list: group list + item-1381 at level 4: list_item: Privacy policy + item-1382 at level 4: list_item: About Wikipedia + item-1383 at level 4: list_item: Disclaimers + item-1384 at level 4: list_item: Contact Wikipedia + item-1385 at level 4: list_item: Code of Conduct + item-1386 at level 4: list_item: Developers + item-1387 at level 4: list_item: Statistics + item-1388 at level 4: list_item: Cookie statement + item-1389 at level 4: list_item: Mobile view + item-1390 at level 3: list: group list + item-1391 at level 4: picture + item-1391 at level 5: caption: Image Hyperlink. + item-1392 at level 4: picture + item-1392 at level 5: caption: Image Hyperlink. + item-1393 at level 3: list: group list + item-1394 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" + item-1395 at level 1: caption: Male mallard . + item-1396 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks . + item-1397 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach + item-1398 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck + item-1399 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia , Argentina + item-1400 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall , England + item-1401 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill + item-1402 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling + item-1403 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal + item-1404 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks , a common breed of domestic ducks + item-1405 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka [ 49 ] + item-1406 at level 1: caption: Image Hyperlink. + item-1407 at level 1: caption: Image Hyperlink. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json index 6c897cf0..89fdd60e 100644 --- a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.json @@ -50,9 +50,15 @@ { "$ref": "#/texts/19" }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/0" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/20" }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/21" + }, { "$ref": "#/groups/2" }, @@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ "$ref": "#/groups/3" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/22" + "$ref": "#/texts/23" }, { "$ref": "#/groups/4" @@ -69,14 +75,11 @@ "$ref": "#/groups/5" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/25" + "$ref": "#/texts/26" }, { "$ref": "#/groups/6" }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/28" - }, { "$ref": "#/groups/7" }, @@ -84,49 +87,52 @@ "$ref": "#/groups/8" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/9" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/241" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/242" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/245" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/249" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/254" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/256" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/260" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/268" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/274" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/284" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/287" + "$ref": "#/texts/311" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/432" + "$ref": "#/texts/312" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/433" + "$ref": "#/texts/342" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/397" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/427" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/455" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/460" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/490" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/546" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/623" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/640" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1246" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1247" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/21" + "$ref": "#/texts/22" } ], "content_layer": "furniture", @@ -230,10 +236,10 @@ }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/23" + "$ref": "#/texts/24" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/24" + "$ref": "#/texts/25" } ], "content_layer": "furniture", @@ -247,10 +253,10 @@ }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/26" + "$ref": "#/texts/27" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/27" + "$ref": "#/texts/28" } ], "content_layer": "furniture", @@ -271,8 +277,8 @@ } ], "content_layer": "furniture", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { "self_ref": "#/groups/8", @@ -282,6 +288,23 @@ "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/31" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/32" + } + ], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/9", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/33" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -289,17 +312,11 @@ "label": "section" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/9", + "self_ref": "#/groups/10", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/31" + "$ref": "#/texts/33" }, "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/34" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/35" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/36" }, @@ -313,44 +330,30 @@ "$ref": "#/texts/39" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/44" + "$ref": "#/texts/40" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/49" + "$ref": "#/texts/41" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/50" + "$ref": "#/texts/48" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/53" + "$ref": "#/texts/55" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/56" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/61" } ], "content_layer": "body", "name": "list", "label": "list" }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/10", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/35" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, { "self_ref": "#/groups/11", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/36" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/12", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/37" }, @@ -360,7 +363,7 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/13", + "self_ref": "#/groups/12", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/38" }, @@ -370,30 +373,17 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/14", + "self_ref": "#/groups/13", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/39" }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/40" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/41" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/42" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/43" - } - ], + "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "name": "list", "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/15", + "self_ref": "#/groups/14", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/40" }, @@ -402,12 +392,42 @@ "name": "list", "label": "list" }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/15", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/41" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/42" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/43" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, { "self_ref": "#/groups/16", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/41" }, - "children": [], + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/44" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/45" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/46" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/47" + } + ], "content_layer": "body", "name": "list", "label": "list" @@ -415,7 +435,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/groups/17", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/42" + "$ref": "#/texts/44" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -425,7 +445,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/groups/18", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/43" + "$ref": "#/texts/45" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -434,39 +454,6 @@ }, { "self_ref": "#/groups/19", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/44" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/45" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/46" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/47" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/48" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/20", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/45" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/21", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/46" }, @@ -476,7 +463,7 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/22", + "self_ref": "#/groups/20", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/47" }, @@ -486,29 +473,26 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/23", + "self_ref": "#/groups/21", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/48" }, - "children": [], + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/49" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/50" + } + ], "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/24", + "self_ref": "#/groups/22", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/49" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/25", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/50" + "$ref": "#/texts/48" }, "children": [ { @@ -516,6 +500,12 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/52" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/53" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/54" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -523,7 +513,7 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/26", + "self_ref": "#/groups/23", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/51" }, @@ -533,7 +523,7 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/27", + "self_ref": "#/groups/24", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/52" }, @@ -543,7 +533,7 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/28", + "self_ref": "#/groups/25", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/53" }, @@ -553,35 +543,95 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/29", + "self_ref": "#/groups/26", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/27", "parent": { "$ref": "#/texts/55" }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/28", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/56" + }, "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/57" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/58" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/29", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/56" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/59" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/60" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/61" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/62" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/63" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/64" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/30", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/31", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/32", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/33", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/65" }, @@ -965,45 +1015,19 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/192" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/30", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/193" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/194" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/195" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/31", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/32", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/196" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/197" }, @@ -1012,6 +1036,9 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/199" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/200" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -1019,9 +1046,36 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/33", + "self_ref": "#/groups/34", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/202" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/203" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/35", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/36", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [ { @@ -1039,23 +1093,11 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/34", + "self_ref": "#/groups/37", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/209" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/210" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/211" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/212" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/213" }, @@ -1064,66 +1106,6 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/215" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/216" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/217" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/218" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/35", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/220" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/221" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/36", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/223" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/224" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/37", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/292" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/293" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/14" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -1133,9 +1115,312 @@ { "self_ref": "#/groups/38", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/292" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/217" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/218" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/219" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/220" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/221" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/222" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/223" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/224" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/225" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/226" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/39", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/228" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/229" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/40", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/231" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/232" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/41", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/237" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/238" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/239" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/42", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/241" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/242" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/243" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/244" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/245" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/43", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/246" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/247" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/248" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/44", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/249" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/250" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/251" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/252" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/253" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/254" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/255" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/256" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/257" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/258" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/259" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/260" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/261" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/262" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/263" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/264" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/45", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/265" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/266" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/267" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/268" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/269" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/270" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/271" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/272" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/273" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/46", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/274" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/275" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/276" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/277" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/278" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/279" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/280" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/281" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/282" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/283" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/47", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/274" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/285" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/286" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/287" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/288" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/289" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/290" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/291" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/292" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/293" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/294" }, @@ -1150,27 +1435,44 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/298" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/299" } ], "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/39", + "self_ref": "#/groups/48", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/301" + "$ref": "#/texts/274" }, "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/299" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/300" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/301" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/302" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/303" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/49", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/274" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/304" }, @@ -1191,16 +1493,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/310" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/311" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/312" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/313" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/50", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/313" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/314" }, @@ -1284,10 +1588,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/341" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/342" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/51", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/313" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/343" }, @@ -1317,7 +1629,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/352" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/52", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/313" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/353" }, @@ -1329,18 +1652,10 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/356" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "ordered list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/40", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/357" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/357" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/358" }, @@ -1400,65 +1715,31 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/377" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/41", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/380" }, { - "$ref": "#/pictures/15" + "$ref": "#/texts/378" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/379" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/380" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/381" }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/16" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/382" }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/17" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/383" }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/18" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/384" }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/19" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/385" }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/20" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/42", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" - }, - "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/386" }, @@ -1467,18 +1748,13 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/388" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/43", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" - }, - "children": [ + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/389" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/390" + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/391" }, @@ -1487,27 +1763,24 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/393" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/394" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/395" } ], "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/44", + "self_ref": "#/groups/53", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/396" }, "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/395" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/396" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/397" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/398" }, @@ -1552,7 +1825,18 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/412" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/54", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/396" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/413" }, @@ -1576,50 +1860,44 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/420" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/groups/45", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" - }, - "children": [ + }, { "$ref": "#/texts/421" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/422" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/423" } ], "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/46", + "self_ref": "#/groups/55", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/424" }, "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/423" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/424" - }, { "$ref": "#/texts/425" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/426" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/427" - }, + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/56", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/424" + }, + "children": [ { "$ref": "#/texts/428" }, @@ -1631,23 +1909,1011 @@ }, { "$ref": "#/texts/431" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/432" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/433" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/434" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/435" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/436" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/437" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/438" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/439" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/440" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/441" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/442" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/443" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/444" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/445" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/446" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/447" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/448" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/449" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/450" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/451" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/452" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/453" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/454" } ], "content_layer": "body", - "name": "list", - "label": "list" + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/47", + "self_ref": "#/groups/57", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/424" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/pictures/22" + "$ref": "#/texts/456" }, { - "$ref": "#/pictures/23" + "$ref": "#/texts/457" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/58", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/461" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/462" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/463" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/464" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/465" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/59", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/466" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/467" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/468" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/469" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/470" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/471" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/60", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/472" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/473" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/474" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/475" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/61", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/476" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/477" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/478" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/62", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/479" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/480" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/481" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/482" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/483" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/63", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/484" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/485" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/486" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/487" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/488" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/64", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/489" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/491" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/492" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/493" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/494" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/495" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/496" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/497" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/498" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/499" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/500" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/501" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/502" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/503" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/504" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/65", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/505" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/506" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/507" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/508" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/509" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/510" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/511" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/512" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/513" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/514" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/515" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/516" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/517" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/518" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/519" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/520" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/521" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/522" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/523" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/524" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/525" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/526" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/527" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/528" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/529" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/530" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/66", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/505" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/531" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/532" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/533" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/534" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/535" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/536" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/537" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/538" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/539" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/540" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/541" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/542" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/543" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/544" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/67", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/545" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/547" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/548" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/549" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/550" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/551" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/552" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/553" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/554" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/555" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/556" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/557" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/558" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/559" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/560" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/561" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/562" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/563" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/68", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/545" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/564" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/565" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/566" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/567" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/568" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/569" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/570" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/69", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/572" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/573" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/574" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/70", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/572" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/575" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/576" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/577" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/578" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/579" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/580" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/581" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/582" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/583" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/584" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/585" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/586" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/587" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/588" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/589" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/590" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/591" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/592" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/593" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/594" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/595" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/596" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/597" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/598" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/599" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/600" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/601" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/602" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/603" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/604" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/605" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/606" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/607" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/608" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/609" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/71", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/572" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/610" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/611" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/612" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/613" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/614" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/615" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/616" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/617" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/618" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/619" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/72", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/620" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/621" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/622" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/73", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/620" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/624" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/625" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/626" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/627" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/628" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/629" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/630" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/631" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/632" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/633" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/634" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/635" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/636" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/637" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/638" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/74", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/639" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/641" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/642" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/643" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/644" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/645" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/646" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/647" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/648" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/649" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/650" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/651" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/652" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/653" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/654" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/75", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/655" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/656" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/657" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/658" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/659" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/660" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/661" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/662" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/663" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/664" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/665" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/666" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/667" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/668" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/669" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/670" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/671" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/672" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/673" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/674" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/675" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/676" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/677" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/678" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/679" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/680" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/681" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/682" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/683" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/684" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/685" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/76", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/655" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/686" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/687" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/688" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/689" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/690" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/691" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/692" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/693" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/694" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/695" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/696" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/697" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/698" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/699" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/700" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/701" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/702" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/703" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/77", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/704" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/705" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/15" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -1655,9 +2921,2682 @@ "label": "list" }, { - "self_ref": "#/groups/48", + "self_ref": "#/groups/78", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/704" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/706" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/707" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/708" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/709" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/710" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/711" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/79", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/713" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/714" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/718" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/722" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/730" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/738" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/746" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/750" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/754" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/758" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/768" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/772" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/776" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/780" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/784" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/788" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/799" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/803" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/807" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/811" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/815" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/819" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/825" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/829" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/833" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/838" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/843" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/853" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/866" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/872" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/882" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/890" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/895" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/899" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/903" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/907" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/913" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/917" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/921" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/925" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/929" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/933" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/937" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/941" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/949" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/955" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/959" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/963" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/968" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/978" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/984" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/988" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/992" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/997" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1003" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1012" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "ordered list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/80", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/714" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/715" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/716" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/717" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/81", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/718" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/719" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/720" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/721" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/82", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/722" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/723" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/724" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/725" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/726" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/727" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/728" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/729" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/83", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/730" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/731" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/732" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/733" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/734" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/735" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/736" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/737" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/84", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/738" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/739" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/740" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/741" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/742" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/743" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/744" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/745" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/85", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/746" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/747" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/748" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/749" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/86", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/750" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/751" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/752" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/753" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/87", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/754" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/755" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/756" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/757" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/88", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/758" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/759" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/760" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/761" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/762" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/763" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/764" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/765" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/766" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/767" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/89", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/768" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/769" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/770" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/771" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/90", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/772" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/773" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/774" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/775" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/91", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/776" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/777" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/778" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/779" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/92", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/780" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/781" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/782" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/783" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/93", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/784" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/785" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/786" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/787" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/94", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/788" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/789" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/790" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/791" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/792" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/793" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/794" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/795" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/796" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/797" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/798" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/95", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/799" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/800" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/801" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/802" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/96", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/803" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/804" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/805" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/806" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/97", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/807" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/808" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/809" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/810" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/98", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/811" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/812" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/813" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/814" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/99", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/815" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/816" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/817" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/818" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/100", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/819" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/820" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/821" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/822" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/823" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/824" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/101", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/825" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/826" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/827" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/828" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/102", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/829" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/830" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/831" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/832" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/103", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/833" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/834" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/835" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/836" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/837" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/104", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/838" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/839" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/840" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/841" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/842" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/105", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/843" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/844" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/845" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/846" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/847" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/848" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/849" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/850" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/851" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/852" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/106", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/853" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/854" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/855" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/856" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/857" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/858" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/859" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/860" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/861" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/862" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/863" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/864" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/865" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/107", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/866" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/867" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/868" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/869" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/870" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/871" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/108", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/872" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/873" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/874" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/875" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/876" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/877" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/878" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/879" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/880" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/881" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/109", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/882" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/883" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/884" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/885" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/886" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/887" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/888" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/889" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/110", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/890" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/891" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/892" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/893" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/894" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/111", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/895" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/896" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/897" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/898" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/112", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/899" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/900" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/901" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/902" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/113", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/903" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/904" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/905" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/906" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/114", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/907" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/908" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/909" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/910" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/911" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/912" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/115", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/913" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/914" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/915" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/916" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/116", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/917" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/918" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/919" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/920" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/117", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/921" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/922" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/923" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/924" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/118", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/925" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/926" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/927" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/928" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/119", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/929" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/930" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/931" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/932" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/120", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/933" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/934" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/935" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/936" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/121", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/937" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/938" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/939" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/940" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/122", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/941" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/942" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/943" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/944" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/945" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/946" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/947" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/948" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/123", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/949" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/950" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/951" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/952" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/953" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/954" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/124", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/955" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/956" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/957" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/958" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/125", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/959" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/960" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/961" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/962" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/126", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/963" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/964" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/965" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/966" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/967" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/127", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/968" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/969" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/970" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/971" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/972" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/973" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/974" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/975" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/976" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/977" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/128", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/978" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/979" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/980" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/981" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/982" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/983" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/129", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/984" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/985" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/986" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/987" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/130", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/988" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/989" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/990" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/991" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/131", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/992" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/993" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/994" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/995" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/996" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/132", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/997" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/998" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/999" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1000" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1001" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1002" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/133", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1003" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1004" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1005" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1006" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1007" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1008" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1009" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1010" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1011" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/134", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1012" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1013" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1014" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1015" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/135", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1016" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1017" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1026" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1031" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1036" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1049" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1054" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1061" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1068" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1073" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1080" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1087" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1094" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1099" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1109" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1119" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1126" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1131" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1138" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1143" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1150" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/136", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1017" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1018" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1019" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1020" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1021" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1022" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1023" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1024" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1025" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/137", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1026" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1027" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1028" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1029" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1030" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/138", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1031" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1032" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1033" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1034" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1035" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/139", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1036" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1037" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1038" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1039" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1040" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1041" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1042" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1043" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1044" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1045" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1046" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1047" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1048" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/140", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1049" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1050" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1051" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1052" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1053" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/141", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1054" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1055" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1056" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1057" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1058" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1059" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1060" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/142", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1061" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1062" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1063" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1064" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1065" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1066" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1067" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/143", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1068" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1069" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1070" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1071" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1072" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/144", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1073" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1074" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1075" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1076" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1077" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1078" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1079" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/145", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1080" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1081" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1082" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1083" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1084" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1085" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1086" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/146", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1087" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1088" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1089" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1090" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1091" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1092" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1093" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/147", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1094" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1095" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1096" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1097" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1098" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/148", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1099" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1100" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1101" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1102" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1103" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1104" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1105" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1106" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1107" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1108" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/149", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1109" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1110" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1111" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1112" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1113" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1114" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1115" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1116" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1117" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1118" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/150", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1119" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1120" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1121" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1122" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1123" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1124" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1125" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/151", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1126" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1127" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1128" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1129" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1130" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/152", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1131" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1132" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1133" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1134" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1135" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1136" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1137" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/153", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1138" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1139" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1140" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1141" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1142" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/154", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1143" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1144" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1145" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1146" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1147" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1148" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1149" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/155", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1150" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1151" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1152" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1153" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1154" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1155" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1156" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/156", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1160" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/16" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1163" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/17" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1166" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/18" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1169" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/19" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1172" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/20" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1175" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/21" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/157", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1160" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1161" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1162" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/158", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1163" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1164" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1165" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/159", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1166" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1167" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1168" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/160", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1169" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1170" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1171" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/161", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1172" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1173" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1174" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/162", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1175" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1176" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1177" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/163", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1178" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1181" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1186" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/164", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1178" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1179" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1180" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/165", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1181" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1182" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1183" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1184" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1185" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/166", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1186" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1187" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1188" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1189" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1190" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/167", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1191" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1192" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1193" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/168", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1196" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1197" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1198" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/169", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1200" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1201" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1202" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1203" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1204" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1205" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1206" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1207" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1208" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1209" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1210" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1211" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1212" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1213" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1214" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1215" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1216" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1217" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1218" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1219" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1220" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1221" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1222" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1223" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1224" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1225" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/170", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1226" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1227" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/171", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1227" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1228" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1229" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1230" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1231" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1232" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1233" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1234" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1235" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1236" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "group", + "label": "inline" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/172", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1237" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1238" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1239" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1240" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1241" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1242" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1243" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1244" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1245" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/173", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/23" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/24" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "name": "list", + "label": "list" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/groups/174", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -1688,7 +5627,8 @@ "label": "text", "prov": [], "orig": "Jump to content", - "text": "Jump to content" + "text": "Jump to content", + "hyperlink": "#bodyContent" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/2", @@ -1761,6 +5701,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Main page", "text": "Main page", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Main_Page", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1775,6 +5716,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Contents", "text": "Contents", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1789,6 +5731,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Current events", "text": "Current events", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Portal:Current_events", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1803,6 +5746,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Random article", "text": "Random article", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:Random", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1817,6 +5761,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "About Wikipedia", "text": "About Wikipedia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:About", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1831,6 +5776,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Contact us", "text": "Contact us", + "hyperlink": "//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1857,6 +5803,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Help", "text": "Help", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Help:Contents", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1871,6 +5818,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Learn to edit", "text": "Learn to edit", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Help:Introduction", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1885,6 +5833,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Community portal", "text": "Community portal", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1899,6 +5848,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Recent changes", "text": "Recent changes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:RecentChanges", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1913,6 +5863,7 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Upload file", "text": "Upload file", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, @@ -1923,10 +5874,11 @@ }, "children": [], "content_layer": "furniture", - "label": "text", + "label": "caption", "prov": [], - "orig": "Search", - "text": "Search" + "orig": "Image Hyperlink.", + "text": "Image Hyperlink.", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Main_Page" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/20", @@ -1938,10 +5890,23 @@ "label": "text", "prov": [], "orig": "Search", - "text": "Search" + "text": "Search", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:Search" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/21", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Search", + "text": "Search" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/22", "parent": { "$ref": "#/groups/3" }, @@ -1951,11 +5916,12 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Donate", "text": "Donate", + "hyperlink": "https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/22", + "self_ref": "#/texts/23", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -1967,7 +5933,7 @@ "text": "Appearance" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/23", + "self_ref": "#/texts/24", "parent": { "$ref": "#/groups/5" }, @@ -1977,11 +5943,12 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Create account", "text": "Create account", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/24", + "self_ref": "#/texts/25", "parent": { "$ref": "#/groups/5" }, @@ -1991,11 +5958,12 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Log in", "text": "Log in", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/25", + "self_ref": "#/texts/26", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -2007,7 +5975,7 @@ "text": "Personal tools" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/26", + "self_ref": "#/texts/27", "parent": { "$ref": "#/groups/6" }, @@ -2017,11 +5985,12 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Create account", "text": "Create account", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/27", + "self_ref": "#/texts/28", "parent": { "$ref": "#/groups/6" }, @@ -2031,21 +6000,10 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Log in", "text": "Log in", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/28", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "furniture", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Pages for logged out editors learn more", - "text": "Pages for logged out editors learn more" - }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/29", "parent": { @@ -2053,12 +6011,10 @@ }, "children": [], "content_layer": "furniture", - "label": "list_item", + "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Contributions", - "text": "Contributions", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" + "orig": "Pages for logged out editors", + "text": "Pages for logged out editors" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/30", @@ -2067,30 +6023,59 @@ }, "children": [], "content_layer": "furniture", - "label": "list_item", + "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Talk", - "text": "Talk", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" + "orig": "learn more", + "text": "learn more", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Help:Introduction" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/31", "parent": { "$ref": "#/groups/8" }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Contributions", + "text": "Contributions", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:MyContributions", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/32", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/8" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "furniture", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Talk", + "text": "Talk", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:MyTalk", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/33", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/9" + }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/32" + "$ref": "#/texts/34" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/33" + "$ref": "#/texts/35" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/54" + "$ref": "#/texts/62" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2101,9 +6086,9 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/32", + "self_ref": "#/texts/34", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/31" + "$ref": "#/texts/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2113,9 +6098,9 @@ "text": "move to sidebar" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/33", + "self_ref": "#/texts/35", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/31" + "$ref": "#/texts/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2125,9 +6110,9 @@ "text": "hide" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/34", + "self_ref": "#/texts/36", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2135,31 +6120,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "(Top)", "text": "(Top)", + "hyperlink": "#", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/35", + "self_ref": "#/texts/37", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/groups/10" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "1 Etymology", - "text": "1 Etymology", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/36", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ { @@ -2169,15 +6137,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "2 Taxonomy", - "text": "2 Taxonomy", + "orig": "1 Etymology", + "text": "1 Etymology", + "hyperlink": "#Etymology", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/37", + "self_ref": "#/texts/38", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ { @@ -2187,15 +6156,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "3 Morphology", - "text": "3 Morphology", + "orig": "2 Taxonomy", + "text": "2 Taxonomy", + "hyperlink": "#Taxonomy", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/38", + "self_ref": "#/texts/39", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ { @@ -2205,15 +6175,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "4 Distribution and habitat", - "text": "4 Distribution and habitat", + "orig": "3 Morphology", + "text": "3 Morphology", + "hyperlink": "#Morphology", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/39", + "self_ref": "#/texts/40", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ { @@ -2223,35 +6194,21 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection", - "text": "5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/40", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/14" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/groups/15" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "5.1 Feeding", - "text": "5.1 Feeding", + "orig": "4 Distribution and habitat", + "text": "4 Distribution and habitat", + "hyperlink": "#Distribution_and_habitat", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/41", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/14" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/15" + }, { "$ref": "#/groups/16" } @@ -2259,15 +6216,40 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "5.2 Breeding", - "text": "5.2 Breeding", + "orig": "", + "text": "", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/42", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/14" + "$ref": "#/groups/15" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "5 Behaviour", + "text": "5 Behaviour", + "hyperlink": "#Behaviour" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/43", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/15" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Toggle Behaviour subsection", + "text": "Toggle Behaviour subsection" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/44", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/16" }, "children": [ { @@ -2277,15 +6259,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "5.3 Communication", - "text": "5.3 Communication", + "orig": "5.1 Feeding", + "text": "5.1 Feeding", + "hyperlink": "#Feeding", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/43", + "self_ref": "#/texts/45", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/14" + "$ref": "#/groups/16" }, "children": [ { @@ -2295,15 +6278,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "5.4 Predators", - "text": "5.4 Predators", + "orig": "5.2 Breeding", + "text": "5.2 Breeding", + "hyperlink": "#Breeding", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/44", + "self_ref": "#/texts/46", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/16" }, "children": [ { @@ -2313,15 +6297,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection", - "text": "6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection", + "orig": "5.3 Communication", + "text": "5.3 Communication", + "hyperlink": "#Communication", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/45", + "self_ref": "#/texts/47", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/19" + "$ref": "#/groups/16" }, "children": [ { @@ -2331,35 +6316,21 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "6.1 Hunting", - "text": "6.1 Hunting", + "orig": "5.4 Predators", + "text": "5.4 Predators", + "hyperlink": "#Predators", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/46", + "self_ref": "#/texts/48", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/19" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ { "$ref": "#/groups/21" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "6.2 Domestication", - "text": "6.2 Domestication", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/47", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/19" - }, - "children": [ + }, { "$ref": "#/groups/22" } @@ -2367,15 +6338,40 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "6.3 Heraldry", - "text": "6.3 Heraldry", + "orig": "", + "text": "", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/48", + "self_ref": "#/texts/49", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/19" + "$ref": "#/groups/21" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "6 Relationship with humans", + "text": "6 Relationship with humans", + "hyperlink": "#Relationship_with_humans" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/50", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/21" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Toggle Relationship with humans subsection", + "text": "Toggle Relationship with humans subsection" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/51", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/22" }, "children": [ { @@ -2385,15 +6381,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "6.4 Cultural references", - "text": "6.4 Cultural references", + "orig": "6.1 Hunting", + "text": "6.1 Hunting", + "hyperlink": "#Hunting", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/49", + "self_ref": "#/texts/52", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/22" }, "children": [ { @@ -2403,15 +6400,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "7 See also", - "text": "7 See also", + "orig": "6.2 Domestication", + "text": "6.2 Domestication", + "hyperlink": "#Domestication", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/50", + "self_ref": "#/texts/53", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/22" }, "children": [ { @@ -2421,15 +6419,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection", - "text": "8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection", + "orig": "6.3 Heraldry", + "text": "6.3 Heraldry", + "hyperlink": "#Heraldry", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/51", + "self_ref": "#/texts/54", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/25" + "$ref": "#/groups/22" }, "children": [ { @@ -2439,15 +6438,16 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "8.1 Citations", - "text": "8.1 Citations", + "orig": "6.4 Cultural references", + "text": "6.4 Cultural references", + "hyperlink": "#Cultural_references", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/52", + "self_ref": "#/texts/55", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/25" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ { @@ -2457,19 +6457,104 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "8.2 Sources", - "text": "8.2 Sources", + "orig": "7 See also", + "text": "7 See also", + "hyperlink": "#See_also", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/53", + "self_ref": "#/texts/56", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/9" + "$ref": "#/groups/10" }, "children": [ { "$ref": "#/groups/28" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/29" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/57", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/28" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "8 Notes", + "text": "8 Notes", + "hyperlink": "#Notes" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/58", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/28" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Toggle Notes subsection", + "text": "Toggle Notes subsection" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/59", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/29" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/30" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "8.1 Citations", + "text": "8.1 Citations", + "hyperlink": "#Citations", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/60", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/29" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/31" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "8.2 Sources", + "text": "8.2 Sources", + "hyperlink": "#Sources", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/61", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/10" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/32" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2477,13 +6562,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "9 External links", "text": "9 External links", + "hyperlink": "#External_links", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/54", + "self_ref": "#/texts/62", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/31" + "$ref": "#/texts/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2493,100 +6579,67 @@ "text": "Toggle the table of contents" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/55", + "self_ref": "#/texts/63", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/56" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/193" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/groups/30" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/196" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/groups/31" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/groups/32" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/200" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/201" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/202" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/203" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/204" + "$ref": "#/texts/64" }, { "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/208" + "$ref": "#/texts/201" }, { "$ref": "#/groups/34" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/219" + "$ref": "#/texts/204" }, { "$ref": "#/groups/35" }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/222" - }, { "$ref": "#/groups/36" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/225" + "$ref": "#/texts/208" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/226" + "$ref": "#/texts/209" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/210" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/211" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/212" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/37" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/216" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/227" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/228" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/229" + "$ref": "#/groups/39" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/230" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/231" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/232" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/0" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/1" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/tables/0" + "$ref": "#/groups/40" }, { "$ref": "#/texts/233" @@ -2598,28 +6651,61 @@ "$ref": "#/texts/235" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/243" + "$ref": "#/texts/236" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/248" + "$ref": "#/groups/41" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" + "$ref": "#/texts/240" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/258" + "$ref": "#/groups/42" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" + "$ref": "#/groups/43" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/292" + "$ref": "#/pictures/1" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/300" + "$ref": "#/pictures/2" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/tables/0" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/274" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/313" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/396" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/424" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/458" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/571" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/704" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/712" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2629,9 +6715,9 @@ "text": "Duck" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/56", + "self_ref": "#/texts/64", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2641,9 +6727,9 @@ "text": "136 languages" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/57", + "self_ref": "#/texts/65", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2651,13 +6737,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Acèh", "text": "Acèh", + "hyperlink": "https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/58", + "self_ref": "#/texts/66", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2665,13 +6752,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Afrikaans", "text": "Afrikaans", + "hyperlink": "https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eend", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/59", + "self_ref": "#/texts/67", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2679,13 +6767,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Alemannisch", "text": "Alemannisch", + "hyperlink": "https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/60", + "self_ref": "#/texts/68", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2693,13 +6782,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "አማርኛ", "text": "አማርኛ", + "hyperlink": "https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%AC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/61", + "self_ref": "#/texts/69", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2707,13 +6797,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ænglisc", "text": "Ænglisc", + "hyperlink": "https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ened", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/62", + "self_ref": "#/texts/70", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2721,13 +6812,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "العربية", "text": "العربية", + "hyperlink": "https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/63", + "self_ref": "#/texts/71", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2735,13 +6827,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Aragonés", "text": "Aragonés", + "hyperlink": "https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/64", + "self_ref": "#/texts/72", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2749,13 +6842,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ܐܪܡܝܐ", "text": "ܐܪܡܝܐ", + "hyperlink": "https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9B%DC%90", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/65", + "self_ref": "#/texts/73", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2763,13 +6857,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Armãneashti", "text": "Armãneashti", + "hyperlink": "https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphi", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/66", + "self_ref": "#/texts/74", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2777,13 +6872,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Asturianu", "text": "Asturianu", + "hyperlink": "https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%ADu", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/67", + "self_ref": "#/texts/75", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2791,13 +6887,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Atikamekw", "text": "Atikamekw", + "hyperlink": "https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicip", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/68", + "self_ref": "#/texts/76", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2805,13 +6902,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Авар", "text": "Авар", + "hyperlink": "https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/69", + "self_ref": "#/texts/77", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2819,13 +6917,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Aymar aru", "text": "Aymar aru", + "hyperlink": "https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkalla", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/70", + "self_ref": "#/texts/78", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2833,13 +6932,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "تۆرکجه", "text": "تۆرکجه", + "hyperlink": "https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/71", + "self_ref": "#/texts/79", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2847,13 +6947,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Basa Bali", "text": "Basa Bali", + "hyperlink": "https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/72", + "self_ref": "#/texts/80", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2861,13 +6962,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "বাংলা", "text": "বাংলা", + "hyperlink": "https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/73", + "self_ref": "#/texts/81", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2875,13 +6977,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú", "text": "閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú", + "hyperlink": "https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/74", + "self_ref": "#/texts/82", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2889,13 +6992,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Беларуская", "text": "Беларуская", + "hyperlink": "https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/75", + "self_ref": "#/texts/83", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2903,13 +7007,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Беларуская (тарашкевіца)", "text": "Беларуская (тарашкевіца)", + "hyperlink": "https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/76", + "self_ref": "#/texts/84", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2917,13 +7022,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bikol Central", "text": "Bikol Central", + "hyperlink": "https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/77", + "self_ref": "#/texts/85", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2931,13 +7037,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Български", "text": "Български", + "hyperlink": "https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/78", + "self_ref": "#/texts/86", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2945,13 +7052,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Brezhoneg", "text": "Brezhoneg", + "hyperlink": "https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houad_(evn)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/79", + "self_ref": "#/texts/87", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2959,13 +7067,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Буряад", "text": "Буряад", + "hyperlink": "https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/80", + "self_ref": "#/texts/88", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2973,13 +7082,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Català", "text": "Català", + "hyperlink": "https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80necs", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/81", + "self_ref": "#/texts/89", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -2987,13 +7097,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Чӑвашла", "text": "Чӑвашла", + "hyperlink": "https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/82", + "self_ref": "#/texts/90", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3001,13 +7112,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Čeština", "text": "Čeština", + "hyperlink": "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachna", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/83", + "self_ref": "#/texts/91", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3015,13 +7127,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ChiShona", "text": "ChiShona", + "hyperlink": "https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadha", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/84", + "self_ref": "#/texts/92", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3029,13 +7142,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Cymraeg", "text": "Cymraeg", + "hyperlink": "https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyaden", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/85", + "self_ref": "#/texts/93", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3043,13 +7157,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Dagbanli", "text": "Dagbanli", + "hyperlink": "https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbunya%C9%A3u", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/86", + "self_ref": "#/texts/94", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3057,13 +7172,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Dansk", "text": "Dansk", + "hyperlink": "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nder", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/87", + "self_ref": "#/texts/95", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3071,13 +7187,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Deitsch", "text": "Deitsch", + "hyperlink": "https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/88", + "self_ref": "#/texts/96", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3085,13 +7202,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Deutsch", "text": "Deutsch", + "hyperlink": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enten", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/89", + "self_ref": "#/texts/97", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3099,13 +7217,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "डोटेली", "text": "डोटेली", + "hyperlink": "https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/90", + "self_ref": "#/texts/98", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3113,13 +7232,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ελληνικά", "text": "Ελληνικά", + "hyperlink": "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/91", + "self_ref": "#/texts/99", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3127,13 +7247,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Emiliàn e rumagnòl", "text": "Emiliàn e rumagnòl", + "hyperlink": "https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0dra", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/92", + "self_ref": "#/texts/100", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3141,13 +7262,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Español", "text": "Español", + "hyperlink": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/93", + "self_ref": "#/texts/101", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3155,13 +7277,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Esperanto", "text": "Esperanto", + "hyperlink": "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaso", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/94", + "self_ref": "#/texts/102", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3169,13 +7292,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Euskara", "text": "Euskara", + "hyperlink": "https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahate", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/95", + "self_ref": "#/texts/103", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3183,13 +7307,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "فارسی", "text": "فارسی", + "hyperlink": "https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/96", + "self_ref": "#/texts/104", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3197,13 +7322,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Français", "text": "Français", + "hyperlink": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/97", + "self_ref": "#/texts/105", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3211,13 +7337,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Gaeilge", "text": "Gaeilge", + "hyperlink": "https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacha", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/98", + "self_ref": "#/texts/106", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3225,13 +7352,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Galego", "text": "Galego", + "hyperlink": "https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/99", + "self_ref": "#/texts/107", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3239,13 +7367,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ГӀалгӀай", "text": "ГӀалгӀай", + "hyperlink": "https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/100", + "self_ref": "#/texts/108", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3253,13 +7382,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "贛語", "text": "贛語", + "hyperlink": "https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/101", + "self_ref": "#/texts/109", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3267,13 +7397,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "گیلکی", "text": "گیلکی", + "hyperlink": "https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/102", + "self_ref": "#/texts/110", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3281,13 +7412,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺", "text": "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺", + "hyperlink": "https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%83", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/103", + "self_ref": "#/texts/111", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3295,13 +7427,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni", "text": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni", + "hyperlink": "https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/104", + "self_ref": "#/texts/112", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3309,13 +7442,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî", "text": "客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî", + "hyperlink": "https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap-%C3%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/105", + "self_ref": "#/texts/113", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3323,13 +7457,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "한국어", "text": "한국어", + "hyperlink": "https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/106", + "self_ref": "#/texts/114", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3337,13 +7472,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Hausa", "text": "Hausa", + "hyperlink": "https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwagwa", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/107", + "self_ref": "#/texts/115", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3351,13 +7487,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Հայերեն", "text": "Հայերեն", + "hyperlink": "https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/108", + "self_ref": "#/texts/116", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3365,13 +7502,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "हिन्दी", "text": "हिन्दी", + "hyperlink": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/109", + "self_ref": "#/texts/117", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3379,13 +7517,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Hrvatski", "text": "Hrvatski", + "hyperlink": "https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/110", + "self_ref": "#/texts/118", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3393,13 +7532,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ido", "text": "Ido", + "hyperlink": "https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anado", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/111", + "self_ref": "#/texts/119", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3407,13 +7547,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bahasa Indonesia", "text": "Bahasa Indonesia", + "hyperlink": "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/112", + "self_ref": "#/texts/120", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3421,13 +7562,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Iñupiatun", "text": "Iñupiatun", + "hyperlink": "https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiq", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/113", + "self_ref": "#/texts/121", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3435,13 +7577,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Íslenska", "text": "Íslenska", + "hyperlink": "https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nd", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/114", + "self_ref": "#/texts/122", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3449,13 +7592,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Italiano", "text": "Italiano", + "hyperlink": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/115", + "self_ref": "#/texts/123", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3463,13 +7607,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "עברית", "text": "עברית", + "hyperlink": "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/116", + "self_ref": "#/texts/124", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3477,13 +7622,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Jawa", "text": "Jawa", + "hyperlink": "https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8b%C3%A8k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/117", + "self_ref": "#/texts/125", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3491,13 +7637,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ಕನ್ನಡ", "text": "ಕನ್ನಡ", + "hyperlink": "https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/118", + "self_ref": "#/texts/126", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3505,13 +7652,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Kapampangan", "text": "Kapampangan", + "hyperlink": "https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/119", + "self_ref": "#/texts/127", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3519,13 +7667,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ქართული", "text": "ქართული", + "hyperlink": "https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/120", + "self_ref": "#/texts/128", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3533,13 +7682,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر", "text": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر", + "hyperlink": "https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%AE", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/121", + "self_ref": "#/texts/129", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3547,13 +7697,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Қазақша", "text": "Қазақша", + "hyperlink": "https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/122", + "self_ref": "#/texts/130", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3561,13 +7712,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ikirundi", "text": "Ikirundi", + "hyperlink": "https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbata", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/123", + "self_ref": "#/texts/131", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3575,13 +7727,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Kongo", "text": "Kongo", + "hyperlink": "https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivadangu", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/124", + "self_ref": "#/texts/132", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3589,13 +7742,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Kreyòl ayisyen", "text": "Kreyòl ayisyen", + "hyperlink": "https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanna", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/125", + "self_ref": "#/texts/133", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3603,13 +7757,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Кырык мары", "text": "Кырык мары", + "hyperlink": "https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/126", + "self_ref": "#/texts/134", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3617,13 +7772,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ລາວ", "text": "ລາວ", + "hyperlink": "https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/127", + "self_ref": "#/texts/135", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3631,13 +7787,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Latina", "text": "Latina", + "hyperlink": "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_(avis)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/128", + "self_ref": "#/texts/136", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3645,13 +7802,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Latviešu", "text": "Latviešu", + "hyperlink": "https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABle", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/129", + "self_ref": "#/texts/137", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3659,13 +7817,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Lietuvių", "text": "Lietuvių", + "hyperlink": "https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/130", + "self_ref": "#/texts/138", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3673,13 +7832,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Li Niha", "text": "Li Niha", + "hyperlink": "https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/131", + "self_ref": "#/texts/139", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3687,13 +7847,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ligure", "text": "Ligure", + "hyperlink": "https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annia", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/132", + "self_ref": "#/texts/140", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3701,13 +7862,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Limburgs", "text": "Limburgs", + "hyperlink": "https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenj", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/133", + "self_ref": "#/texts/141", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3715,13 +7877,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Lingála", "text": "Lingála", + "hyperlink": "https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libat%C3%A1", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/134", + "self_ref": "#/texts/142", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3729,13 +7892,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Malagasy", "text": "Malagasy", + "hyperlink": "https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganagana", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/135", + "self_ref": "#/texts/143", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3743,13 +7907,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "മലയാളം", "text": "മലയാളം", + "hyperlink": "https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/136", + "self_ref": "#/texts/144", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3757,13 +7922,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "मराठी", "text": "मराठी", + "hyperlink": "https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/137", + "self_ref": "#/texts/145", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3771,13 +7937,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "مازِرونی", "text": "مازِرونی", + "hyperlink": "https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/138", + "self_ref": "#/texts/146", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3785,13 +7952,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bahasa Melayu", "text": "Bahasa Melayu", + "hyperlink": "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/139", + "self_ref": "#/texts/147", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3799,13 +7967,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ", "text": "ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ", + "hyperlink": "https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/140", + "self_ref": "#/texts/148", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3813,13 +7982,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄", "text": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄", + "hyperlink": "https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/141", + "self_ref": "#/texts/149", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3827,13 +7997,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Мокшень", "text": "Мокшень", + "hyperlink": "https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/142", + "self_ref": "#/texts/150", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3841,13 +8012,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Монгол", "text": "Монгол", + "hyperlink": "https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/143", + "self_ref": "#/texts/151", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3855,13 +8027,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "မြန်မာဘာသာ", "text": "မြန်မာဘာသာ", + "hyperlink": "https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/144", + "self_ref": "#/texts/152", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3869,13 +8042,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Nederlands", "text": "Nederlands", + "hyperlink": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenden", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/145", + "self_ref": "#/texts/153", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3883,13 +8057,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Nedersaksies", "text": "Nedersaksies", + "hyperlink": "https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/146", + "self_ref": "#/texts/154", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3897,13 +8072,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "नेपाली", "text": "नेपाली", + "hyperlink": "https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/147", + "self_ref": "#/texts/155", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3911,13 +8087,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "नेपाल भाषा", "text": "नेपाल भाषा", + "hyperlink": "https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/148", + "self_ref": "#/texts/156", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3925,13 +8102,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "日本語", "text": "日本語", + "hyperlink": "https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A2", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/149", + "self_ref": "#/texts/157", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3939,13 +8117,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Нохчийн", "text": "Нохчийн", + "hyperlink": "https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/150", + "self_ref": "#/texts/158", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3953,13 +8132,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Norsk nynorsk", "text": "Norsk nynorsk", + "hyperlink": "https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/And", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/151", + "self_ref": "#/texts/159", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3967,13 +8147,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Occitan", "text": "Occitan", + "hyperlink": "https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guit", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/152", + "self_ref": "#/texts/160", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3981,13 +8162,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Oromoo", "text": "Oromoo", + "hyperlink": "https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daakiyyee", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/153", + "self_ref": "#/texts/161", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -3995,13 +8177,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ", "text": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ", + "hyperlink": "https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/154", + "self_ref": "#/texts/162", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4009,13 +8192,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Picard", "text": "Picard", + "hyperlink": "https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A8rd", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/155", + "self_ref": "#/texts/163", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4023,13 +8207,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Plattdüütsch", "text": "Plattdüütsch", + "hyperlink": "https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanten", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/156", + "self_ref": "#/texts/164", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4037,13 +8222,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Polski", "text": "Polski", + "hyperlink": "https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczka", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/157", + "self_ref": "#/texts/165", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4051,13 +8237,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Português", "text": "Português", + "hyperlink": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/158", + "self_ref": "#/texts/166", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4065,13 +8252,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Qırımtatarca", "text": "Qırımtatarca", + "hyperlink": "https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiy", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/159", + "self_ref": "#/texts/167", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4079,13 +8267,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Română", "text": "Română", + "hyperlink": "https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9B%C4%83", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/160", + "self_ref": "#/texts/168", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4093,13 +8282,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Русский", "text": "Русский", + "hyperlink": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/161", + "self_ref": "#/texts/169", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4107,13 +8297,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Саха тыла", "text": "Саха тыла", + "hyperlink": "https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/162", + "self_ref": "#/texts/170", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4121,13 +8312,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ", "text": "ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ", + "hyperlink": "https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/163", + "self_ref": "#/texts/171", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4135,13 +8327,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Sardu", "text": "Sardu", + "hyperlink": "https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/164", + "self_ref": "#/texts/172", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4149,13 +8342,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Scots", "text": "Scots", + "hyperlink": "https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuk", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/165", + "self_ref": "#/texts/173", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4163,13 +8357,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Seeltersk", "text": "Seeltersk", + "hyperlink": "https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oante", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/166", + "self_ref": "#/texts/174", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4177,13 +8372,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Shqip", "text": "Shqip", + "hyperlink": "https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/167", + "self_ref": "#/texts/175", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4191,13 +8387,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Sicilianu", "text": "Sicilianu", + "hyperlink": "https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0para_(%C3%A0natra)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/168", + "self_ref": "#/texts/176", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4205,13 +8402,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "සිංහල", "text": "සිංහල", + "hyperlink": "https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/169", + "self_ref": "#/texts/177", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4219,13 +8417,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Simple English", "text": "Simple English", + "hyperlink": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/170", + "self_ref": "#/texts/178", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4233,13 +8432,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "سنڌي", "text": "سنڌي", + "hyperlink": "https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%AA", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/171", + "self_ref": "#/texts/179", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4247,13 +8447,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "کوردی", "text": "کوردی", + "hyperlink": "https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/172", + "self_ref": "#/texts/180", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4261,13 +8462,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Српски / srpski", "text": "Српски / srpski", + "hyperlink": "https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/173", + "self_ref": "#/texts/181", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4275,13 +8477,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски", "text": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски", + "hyperlink": "https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/174", + "self_ref": "#/texts/182", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4289,13 +8492,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Sunda", "text": "Sunda", + "hyperlink": "https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/175", + "self_ref": "#/texts/183", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4303,13 +8507,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Svenska", "text": "Svenska", + "hyperlink": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egentliga_andf%C3%A5glar", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/176", + "self_ref": "#/texts/184", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4317,13 +8522,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Tagalog", "text": "Tagalog", + "hyperlink": "https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/177", + "self_ref": "#/texts/185", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4331,13 +8537,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "தமிழ்", "text": "தமிழ்", + "hyperlink": "https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/178", + "self_ref": "#/texts/186", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4345,13 +8552,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Taqbaylit", "text": "Taqbaylit", + "hyperlink": "https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%E1%B9%9Bik", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/179", + "self_ref": "#/texts/187", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4359,13 +8567,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Татарча / tatarça", "text": "Татарча / tatarça", + "hyperlink": "https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/180", + "self_ref": "#/texts/188", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4373,13 +8582,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ไทย", "text": "ไทย", + "hyperlink": "https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/181", + "self_ref": "#/texts/189", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4387,13 +8597,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Türkçe", "text": "Türkçe", + "hyperlink": "https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rdek", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/182", + "self_ref": "#/texts/190", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4401,13 +8612,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Українська", "text": "Українська", + "hyperlink": "https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/183", + "self_ref": "#/texts/191", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4415,13 +8627,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche", "text": "ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche", + "hyperlink": "https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%83", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/184", + "self_ref": "#/texts/192", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4429,13 +8642,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Vahcuengh", "text": "Vahcuengh", + "hyperlink": "https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_(doenghduz)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/185", + "self_ref": "#/texts/193", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4443,13 +8657,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Tiếng Việt", "text": "Tiếng Việt", + "hyperlink": "https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bt", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/186", + "self_ref": "#/texts/194", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4457,13 +8672,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Walon", "text": "Walon", + "hyperlink": "https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A5rd", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/187", + "self_ref": "#/texts/195", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4471,13 +8687,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "文言", "text": "文言", + "hyperlink": "https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/188", + "self_ref": "#/texts/196", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4485,13 +8702,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Winaray", "text": "Winaray", + "hyperlink": "https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/189", + "self_ref": "#/texts/197", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4499,13 +8717,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "吴语", "text": "吴语", + "hyperlink": "https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/190", + "self_ref": "#/texts/198", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4513,13 +8732,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "粵語", "text": "粵語", + "hyperlink": "https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/191", + "self_ref": "#/texts/199", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4527,13 +8747,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Žemaitėška", "text": "Žemaitėška", + "hyperlink": "https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABl%C4%97", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/192", + "self_ref": "#/texts/200", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/29" + "$ref": "#/groups/33" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4541,25 +8762,27 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "中文", "text": "中文", + "hyperlink": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/193", + "self_ref": "#/texts/201", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], "orig": "Edit links", - "text": "Edit links" + "text": "Edit links", + "hyperlink": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3736439#sitelinks-wikipedia" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/194", + "self_ref": "#/texts/202", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/30" + "$ref": "#/groups/34" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4567,13 +8790,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Article", "text": "Article", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/195", + "self_ref": "#/texts/203", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/30" + "$ref": "#/groups/34" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4581,13 +8805,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Talk", "text": "Talk", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Talk:Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/196", + "self_ref": "#/texts/204", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4597,9 +8822,9 @@ "text": "English" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/197", + "self_ref": "#/texts/205", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/32" + "$ref": "#/groups/36" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4607,13 +8832,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Read", "text": "Read", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/198", + "self_ref": "#/texts/206", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/32" + "$ref": "#/groups/36" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4621,13 +8847,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View source", "text": "View source", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=edit", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/199", + "self_ref": "#/texts/207", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/32" + "$ref": "#/groups/36" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4635,13 +8862,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View history", "text": "View history", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=history", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/200", + "self_ref": "#/texts/208", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4651,9 +8879,9 @@ "text": "Tools" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/201", + "self_ref": "#/texts/209", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4663,9 +8891,9 @@ "text": "Tools" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/202", + "self_ref": "#/texts/210", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4675,9 +8903,9 @@ "text": "move to sidebar" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/203", + "self_ref": "#/texts/211", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4687,9 +8915,9 @@ "text": "hide" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/204", + "self_ref": "#/texts/212", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4699,9 +8927,9 @@ "text": "Actions" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/205", + "self_ref": "#/texts/213", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/33" + "$ref": "#/groups/37" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4709,13 +8937,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Read", "text": "Read", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/206", + "self_ref": "#/texts/214", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/33" + "$ref": "#/groups/37" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4723,13 +8952,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View source", "text": "View source", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=edit", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/207", + "self_ref": "#/texts/215", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/33" + "$ref": "#/groups/37" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4737,13 +8967,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "View history", "text": "View history", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=history", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/208", + "self_ref": "#/texts/216", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4753,9 +8984,9 @@ "text": "General" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/209", + "self_ref": "#/texts/217", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4763,13 +8994,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "What links here", "text": "What links here", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/210", + "self_ref": "#/texts/218", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4777,13 +9009,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Related changes", "text": "Related changes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/211", + "self_ref": "#/texts/219", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4791,13 +9024,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Upload file", "text": "Upload file", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/212", + "self_ref": "#/texts/220", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4805,13 +9039,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Special pages", "text": "Special pages", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:SpecialPages", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/213", + "self_ref": "#/texts/221", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4819,13 +9054,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Permanent link", "text": "Permanent link", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/214", + "self_ref": "#/texts/222", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4833,13 +9069,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Page information", "text": "Page information", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=info", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/215", + "self_ref": "#/texts/223", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4847,13 +9084,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Cite this page", "text": "Cite this page", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Duck&id=1246843351&wpFormIdentifier=titleform", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/216", + "self_ref": "#/texts/224", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4861,13 +9099,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Get shortened URL", "text": "Get shortened URL", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/217", + "self_ref": "#/texts/225", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4875,13 +9114,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Download QR code", "text": "Download QR code", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/218", + "self_ref": "#/texts/226", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/34" + "$ref": "#/groups/38" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4889,13 +9129,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikidata item", "text": "Wikidata item", + "hyperlink": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3736439", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/219", + "self_ref": "#/texts/227", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4905,9 +9146,9 @@ "text": "Print/export" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/220", + "self_ref": "#/texts/228", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/35" + "$ref": "#/groups/39" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4915,13 +9156,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Download as PDF", "text": "Download as PDF", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Duck&action=show-download-screen", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/221", + "self_ref": "#/texts/229", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/35" + "$ref": "#/groups/39" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4929,13 +9171,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Printable version", "text": "Printable version", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duck&printable=yes", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/222", + "self_ref": "#/texts/230", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4945,9 +9188,9 @@ "text": "In other projects" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/223", + "self_ref": "#/texts/231", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/36" + "$ref": "#/groups/40" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4955,13 +9198,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikimedia Commons", "text": "Wikimedia Commons", + "hyperlink": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ducks", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/224", + "self_ref": "#/texts/232", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/36" + "$ref": "#/groups/40" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4969,13 +9213,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikiquote", "text": "Wikiquote", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/225", + "self_ref": "#/texts/233", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4985,9 +9230,9 @@ "text": "Appearance" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/226", + "self_ref": "#/texts/234", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -4997,9 +9242,9 @@ "text": "move to sidebar" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/227", + "self_ref": "#/texts/235", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5009,9 +9254,9 @@ "text": "hide" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/228", + "self_ref": "#/texts/236", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5021,21 +9266,46 @@ "text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/229", + "self_ref": "#/texts/237", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/41" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "(Redirected from Duckling)", - "text": "(Redirected from Duckling)" + "orig": "(Redirected from", + "text": "(Redirected from" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/230", + "self_ref": "#/texts/238", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/41" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Duckling", + "text": "Duckling", + "hyperlink": "/w/index.php?title=Duckling&redirect=no" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/239", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/41" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ")", + "text": ")" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/240", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5045,79 +9315,442 @@ "text": "Common name for many species of bird" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/231", + "self_ref": "#/texts/241", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/42" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see Duck as food. For other uses, see Duck (disambiguation).", - "text": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see Duck as food. For other uses, see Duck (disambiguation)." + "orig": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see", + "text": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/232", + "self_ref": "#/texts/242", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/42" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see Duckling (disambiguation).", - "text": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see Duckling (disambiguation)." + "orig": "Duck as food", + "text": "Duck as food", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_as_food" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/233", + "self_ref": "#/texts/243", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/42" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.", - "text": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water." + "orig": ". For other uses, see", + "text": ". For other uses, see" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/234", + "self_ref": "#/texts/244", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/42" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.", - "text": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots." + "orig": "Duck (disambiguation)", + "text": "Duck (disambiguation)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_(disambiguation)" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/235", + "self_ref": "#/texts/245", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/42" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/246", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see", + "text": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/247", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Duckling (disambiguation)", + "text": "Duckling (disambiguation)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duckling_(disambiguation)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/248", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/43" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/249", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of", + "text": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/250", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "waterfowl", + "text": "waterfowl", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Waterfowl" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/251", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in the", + "text": "in the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/252", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "family", + "text": "family", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Family_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/253", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anatidae", + "text": "Anatidae", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anatidae" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/254", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than", + "text": ". Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/255", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "swans", + "text": "swans", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Swan" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/256", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/257", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "geese", + "text": "geese", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Goose" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/258", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a", + "text": ", which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/259", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "form taxon", + "text": "form taxon", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Form_taxon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/260", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "; they do not represent a", + "text": "; they do not represent a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/261", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "monophyletic group", + "text": "monophyletic group", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Monophyletic_group" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/262", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly", + "text": "(the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/263", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "aquatic birds", + "text": "aquatic birds", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Aquatic_bird" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/264", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/44" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.", + "text": ", and may be found in both fresh water and sea water." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/265", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as", + "text": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/266", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "loons", + "text": "loons", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Loon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/267", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or divers,", + "text": "or divers," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/268", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "grebes", + "text": "grebes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Grebe" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/269", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/270", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "gallinules", + "text": "gallinules", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Gallinule" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/271", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/272", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "coots", + "text": "coots", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Coot" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/273", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/45" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/274", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/236" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/2" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/238" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/239" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/240" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, { "$ref": "#/pictures/3" }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, { "$ref": "#/pictures/4" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/5" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5127,723 +9760,117 @@ "text": "Etymology", "level": 1 }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/236", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.", - "text": "The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/237", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending \"duck\"", - "text": "Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending \"duck\"" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/238", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.", - "text": "This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/239", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.", - "text": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/240", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]", - "text": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/241", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Male mallard.", - "text": "Male mallard." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/242", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Wood ducks.", - "text": "Wood ducks." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/243", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/244" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/5" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/246" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/247" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Taxonomy", - "text": "Taxonomy", - "level": 1 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/244", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/243" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]", - "text": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/245", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Mallard landing in approach", - "text": "Mallard landing in approach" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/246", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/243" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]", - "text": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks - named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/247", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/243" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]", - "text": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/248", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/6" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/250" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/251" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Morphology", - "text": "Morphology", - "level": 1 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/249", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Male Mandarin duck", - "text": "Male Mandarin duck" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/250", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/248" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration.", - "text": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/251", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/248" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.", - "text": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/252", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/253" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/7" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/255" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/8" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/257" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Distribution and habitat", - "text": "Distribution and habitat", - "level": 1 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/253", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "See also: List of Anseriformes by population", - "text": "See also: List of Anseriformes by population" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/254", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina", - "text": "Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/255", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]", - "text": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/256", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Female mallard in Cornwall, England", - "text": "Female mallard in Cornwall, England" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/257", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]", - "text": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/258", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/267" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/270" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/273" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Behaviour", - "text": "Behaviour", - "level": 1 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/259", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/258" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/9" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/261" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/262" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/263" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/264" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/265" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/266" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Feeding", - "text": "Feeding", - "level": 2 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/260", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Pecten along the bill", - "text": "Pecten along the bill" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/261", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.", - "text": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/262", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.", - "text": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/263", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.", - "text": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/264", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.", - "text": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/265", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn.", - "text": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/266", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]", - "text": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/267", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/258" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/10" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/269" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Breeding", - "text": "Breeding", - "level": 2 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/268", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "A Muscovy duckling", - "text": "A Muscovy duckling" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/269", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/267" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]", - "text": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/270", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/258" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/271" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/272" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Communication", - "text": "Communication", - "level": 2 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/271", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/270" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup – which are diving ducks – make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.", - "text": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup - which are diving ducks - make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls." - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/272", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/270" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "text", - "prov": [], - "orig": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]", - "text": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/273", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/258" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/11" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/275" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/276" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Predators", - "text": "Predators", - "level": 2 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/274", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/body" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "caption", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Ringed teal", - "text": "Ringed teal" - }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/275", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/273" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls.", - "text": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls." + "orig": "The word duck comes from", + "text": "The word duck comes from" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/276", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/273" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.", - "text": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks." + "orig": "Old English", + "text": "Old English", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Old_English" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/277", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/278" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/282" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/286" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/289" - } - ], + "children": [], "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", + "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Relationship with humans", - "text": "Relationship with humans", - "level": 1 + "orig": "dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb * dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the", + "text": "dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb * dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/278", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/279" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/280" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/281" - } - ], + "children": [], "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", + "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Hunting", - "text": "Hunting", - "level": 2 + "orig": "dabbling duck", + "text": "dabbling duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dabbling_duck" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/279", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/278" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Main article: Waterfowl hunting", - "text": "Main article: Waterfowl hunting" + "orig": "group feed by upending; compare with", + "text": "group feed by upending; compare with" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/280", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/278" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 – 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]", - "text": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 - 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]" + "orig": "Dutch", + "text": "Dutch", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dutch_language" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/281", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/278" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]", - "text": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]" + "orig": "duiken and", + "text": "duiken and" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/282", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" - }, - "children": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/283" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/pictures/12" - }, - { - "$ref": "#/texts/285" - } - ], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "section_header", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Domestication", - "text": "Domestication", - "level": 2 - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/283", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/282" + "$ref": "#/groups/46" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Main article: Domestic duck", - "text": "Main article: Domestic duck" + "orig": "German", + "text": "German", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/German_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/283", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/46" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "tauchen 'to dive'.", + "text": "tauchen 'to dive'." }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/284", @@ -5854,32 +9881,4588 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "caption", "prov": [], - "orig": "Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks", - "text": "Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks" + "orig": "Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending \"duck\"", + "text": "Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending \"duck\"", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pacific_black_duck" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/285", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/282" + "$ref": "#/groups/47" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]", - "text": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]" + "orig": "This word replaced Old English ened / ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck , for example, Dutch eend , German Ente and", + "text": "This word replaced Old English ened / ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck , for example, Dutch eend , German Ente and" }, { "self_ref": "#/texts/286", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Norwegian", + "text": "Norwegian", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Norwegian_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/287", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from", + "text": "and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/288", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Proto-Indo-European", + "text": "Proto-Indo-European", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/289", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ";", + "text": ";" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/290", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "cf.", + "text": "cf.", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Cf." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/291", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Latin", + "text": "Latin", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Latin" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/292", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "anas \"duck\",", + "text": "anas \"duck\"," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/293", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Lithuanian", + "text": "Lithuanian", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Lithuanian_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/294", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ántis 'duck',", + "text": "ántis 'duck'," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/295", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ancient Greek", + "text": "Ancient Greek", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/296", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and", + "text": "νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/297", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Sanskrit", + "text": "Sanskrit", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Sanskrit" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/298", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/47" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ātí 'water bird', among others.", + "text": "ātí 'water bird', among others." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/299", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage", + "text": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/300", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 1 ]", + "text": "[ 1 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/301", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or baby duck,", + "text": "or baby duck," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/302", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 2 ]", + "text": "[ 2 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/303", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/48" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.", + "text": "but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/304", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A male is called a", + "text": "A male is called a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/305", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "drake", + "text": "drake", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/306", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the female is called a duck, or in", + "text": "and the female is called a duck, or in" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/307", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ornithology", + "text": "ornithology", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Ornithology" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/308", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "a hen.", + "text": "a hen." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/309", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 3 ]", + "text": "[ 3 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-3" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/310", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/49" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 4 ]", + "text": "[ 4 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/311", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Male mallard .", + "text": "Male mallard .", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mallard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/312", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Wood ducks .", + "text": "Wood ducks .", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wood_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/313", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/6" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Taxonomy", + "text": "Taxonomy", + "level": 1 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/314", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "All ducks belong to the", + "text": "All ducks belong to the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/315", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "biological order", + "text": "biological order", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Order_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/316", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anseriformes", + "text": "Anseriformes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anseriformes" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/317", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the", + "text": ", a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/318", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "screamers", + "text": "screamers", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Screamer" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/319", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and the", + "text": ", and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/320", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "magpie goose", + "text": "magpie goose", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Magpie_goose" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/321", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/322", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 5 ]", + "text": "[ 5 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/323", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "All except the screamers belong to the", + "text": "All except the screamers belong to the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/324", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "biological family", + "text": "biological family", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Family_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/325", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anatidae", + "text": "Anatidae", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anatidae" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/326", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/327", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 5 ]", + "text": "[ 5 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/328", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.", + "text": "Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/329", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 5 ]", + "text": "[ 5 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/330", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Some base their decisions on", + "text": "Some base their decisions on" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/331", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "morphological characteristics", + "text": "morphological characteristics", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/332", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.", + "text": ", others on shared behaviours or genetic studies." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/333", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 6 ]", + "text": "[ 6 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/334", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 7 ]", + "text": "[ 7 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/335", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.", + "text": "The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/336", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 8 ]", + "text": "[ 8 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/337", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 9 ]", + "text": "[ 9 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/338", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The significant level of", + "text": "The significant level of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/339", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "hybridisation", + "text": "hybridisation", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/340", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.", + "text": "that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/341", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/50" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 9 ]", + "text": "[ 9 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/342", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Mallard landing in approach", + "text": "Mallard landing in approach", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mallard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/343", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.", + "text": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/344", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 10 ]", + "text": "[ 10 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/345", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks - named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.", + "text": "The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks - named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/346", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 11 ]", + "text": "[ 11 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/347", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.", + "text": "The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/348", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 12 ]", + "text": "[ 12 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/349", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.", + "text": "The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/350", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 13 ]", + "text": "[ 13 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/351", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.", + "text": "The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/352", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/51" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 14 ]", + "text": "[ 14 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/353", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The", + "text": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/354", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "whistling ducks", + "text": "whistling ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Whistling_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/355", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,", + "text": "are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/356", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 15 ]", + "text": "[ 15 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/357", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).", + "text": "or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/358", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 9 ]", + "text": "[ 9 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/359", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 16 ]", + "text": "[ 16 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix-16" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/360", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/361", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "freckled duck", + "text": "freckled duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Freckled_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/362", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,", + "text": "of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/363", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 15 ]", + "text": "[ 15 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/364", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.", + "text": "or in its own family, the Stictonettinae." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/365", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 9 ]", + "text": "[ 9 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/366", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/367", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "shelducks", + "text": "shelducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Shelduck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/368", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,", + "text": "make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/369", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 15 ]", + "text": "[ 15 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/370", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,", + "text": "and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/371", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 17 ]", + "text": "[ 17 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998-17" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/372", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "while the", + "text": "while the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/373", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "steamer ducks", + "text": "steamer ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Steamer_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/374", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini", + "text": "are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/375", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 15 ]", + "text": "[ 15 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/376", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.", + "text": "or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/377", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 9 ]", + "text": "[ 9 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/378", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/379", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "perching ducks", + "text": "perching ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Perching_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/380", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.", + "text": "make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/381", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 9 ]", + "text": "[ 9 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/382", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/383", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "torrent duck", + "text": "torrent duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Torrent_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/384", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,", + "text": "is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/385", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 15 ]", + "text": "[ 15 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/386", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.", + "text": "but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/387", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 18 ]", + "text": "[ 18 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/388", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/389", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pink-eared duck", + "text": "pink-eared duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pink-eared_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/390", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini", + "text": "is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/391", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 15 ]", + "text": "[ 15 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/392", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or the tribe Malacorhynchini,", + "text": "or the tribe Malacorhynchini," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/393", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 19 ]", + "text": "[ 19 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/394", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.", + "text": "and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/395", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/52" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 15 ]", + "text": "[ 15 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/396", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/7" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Morphology", + "text": "Morphology", + "level": 1 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/397", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Male Mandarin duck", + "text": "Male Mandarin duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mandarin_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/398", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The overall", + "text": "The overall" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/399", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "body plan", + "text": "body plan", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Body_plan" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/400", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The", + "text": "of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/401", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "bill", + "text": "bill", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Beak" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/402", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is usually broad and contains serrated", + "text": "is usually broad and contains serrated" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/403", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pectens", + "text": "pectens", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/404", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the", + "text": ", which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/405", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "flight", + "text": "flight", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_flight" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/406", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of", + "text": "of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/407", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "steamer duck", + "text": "steamer duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Steamer_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/408", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while", + "text": "are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/409", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "moulting", + "text": "moulting", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Moult" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/410", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes", + "text": "; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/411", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "migration", + "text": "migration", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_migration" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/412", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/53" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/413", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant", + "text": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/414", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "plumage", + "text": "plumage", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Plumage" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/415", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", but that is", + "text": ", but that is" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/416", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "moulted", + "text": "moulted", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Moult" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/417", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less", + "text": "in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/418", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "sexual dimorphism", + "text": "sexual dimorphism", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/419", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", although there are exceptions such as the", + "text": ", although there are exceptions such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/420", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "paradise shelduck", + "text": "paradise shelduck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Paradise_shelduck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/421", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of", + "text": "of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/422", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "New Zealand", + "text": "New Zealand", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/New_Zealand" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/423", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/54" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.", + "text": ", which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/424", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/8" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/9" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Distribution and habitat", + "text": "Distribution and habitat", + "level": 1 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/425", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "See also:", + "text": "See also:" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/426", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/55" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "List of Anseriformes by population", + "text": "List of Anseriformes by population", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/List_of_Anseriformes_by_population" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/427", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia , Argentina", + "text": "Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia , Argentina", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Flying_steamer_ducks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/428", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks have a", + "text": "Ducks have a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/429", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "cosmopolitan distribution", + "text": "cosmopolitan distribution", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/430", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and are found on every continent except Antarctica.", + "text": ", and are found on every continent except Antarctica." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/431", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 5 ]", + "text": "[ 5 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/432", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including", + "text": "Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/433", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "South Georgia", + "text": "South Georgia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/434", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the", + "text": "and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/435", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Auckland Islands", + "text": "Auckland Islands", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Auckland_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/436", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/437", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 20 ]", + "text": "[ 20 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/438", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the", + "text": "Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/439", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Hawaiian Islands", + "text": "Hawaiian Islands", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/440", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/441", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Micronesia", + "text": "Micronesia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Micronesia" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/442", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the", + "text": "and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/443", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Galápagos Islands", + "text": "Galápagos Islands", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/444", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", where they are often", + "text": ", where they are often" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/445", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "vagrants", + "text": "vagrants", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/446", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and less often", + "text": "and less often" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/447", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "residents", + "text": "residents", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/448", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/449", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 21 ]", + "text": "[ 21 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/450", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 22 ]", + "text": "[ 22 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/451", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A handful are", + "text": "A handful are" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/452", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "endemic", + "text": "endemic", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Endemic" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/453", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "to such far-flung islands.", + "text": "to such far-flung islands." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/454", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/56" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 21 ]", + "text": "[ 21 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/455", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Female mallard in Cornwall , England", + "text": "Female mallard in Cornwall , England", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Cornwall" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/456", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.", + "text": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/457", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/57" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 23 ]", + "text": "[ 23 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-23" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/458", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/489" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/505" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/545" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Behaviour", + "text": "Behaviour", + "level": 1 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/459", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/458" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/10" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Feeding", + "text": "Feeding", + "level": 2 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/460", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Pecten along the bill", + "text": "Pecten along the bill", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/461", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks eat food sources such as", + "text": "Ducks eat food sources such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/462", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "grasses", + "text": "grasses", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Poaceae" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/463", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small", + "text": ", aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/464", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "molluscs", + "text": "molluscs", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mollusc" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/465", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/58" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/466", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Dabbling ducks", + "text": "Dabbling ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dabbling_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/467", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.", + "text": "feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/468", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 24 ]", + "text": "[ 24 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-24" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/469", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a", + "text": "Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/470", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pecten", + "text": "pecten", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/471", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/59" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.", + "text": ". This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/472", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Diving ducks", + "text": "Diving ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Diving_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/473", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/474", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "sea ducks", + "text": "sea ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Sea_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/475", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/60" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.", + "text": "forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/476", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A few specialized species such as the", + "text": "A few specialized species such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/477", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "mergansers", + "text": "mergansers", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Merganser" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/478", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/61" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.", + "text": "are adapted to catch and swallow large fish." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/479", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to", + "text": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/480", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "dredging", + "text": "dredging", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dredging" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/481", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no", + "text": "-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/482", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "cere", + "text": "cere", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Cere" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/483", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/62" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", but the nostrils come out through hard horn.", + "text": ", but the nostrils come out through hard horn." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/484", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The Guardian", + "text": "The Guardian", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/The_Guardian" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/485", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it", + "text": "published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/486", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "damages the health of the ducks", + "text": "damages the health of the ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Angel_wing" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/487", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and pollutes waterways.", + "text": "and pollutes waterways." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/488", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/63" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 25 ]", + "text": "[ 25 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-25" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/489", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/458" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/11" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Breeding", + "text": "Breeding", + "level": 2 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/490", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A Muscovy duckling", + "text": "A Muscovy duckling", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Muscovy_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/491", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks generally", + "text": "Ducks generally" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/492", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "only have one partner at a time", + "text": "only have one partner at a time", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/493", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", although the partnership usually only lasts one year.", + "text": ", although the partnership usually only lasts one year." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/494", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 26 ]", + "text": "[ 26 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-26" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/495", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.", + "text": "Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/496", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 27 ]", + "text": "[ 27 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-27" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/497", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (", + "text": "Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/498", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "spring", + "text": "spring", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Spring_(season)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/499", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a", + "text": "/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/500", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "nest", + "text": "nest", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_nest" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/501", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed", + "text": "before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/502", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "courtyard", + "text": "courtyard", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Courtyard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/503", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ") or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.", + "text": ") or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/504", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/64" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 28 ]", + "text": "[ 28 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-28" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/505", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/458" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Communication", + "text": "Communication", + "level": 2 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/506", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Female", + "text": "Female" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/507", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "mallard", + "text": "mallard", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mallard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/508", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the", + "text": "ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/509", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "American", + "text": "American", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/American_black_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/510", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/511", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Pacific black ducks", + "text": "Pacific black ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Pacific_black_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/512", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/513", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "spot-billed duck", + "text": "spot-billed duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Spot-billed_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/514", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/515", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "northern pintail", + "text": "northern pintail", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Northern_pintail" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/516", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/517", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "common teal", + "text": "common teal", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Common_teal" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/518", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ") make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",", + "text": ") make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\"," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/519", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 29 ]", + "text": "[ 29 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-29" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/520", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[", + "text": "[" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/521", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "self-published source?", + "text": "self-published source?", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/522", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".", + "text": "] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\"." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/523", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 30 ]", + "text": "[ 30 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-30" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/524", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "In general, ducks make a range of", + "text": "In general, ducks make a range of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/525", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "calls", + "text": "calls", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bird_vocalisation" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/526", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the", + "text": ", including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/527", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "scaup", + "text": "scaup", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Scaup" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/528", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "- which are", + "text": "- which are" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/529", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "diving ducks", + "text": "diving ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Diving_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/530", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/65" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "- make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.", + "text": "- make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/531", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A common", + "text": "A common" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/532", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "urban legend", + "text": "urban legend", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Urban_legend" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/533", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the", + "text": "claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/534", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "University of Salford", + "text": "University of Salford", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/University_of_Salford" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/535", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in 2003 as part of the", + "text": "in 2003 as part of the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/536", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "British Association", + "text": "British Association", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/British_Association" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/537", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "'s Festival of Science.", + "text": "'s Festival of Science." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/538", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 31 ]", + "text": "[ 31 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-31" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/539", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "It was also debunked in", + "text": "It was also debunked in" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/540", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "one of the earlier episodes", + "text": "one of the earlier episodes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/541", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "of the popular Discovery Channel television show", + "text": "of the popular Discovery Channel television show" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/542", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "MythBusters", + "text": "MythBusters", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/MythBusters" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/543", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/544", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/66" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 32 ]", + "text": "[ 32 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-32" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/545", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/458" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/12" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Predators", + "text": "Predators", + "level": 2 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/546", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ringed teal", + "text": "Ringed teal", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Ringed_teal" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/547", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like", + "text": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/548", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pike", + "text": "pike", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Esox" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/549", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/550", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "crocodilians", + "text": "crocodilians", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Crocodilia" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/551", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", predatory", + "text": ", predatory" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/552", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "testudines", + "text": "testudines", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Testudines" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/553", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "such as the", + "text": "such as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/554", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "alligator snapping turtle", + "text": "alligator snapping turtle", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/555", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as", + "text": ", and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/556", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "herons", + "text": "herons", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Heron" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/557", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as", + "text": ". Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/558", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "foxes", + "text": "foxes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Fox" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/559", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", or large birds, such as", + "text": ", or large birds, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/560", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "hawks", + "text": "hawks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Hawk" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/561", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "or", + "text": "or" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/562", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "owls", + "text": "owls", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Owl" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/563", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/67" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/564", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American", + "text": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/565", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "muskie", + "text": "muskie", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Muskellunge" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/566", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the European", + "text": "and the European" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/567", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "pike", + "text": "pike", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Esox" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/568", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the", + "text": ". In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/569", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "peregrine falcon", + "text": "peregrine falcon", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/570", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/68" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.", + "text": ", which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/571", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/572" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/620" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/639" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/texts/655" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Relationship with humans", + "text": "Relationship with humans", + "level": 1 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/572", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/571" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/69" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Hunting", + "text": "Hunting", + "level": 2 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/573", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/69" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Main article:", + "text": "Main article:" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/574", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/69" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Waterfowl hunting", + "text": "Waterfowl hunting", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/575", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of", + "text": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/576", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "middens", + "text": "middens", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Midden" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/577", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in California dating to 7800 - 6400", + "text": "in California dating to 7800 - 6400" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/578", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "BP", + "text": "BP", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Before_present" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/579", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.", + "text": "have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/580", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 33 ]", + "text": "[ 33 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/581", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by", + "text": "Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/582", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Holocene", + "text": "Holocene", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Holocene" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/583", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "inhabitants of the lower", + "text": "inhabitants of the lower" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/584", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ohio River", + "text": "Ohio River", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Ohio_River" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/585", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.", + "text": "valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/586", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 34 ]", + "text": "[ 34 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/587", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,", + "text": "Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/588", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 35 ]", + "text": "[ 35 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/589", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Scandinavia,", + "text": "Scandinavia," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/590", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 36 ]", + "text": "[ 36 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/591", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Egypt,", + "text": "Egypt," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/592", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 37 ]", + "text": "[ 37 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/593", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Switzerland,", + "text": "Switzerland," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/594", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 38 ]", + "text": "[ 38 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/595", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.", + "text": "and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/596", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 39 ]", + "text": "[ 39 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/597", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Archeological evidence shows that", + "text": "Archeological evidence shows that" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/598", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Māori people", + "text": "Māori people", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/599", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in New Zealand hunted the flightless", + "text": "in New Zealand hunted the flightless" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/600", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Finsch's duck", + "text": "Finsch's duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/601", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.", + "text": ", possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/602", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 40 ]", + "text": "[ 40 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/603", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "A similar end awaited the", + "text": "A similar end awaited the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/604", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Chatham duck", + "text": "Chatham duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Chatham_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/605", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.", + "text": ", a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/606", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 41 ]", + "text": "[ 41 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/607", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.", + "text": "It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/608", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 35 ]", + "text": "[ 35 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/609", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/70" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 42 ]", + "text": "[ 42 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/610", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,", + "text": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/611", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 43 ]", + "text": "[ 43 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-43" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/612", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "by shooting, or by being trapped using", + "text": "by shooting, or by being trapped using" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/613", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "duck decoys", + "text": "duck decoys", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/614", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be", + "text": ". Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/615", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "contaminated by pollutants", + "text": "contaminated by pollutants", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/616", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "such as", + "text": "such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/617", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "PCBs", + "text": "PCBs", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/618", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/619", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/71" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 44 ]", + "text": "[ 44 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-44" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/620", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/571" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/72" + }, { "$ref": "#/pictures/13" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/288" + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "section_header", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Domestication", + "text": "Domestication", + "level": 2 + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/621", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/72" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Main article:", + "text": "Main article:" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/622", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/72" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Domestic duck", + "text": "Domestic duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Domestic_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/623", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/body" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "caption", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Indian Runner ducks , a common breed of domestic ducks", + "text": "Indian Runner ducks , a common breed of domestic ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Indian_Runner_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/624", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their", + "text": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/625", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "down", + "text": "down", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Down_feather" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/626", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.", + "text": "). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/627", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 45 ]", + "text": "[ 45 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-45" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/628", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the", + "text": "They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/629", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "mallard", + "text": "mallard", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Mallard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/630", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the", + "text": "( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/631", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Muscovy duck", + "text": "Muscovy duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Muscovy_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/632", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "( Cairina moschata ).", + "text": "( Cairina moschata )." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/633", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 46 ]", + "text": "[ 46 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-46" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/634", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 47 ]", + "text": "[ 47 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-47" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/635", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The", + "text": "The" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/636", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Call duck", + "text": "Call duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Call_duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/637", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).", + "text": "is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/638", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/73" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 48 ]", + "text": "[ 48 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-48" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/639", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/571" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/14" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5890,7 +14473,7 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/287", + "self_ref": "#/texts/640", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -5898,32 +14481,196 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "caption", "prov": [], - "orig": "Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]", - "text": "Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]" + "orig": "Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka [ 49 ]", + "text": "Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka [ 49 ]", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Maaninka" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/288", + "self_ref": "#/texts/641", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/286" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]", - "text": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]" + "orig": "Ducks appear on several", + "text": "Ducks appear on several" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/289", + "self_ref": "#/texts/642", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/277" + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "coats of arms", + "text": "coats of arms", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Coats_of_arms" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/643", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", including the coat of arms of", + "text": ", including the coat of arms of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/644", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Lubāna", + "text": "Lubāna", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Lub%C4%81na" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/645", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(", + "text": "(" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/646", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Latvia", + "text": "Latvia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Latvia" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/647", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ")", + "text": ")" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/648", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 50 ]", + "text": "[ 50 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-50" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/649", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and the coat of arms of", + "text": "and the coat of arms of" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/650", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Föglö", + "text": "Föglö", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/651", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(", + "text": "(" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/652", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Åland", + "text": "Åland", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/%C3%85land" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/653", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ").", + "text": ")." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/654", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/74" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 51 ]", + "text": "[ 51 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-51" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/655", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/571" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/290" + "$ref": "#/groups/75" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/291" + "$ref": "#/groups/76" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5934,40 +14681,616 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/290", + "self_ref": "#/texts/656", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/289" + "$ref": "#/groups/75" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.", - "text": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986." + "orig": "In 2002, psychologist", + "text": "In 2002, psychologist" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/291", + "self_ref": "#/texts/657", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/289" + "$ref": "#/groups/75" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]", - "text": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]" + "orig": "Richard Wiseman", + "text": "Richard Wiseman", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/292", + "self_ref": "#/texts/658", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and colleagues at the", + "text": "and colleagues at the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/659", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "University of Hertfordshire", + "text": "University of Hertfordshire", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/660", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ",", + "text": "," + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/661", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "UK", + "text": "UK", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/UK" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/662", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", finished a year-long", + "text": ", finished a year-long" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/663", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "LaughLab", + "text": "LaughLab", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/LaughLab" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/664", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"", + "text": "experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/665", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 52 ]", + "text": "[ 52 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-52" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/666", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The word \"duck\" may have become an", + "text": "The word \"duck\" may have become an" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/667", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "inherently funny word", + "text": "inherently funny word", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Inherently_funny_word" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/668", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many", + "text": "in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/669", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ducks in fiction", + "text": "ducks in fiction", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/670", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", many are cartoon characters, such as", + "text": ", many are cartoon characters, such as" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/671", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Walt Disney", + "text": "Walt Disney", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/672", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "'s", + "text": "'s" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/673", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Donald Duck", + "text": "Donald Duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Donald_Duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/674", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", and", + "text": ", and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/675", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Warner Bros.", + "text": "Warner Bros.", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Warner_Bros." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/676", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "'", + "text": "'" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/677", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Daffy Duck", + "text": "Daffy Duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Daffy_Duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/678", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/679", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Howard the Duck", + "text": "Howard the Duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Howard_the_Duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/680", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "started as a comic book character in 1973", + "text": "started as a comic book character in 1973" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/681", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 53 ]", + "text": "[ 53 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-53" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/682", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 54 ]", + "text": "[ 54 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-54" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/683", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and was made into a", + "text": "and was made into a" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/684", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "movie", + "text": "movie", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/685", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/75" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "in 1986.", + "text": "in 1986." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/686", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The 1992 Disney film", + "text": "The 1992 Disney film" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/687", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The Mighty Ducks", + "text": "The Mighty Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/688", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", starring", + "text": ", starring" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/689", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Emilio Estevez", + "text": "Emilio Estevez", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Emilio_Estevez" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/690", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual", + "text": ", chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/691", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "National Hockey League", + "text": "National Hockey League", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/National_Hockey_League" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/692", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "professional team of the", + "text": "professional team of the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/693", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Anaheim Ducks", + "text": "Anaheim Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/694", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [", + "text": ", who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/695", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "citation needed", + "text": "citation needed", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/696", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "] The duck is also the nickname of the", + "text": "] The duck is also the nickname of the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/697", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "University of Oregon", + "text": "University of Oregon", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/University_of_Oregon" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/698", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "sports teams as well as the", + "text": "sports teams as well as the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/699", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Long Island Ducks", + "text": "Long Island Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/700", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "minor league", + "text": "minor league" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/701", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "baseball", + "text": "baseball", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Baseball" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/702", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "team.", + "text": "team." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/703", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/76" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "[ 55 ]", + "text": "[ 55 ]", + "hyperlink": "#cite_note-55" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/704", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/groups/37" + "$ref": "#/groups/77" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5978,9 +15301,9 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/293", + "self_ref": "#/texts/705", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/37" + "$ref": "#/groups/77" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -5988,13 +15311,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Birds portal", "text": "Birds portal", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Portal:Birds", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/294", + "self_ref": "#/texts/706", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6002,13 +15326,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Domestic duck", "text": "Domestic duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Domestic_duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/295", + "self_ref": "#/texts/707", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6016,13 +15341,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Duck as food", "text": "Duck as food", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_as_food", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/296", + "self_ref": "#/texts/708", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6030,13 +15356,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Duck test", "text": "Duck test", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Duck_test", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/297", + "self_ref": "#/texts/709", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6044,13 +15371,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Duck breeds", "text": "Duck breeds", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/298", + "self_ref": "#/texts/710", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6058,13 +15386,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Fictional ducks", "text": "Fictional ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/299", + "self_ref": "#/texts/711", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/38" + "$ref": "#/groups/78" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6072,20 +15401,21 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Rubber duck", "text": "Rubber duck", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Rubber_duck", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/300", + "self_ref": "#/texts/712", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/301" + "$ref": "#/texts/713" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/357" + "$ref": "#/texts/1016" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6096,13 +15426,13 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/301", + "self_ref": "#/texts/713", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/300" + "$ref": "#/texts/712" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" + "$ref": "#/groups/79" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6113,783 +15443,4121 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/302", + "self_ref": "#/texts/714", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Duckling\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", - "text": "^ \"Duckling\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/303", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Duckling\". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", - "text": "^ \"Duckling\". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000-2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/304", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.", - "text": "^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/305", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.", - "text": "^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/306", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.", - "text": "^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/307", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.", - "text": "^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737-738.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/308", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452.", - "text": "^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/309", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.", - "text": "^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353-354.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/310", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.", - "text": "^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/311", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191.", - "text": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/312", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Kear 2005, p. 448.", - "text": "^ Kear 2005, p. 448.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/313", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.", - "text": "^ Kear 2005, p. 622-623.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/314", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Kear 2005, p. 686.", - "text": "^ Kear 2005, p. 686.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/315", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.", - "text": "^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/316", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.", - "text": "^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/317", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.", - "text": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/318", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.", - "text": "^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/319", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.", - "text": "^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/320", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.", - "text": "^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/321", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.", - "text": "^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/322", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.", - "text": "^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98-107.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/323", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.", - "text": "^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52-3.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/324", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Pacific Black Duck\". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.", - "text": "^ \"Pacific Black Duck\". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/325", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Ogden, Evans. \"Dabbling Ducks\". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.", - "text": "^ Ogden, Evans. \"Dabbling Ducks\". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/326", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). \"Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.", - "text": "^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). \"Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/327", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). \"Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl\". Current Ornithology. pp. 187–221. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.", - "text": "^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). \"Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl\". Current Ornithology. pp. 187-221. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/328", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). \"Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks\". The Condor. 102 (1): 201–205. doi:10.1093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.", - "text": "^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). \"Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks\". The Condor. 102 (1): 201-205. doi:10.1093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/329", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber\". wildliferehabber.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.", - "text": "^ \"If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber\". wildliferehabber.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/330", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562.[self-published source]", - "text": "^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562.[self-published source]", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/331", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.", - "text": "^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/332", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). \"Sound science is quackers\". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.", - "text": "^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). \"Sound science is quackers\". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/333", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Mythbusters Episode 8\". 12 December 2003.", - "text": "^ \"Mythbusters Episode 8\". 12 December 2003.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/334", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.", - "text": "^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/335", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.", - "text": "^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/336", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.", - "text": "^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/337", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.", - "text": "^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/338", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.", - "text": "^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/339", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Rau 1876, p. 133.", - "text": "^ Rau 1876, p. 133.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/340", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Higman 2012, p. 23.", - "text": "^ Higman 2012, p. 23.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/341", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Hume 2012, p. 53.", - "text": "^ Hume 2012, p. 53.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/342", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Hume 2012, p. 52.", - "text": "^ Hume 2012, p. 52.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/343", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.", - "text": "^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/344", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.", - "text": "^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/345", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl\" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.", - "text": "^ \"Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl\" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/346", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"FAOSTAT\". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.", - "text": "^ \"FAOSTAT\". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/347", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin\". Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.", - "text": "^ \"Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin\". Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/348", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Sy Montgomery. \"Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica\". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.", - "text": "^ Sy Montgomery. \"Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica\". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/349", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.", - "text": "^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/350", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.", - "text": "^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/351", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Lubānas simbolika\" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.", - "text": "^ \"Lubānas simbolika\" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/352", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Föglö\" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.", - "text": "^ \"Föglö\" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/353", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Young, Emma. \"World's funniest joke revealed\". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.", - "text": "^ Young, Emma. \"World's funniest joke revealed\". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/354", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"Howard the Duck (character)\". Grand Comics Database.", - "text": "^ \"Howard the Duck (character)\". Grand Comics Database.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/355", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). \"1970s\". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.", - "text": "^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). \"1970s\". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/356", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/39" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "^ \"The Duck\". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.", - "text": "^ \"The Duck\". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.", - "enumerated": true, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/357", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/300" + "$ref": "#/groups/79" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" + "$ref": "#/groups/80" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/715", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/80" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/716", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/80" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Duckling\"", + "text": "\"Duckling\"", + "hyperlink": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/717", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/80" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .", + "text": ". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/718", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/81" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/719", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/81" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/720", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/81" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Duckling\"", + "text": "\"Duckling\"", + "hyperlink": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/721", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/81" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000-2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .", + "text": ". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000-2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/722", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/723", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-3" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/724", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001).", + "text": "Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/725", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds", + "text": "The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=WJCTL_mC5w4C&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck&pg=PA457" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/726", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Yale University Press.", + "text": ". Yale University Press." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/727", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/728", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0300138139", + "text": "978-0300138139", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138139" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/729", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/82" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/730", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/731", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/732", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003).", + "text": "Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/733", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "How to Draw Cartoon Birds", + "text": "How to Draw Cartoon Birds", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=VqSquCLNrZcC&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck+%28or+hen%29&pg=PA16" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/734", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". The Rosen Publishing Group.", + "text": ". The Rosen Publishing Group." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/735", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/736", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "9780823961566", + "text": "9780823961566", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823961566" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/737", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/83" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/738", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/739", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/740", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "a", + "text": "a", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/741", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "b", + "text": "b", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/742", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "c", + "text": "c", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/743", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "d", + "text": "d", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-3" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/744", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Carboneras 1992", + "text": "Carboneras 1992", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFCarboneras1992" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/745", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/84" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 536.", + "text": ", p. 536." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/746", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/85" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/747", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/85" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/748", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/85" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Livezey 1986", + "text": "Livezey 1986", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFLivezey1986" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/749", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/85" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", pp. 737-738.", + "text": ", pp. 737-738." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/750", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/86" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/751", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/86" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/752", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/86" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988", + "text": "Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/753", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/86" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 452.", + "text": ", p. 452." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/754", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/87" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/755", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/87" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/756", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/87" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002", + "text": "Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/757", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/87" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", pp. 353-354.", + "text": ", pp. 353-354." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/758", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/759", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/760", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "a", + "text": "a", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/761", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "b", + "text": "b", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/762", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "c", + "text": "c", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/763", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "d", + "text": "d", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-3" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/764", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "e", + "text": "e", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/765", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "f", + "text": "f", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/766", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Carboneras 1992", + "text": "Carboneras 1992", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFCarboneras1992" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/767", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/88" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 540.", + "text": ", p. 540." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/768", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/89" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/769", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/89" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/770", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/89" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001", + "text": "Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/771", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/89" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 191.", + "text": ", p. 191." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/772", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/90" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/773", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/90" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/774", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/90" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Kear 2005", + "text": "Kear 2005", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFKear2005" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/775", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/90" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 448.", + "text": ", p. 448." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/776", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/91" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/777", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/91" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/778", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/91" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Kear 2005", + "text": "Kear 2005", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFKear2005" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/779", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/91" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 622-623.", + "text": ", p. 622-623." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/780", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/92" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/781", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/92" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/782", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/92" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Kear 2005", + "text": "Kear 2005", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFKear2005" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/783", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/92" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 686.", + "text": ", p. 686." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/784", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/93" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/785", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/93" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/786", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/93" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001", + "text": "Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/787", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/93" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 193.", + "text": ", p. 193." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/788", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/789", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/790", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "a", + "text": "a", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/791", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "b", + "text": "b", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/792", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "c", + "text": "c", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/793", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "d", + "text": "d", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-3" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/794", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "e", + "text": "e", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/795", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "f", + "text": "f", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/796", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "g", + "text": "g", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-6" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/797", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Carboneras 1992", + "text": "Carboneras 1992", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFCarboneras1992" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/798", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/94" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 537.", + "text": ", p. 537." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/799", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/95" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/800", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/95" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix_16-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/801", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/95" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "American Ornithologists' Union 1998", + "text": "American Ornithologists' Union 1998", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/802", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/95" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. xix.", + "text": ", p. xix." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/803", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/96" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/804", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/96" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998_17-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/805", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/96" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "American Ornithologists' Union 1998", + "text": "American Ornithologists' Union 1998", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/806", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/96" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/807", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/97" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/808", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/97" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/809", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/97" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Carboneras 1992", + "text": "Carboneras 1992", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFCarboneras1992" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/810", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/97" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 538.", + "text": ", p. 538." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/811", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/98" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/812", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/98" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/813", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/98" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Christidis & Boles 2008", + "text": "Christidis & Boles 2008", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFChristidisBoles2008" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/814", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/98" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 62.", + "text": ", p. 62." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/815", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/99" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/816", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/99" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/817", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/99" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Shirihai 2008", + "text": "Shirihai 2008", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFShirihai2008" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/818", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/99" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", pp. 239, 245.", + "text": ", pp. 239, 245." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/819", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/100" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/820", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/100" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/821", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/100" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "a", + "text": "a", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/822", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/100" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "b", + "text": "b", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/823", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/100" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987", + "text": "Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFPrattBrunerBerrett1987" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/824", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/100" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", pp. 98-107.", + "text": ", pp. 98-107." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/825", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/101" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/826", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/101" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/827", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/101" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000", + "text": "Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFFitterFitterHosking2000" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/828", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/101" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", pp. 52-3.", + "text": ", pp. 52-3." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/829", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/102" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/830", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/102" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-23" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/831", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/102" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Pacific Black Duck\"", + "text": "\"Pacific Black Duck\"", + "hyperlink": "http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/832", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/102" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .", + "text": ". www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/833", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/103" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/834", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/103" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-24" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/835", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/103" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ogden, Evans.", + "text": "Ogden, Evans." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/836", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/103" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Dabbling Ducks\"", + "text": "\"Dabbling Ducks\"", + "hyperlink": "https://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/species/dabbducks.html" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/837", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/103" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .", + "text": ". CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/838", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/104" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/839", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/104" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-25" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/840", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/104" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015).", + "text": "Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/841", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/104" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists\"", + "text": "\"Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists\"", + "hyperlink": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/dont-feed-the-ducks-bread-say-conservationists" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/842", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/104" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .", + "text": ". The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/843", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/844", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-26" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/845", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). \"Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl\". Current Ornithology . pp. 187-221.", + "text": "Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). \"Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl\". Current Ornithology . pp. 187-221." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/846", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "doi", + "text": "doi", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/847", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/848", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4", + "text": "10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4", + "hyperlink": "https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6787-5_4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/849", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/850", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/851", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-1-4615-6789-9", + "text": "978-1-4615-6789-9", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6789-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/852", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/105" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/853", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/854", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-27" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/855", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000).", + "text": "Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/856", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks\"", + "text": "\"Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks\"", + "hyperlink": "https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/857", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". The Condor . 102 (1): 201-205.", + "text": ". The Condor . 102 (1): 201-205." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/858", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "doi", + "text": "doi", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/859", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/860", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "10.1093/condor/102.1.201", + "text": "10.1093/condor/102.1.201", + "hyperlink": "https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/861", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/862", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "hdl", + "text": "hdl", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/863", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/864", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "10315/13797", + "text": "10315/13797", + "hyperlink": "https://hdl.handle.net/10315%2F13797" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/865", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/106" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/866", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/107" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/867", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/107" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-28" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/868", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/107" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber\"", + "text": "\"If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber\"", + "hyperlink": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180923152911/http://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/869", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/107" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". wildliferehabber.com . Archived from", + "text": ". wildliferehabber.com . Archived from" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/870", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/107" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "the original", + "text": "the original", + "hyperlink": "https://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/871", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/107" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .", + "text": "on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/872", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/873", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-29" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/874", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Carver, Heather (2011).", + "text": "Carver, Heather (2011)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/875", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The Duck Bible", + "text": "The Duck Bible", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=VGofAwAAQBAJ&q=mallard+sound+deep+and+raspy&pg=PA39" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/876", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Lulu.com.", + "text": ". Lulu.com." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/877", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/878", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "9780557901562", + "text": "9780557901562", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557901562" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/879", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". [", + "text": ". [" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/880", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "self-published source", + "text": "self-published source", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/881", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/108" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "]", + "text": "]" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/882", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/883", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-30" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/884", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03).", + "text": "Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/885", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends", + "text": "Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJBBAAAQBAJ&q=Females+of+most+dabbling+ducks+make+the+classic+%22quack%22+sound+but+most+ducks+don%27t+quack&pg=PA123" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/886", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Rowman & Littlefield.", + "text": ". Rowman & Littlefield." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/887", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/888", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "9780762797707", + "text": "9780762797707", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762797707" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/889", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/109" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/890", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/110" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/891", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/110" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-31" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/892", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/110" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08).", + "text": "Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/893", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/110" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Sound science is quackers\"", + "text": "\"Sound science is quackers\"", + "hyperlink": "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/894", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/110" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .", + "text": ". BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/895", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/111" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/896", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/111" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-32" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/897", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/111" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Mythbusters Episode 8\"", + "text": "\"Mythbusters Episode 8\"", + "hyperlink": "http://mythbustersresults.com/episode8" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/898", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/111" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". 12 December 2003.", + "text": ". 12 December 2003." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/899", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/112" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/900", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/112" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/901", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/112" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Erlandson 1994", + "text": "Erlandson 1994", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFErlandson1994" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/902", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/112" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 171.", + "text": ", p. 171." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/903", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/113" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/904", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/113" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/905", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/113" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Jeffries 2008", + "text": "Jeffries 2008", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFJeffries2008" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/906", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/113" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", pp. 168, 243.", + "text": ", pp. 168, 243." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/907", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/114" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/908", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/114" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/909", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/114" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "a", + "text": "a", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/910", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/114" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "b", + "text": "b", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-1" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/911", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/114" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Sued-Badillo 2003", + "text": "Sued-Badillo 2003", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFSued-Badillo2003" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/912", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/114" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 65.", + "text": ", p. 65." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/913", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/115" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/914", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/115" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/915", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/115" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Thorpe 1996", + "text": "Thorpe 1996", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFThorpe1996" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/916", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/115" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 68.", + "text": ", p. 68." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/917", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/116" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/918", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/116" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/919", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/116" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Maisels 1999", + "text": "Maisels 1999", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFMaisels1999" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/920", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/116" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 42.", + "text": ", p. 42." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/921", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/117" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/922", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/117" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/923", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/117" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Rau 1876", + "text": "Rau 1876", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFRau1876" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/924", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/117" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 133.", + "text": ", p. 133." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/925", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/118" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/926", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/118" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/927", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/118" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Higman 2012", + "text": "Higman 2012", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFHigman2012" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/928", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/118" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 23.", + "text": ", p. 23." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/929", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/119" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/930", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/119" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/931", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/119" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Hume 2012", + "text": "Hume 2012", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFHume2012" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/932", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/119" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 53.", + "text": ", p. 53." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/933", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/120" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/934", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/120" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/935", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/120" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Hume 2012", + "text": "Hume 2012", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFHume2012" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/936", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/120" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 52.", + "text": ", p. 52." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/937", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/121" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/938", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/121" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/939", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/121" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Fieldhouse 2002", + "text": "Fieldhouse 2002", + "hyperlink": "#CITEREFFieldhouse2002" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/940", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/121" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", p. 167.", + "text": ", p. 167." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/941", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/942", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-43" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/943", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01).", + "text": "Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/944", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Guide to Edible Plants and Animals", + "text": "Guide to Edible Plants and Animals", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=NViSMffyaSgC&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0In+many+areas,+wild+ducks+of+various+species+are+hunted+for+food+or+sport" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/945", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Wordsworth Editions, Limited.", + "text": ". Wordsworth Editions, Limited." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/946", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/947", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "9781853263774", + "text": "9781853263774", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263774" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/948", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/122" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/949", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/123" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/950", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/123" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-44" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/951", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/123" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl\"", + "text": "\"Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl\"", + "hyperlink": "https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/952", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/123" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3.", + "text": "(PDF) . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/953", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/123" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Archived", + "text": "Archived", + "hyperlink": "https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/954", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/123" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .", + "text": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/955", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/124" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/956", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/124" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-45" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/957", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/124" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"FAOSTAT\"", + "text": "\"FAOSTAT\"", + "hyperlink": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/958", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/124" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .", + "text": ". www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/959", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/125" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/960", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/125" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-46" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/961", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/125" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin\"", + "text": "\"Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin\"", + "hyperlink": "http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/962", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/125" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .", + "text": ". Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/963", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/126" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/964", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/126" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-47" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/965", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/126" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Sy Montgomery.", + "text": "Sy Montgomery." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/966", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/126" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica\"", + "text": "\"Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica\"", + "hyperlink": "https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-360302/mallard" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/967", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/126" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .", + "text": ". Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/968", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/969", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-48" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/970", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Glenday, Craig (2014).", + "text": "Glenday, Craig (2014)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/971", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Guinness World Records", + "text": "Guinness World Records", + "hyperlink": "https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/972", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Guinness World Records Limited. pp.", + "text": ". Guinness World Records Limited. pp." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/973", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "135", + "text": "135", + "hyperlink": "https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/974", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/975", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/976", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-1-908843-15-9", + "text": "978-1-908843-15-9", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/977", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/127" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/978", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/128" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/979", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/128" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-49" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/980", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/128" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147.", + "text": "Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/981", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/128" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/982", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/128" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "951-773-085-3", + "text": "951-773-085-3", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/983", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/128" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/984", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/129" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/985", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/129" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-50" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/986", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/129" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Lubānas simbolika\"", + "text": "\"Lubānas simbolika\"", + "hyperlink": "http://www.lubana.lv/index.php/lv/homepage/lubanas-pilseta-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/987", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/129" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .", + "text": "(in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/988", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/130" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/989", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/130" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-51" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/990", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/130" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Föglö\"", + "text": "\"Föglö\"", + "hyperlink": "http://digi.narc.fi/digi/view.ka?kuid=1738595" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/991", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/130" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .", + "text": "(in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/992", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/131" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/993", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/131" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-52" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/994", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/131" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Young, Emma.", + "text": "Young, Emma." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/995", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/131" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"World's funniest joke revealed\"", + "text": "\"World's funniest joke revealed\"", + "hyperlink": "https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2876-worlds-funniest-joke-revealed/" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/996", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/131" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .", + "text": ". New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/997", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/132" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/998", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/132" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-53" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/999", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/132" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"Howard the Duck (character)\"", + "text": "\"Howard the Duck (character)\"", + "hyperlink": "http://www.comics.org/character/name/Howard%20the%20Duck/sort/chrono/" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1000", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/132" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1001", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/132" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Grand Comics Database", + "text": "Grand Comics Database", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1002", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/132" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1003", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1004", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-54" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1005", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Sanderson, Peter", + "text": "Sanderson, Peter", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Peter_Sanderson" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1006", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "; Gilbert, Laura (2008). \"1970s\". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom:", + "text": "; Gilbert, Laura (2008). \"1970s\". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom:" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1007", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Dorling Kindersley", + "text": "Dorling Kindersley", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1008", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". p. 161.", + "text": ". p. 161." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1009", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1010", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0756641238", + "text": "978-0756641238", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756641238" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1011", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/133" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.", + "text": ". December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1012", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/79" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/134" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": true, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1013", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/134" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "^", + "text": "^", + "hyperlink": "#cite_ref-55" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1014", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/134" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"The Duck\"", + "text": "\"The Duck\"", + "hyperlink": "https://goducks.com/sports/2003/8/28/153778.aspx" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1015", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/134" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .", + "text": ". University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 ." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1016", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/712" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -6900,332 +19568,1917 @@ "level": 2 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/358", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1017", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", - "text": "American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/359", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.", - "text": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/360", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.", - "text": "Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/361", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). \"A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339–356. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..339D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.", - "text": "Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). \"A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339-356. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..339D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/362", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.", - "text": "Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/363", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.", - "text": "Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/364", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. Vol. I: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.", - "text": "Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/365", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.", - "text": "Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/366", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.", - "text": "Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/367", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.", - "text": "Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/368", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.", - "text": "Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/369", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.", - "text": "Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/370", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). \"A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters\" (PDF). The Auk. 103 (4): 737–754. doi:10.1093/auk/103.4.737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", - "text": "Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). \"A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters\" (PDF). The Auk. 103 (4): 737-754. doi:10.1093/auk/103.4.737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/371", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). \"A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA\" (PDF). The Auk. 105 (3): 452–459. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.452. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", - "text": "Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). \"A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA\" (PDF). The Auk. 105 (3): 452-459. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.452. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/372", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.", - "text": "Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/373", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.", - "text": "Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/374", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168.", - "text": "Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/375", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.", - "text": "Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/376", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.", - "text": "Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/377", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/40" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.", - "text": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/378", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/groups/135" }, "children": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/379" + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1018", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "American Ornithologists' Union (1998).", + "text": "American Ornithologists' Union (1998)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1019", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Checklist of North American Birds", + "text": "Checklist of North American Birds", + "hyperlink": "https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1020", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union.", + "text": "(PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1021", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1022", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-1-891276-00-2", + "text": "978-1-891276-00-2", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891276-00-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1023", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1024", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Archived", + "text": "Archived", + "hyperlink": "https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1025", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/136" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", + "text": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1026", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/137" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1027", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/137" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.", + "text": "Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1028", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/137" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1029", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/137" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-84-87334-10-8", + "text": "978-84-87334-10-8", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1030", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/137" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1031", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/138" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1032", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/138" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing.", + "text": "Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1033", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/138" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1034", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/138" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-643-06511-6", + "text": "978-0-643-06511-6", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1035", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/138" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1036", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1037", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). \"A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339-356.", + "text": "Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). \"A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339-356." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1038", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Bibcode", + "text": "Bibcode", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1039", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1040", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "2002MolPE..23..339D", + "text": "2002MolPE..23..339D", + "hyperlink": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MolPE..23..339D" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1041", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1042", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "doi", + "text": "doi", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1043", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1044", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2", + "text": "10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2", + "hyperlink": "https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900019-2" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1045", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1046", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "PMID", + "text": "PMID", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1047", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "12099792", + "text": "12099792", + "hyperlink": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12099792" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1048", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/139" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1049", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/140" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1050", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/140" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm.", + "text": "Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1051", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/140" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1052", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/140" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-7136-6250-4", + "text": "978-0-7136-6250-4", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6250-4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1053", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/140" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1054", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/141" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1055", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/141" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Erlandson, Jon M. (1994).", + "text": "Erlandson, Jon M. (1994)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1056", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/141" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast", + "text": "Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1057", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/141" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.", + "text": ". New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1058", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/141" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1059", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/141" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-1-4419-3231-0", + "text": "978-1-4419-3231-0", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-3231-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1060", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/141" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1061", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/142" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1062", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/142" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Fieldhouse, Paul (2002).", + "text": "Fieldhouse, Paul (2002)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1063", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/142" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions", + "text": "Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1064", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/142" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.", + "text": ". Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1065", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/142" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1066", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/142" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-1-61069-412-4", + "text": "978-1-61069-412-4", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1067", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/142" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1068", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/143" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1069", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/143" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.", + "text": "Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1070", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/143" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1071", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/143" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-691-10295-5", + "text": "978-0-691-10295-5", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10295-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1072", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/143" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1073", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/144" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1074", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/144" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Higman, B. W. (2012).", + "text": "Higman, B. W. (2012)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1075", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/144" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "How Food Made History", + "text": "How Food Made History", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1076", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/144" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.", + "text": ". Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1077", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/144" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1078", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/144" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-1-4051-8947-7", + "text": "978-1-4051-8947-7", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8947-7" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1079", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/144" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1080", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/145" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1081", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/145" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Hume, Julian H. (2012).", + "text": "Hume, Julian H. (2012)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1082", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/145" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Extinct Birds", + "text": "Extinct Birds", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1083", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/145" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". London: Christopher Helm.", + "text": ". London: Christopher Helm." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1084", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/145" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1085", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/145" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-1-4729-3744-5", + "text": "978-1-4729-3744-5", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3744-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1086", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/145" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1087", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/146" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1088", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/146" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Jeffries, Richard (2008).", + "text": "Jeffries, Richard (2008)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1089", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/146" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley", + "text": "Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley", + "hyperlink": "https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1090", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/146" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.", + "text": ". Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1091", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/146" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1092", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/146" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-8173-1658-7", + "text": "978-0-8173-1658-7", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1658-7" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1093", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/146" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1094", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/147" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1095", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/147" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts ( Cairina to Mergus ) . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.", + "text": "Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts ( Cairina to Mergus ) . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1096", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/147" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1097", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/147" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-19-861009-0", + "text": "978-0-19-861009-0", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861009-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1098", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/147" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1099", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1100", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986).", + "text": "Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1101", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters\"", + "text": "\"A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters\"", + "hyperlink": "https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1102", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737-754.", + "text": "(PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737-754." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1103", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "doi", + "text": "doi", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1104", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1105", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "10.1093/auk/103.4.737", + "text": "10.1093/auk/103.4.737", + "hyperlink": "https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F103.4.737" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1106", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1107", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Archived", + "text": "Archived", + "hyperlink": "https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1108", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/148" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", + "text": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1109", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1110", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988).", + "text": "Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1111", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA\"", + "text": "\"A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA\"", + "hyperlink": "https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1112", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452-459.", + "text": "(PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452-459." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1113", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "doi", + "text": "doi", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1114", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1115", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "10.1093/auk/105.3.452", + "text": "10.1093/auk/105.3.452", + "hyperlink": "https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F105.3.452" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1116", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1117", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Archived", + "text": "Archived", + "hyperlink": "https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1118", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/149" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.", + "text": "(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1119", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/150" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1120", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/150" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Maisels, Charles Keith (1999).", + "text": "Maisels, Charles Keith (1999)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1121", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/150" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Early Civilizations of the Old World", + "text": "Early Civilizations of the Old World", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1122", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/150" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". London: Routledge.", + "text": ". London: Routledge." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1123", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/150" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1124", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/150" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-415-10975-8", + "text": "978-0-415-10975-8", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10975-8" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1125", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/150" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1126", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/151" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1127", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/151" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.", + "text": "Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1128", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/151" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1129", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/151" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "0-691-02399-9", + "text": "0-691-02399-9", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02399-9" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1130", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/151" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1131", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/152" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1132", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/152" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Rau, Charles (1876).", + "text": "Rau, Charles (1876)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1133", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/152" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Early Man in Europe", + "text": "Early Man in Europe", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1134", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/152" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". New York: Harper & Brothers.", + "text": ". New York: Harper & Brothers." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1135", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/152" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "LCCN", + "text": "LCCN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1136", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/152" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "05040168", + "text": "05040168", + "hyperlink": "https://lccn.loc.gov/05040168" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1137", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/152" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1138", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/153" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1139", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/153" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press.", + "text": "Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1140", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/153" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1141", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/153" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-691-13666-0", + "text": "978-0-691-13666-0", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1142", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/153" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1143", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/154" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1144", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/154" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003).", + "text": "Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1145", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/154" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Autochthonous Societies", + "text": "Autochthonous Societies", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1146", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/154" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO.", + "text": ". General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1147", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/154" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1148", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/154" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-92-3-103832-7", + "text": "978-92-3-103832-7", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103832-7" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1149", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/154" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1150", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/135" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/155" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1151", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/155" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996).", + "text": "Thorpe, I. J. (1996)." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1152", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/155" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "The Origins of Agriculture in Europe", + "text": "The Origins of Agriculture in Europe", + "hyperlink": "https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1153", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/155" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". New York: Routledge.", + "text": ". New York: Routledge." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1154", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/155" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "ISBN", + "text": "ISBN", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1155", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/155" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "978-0-415-08009-5", + "text": "978-0-415-08009-5", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08009-5" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1156", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/155" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ".", + "text": "." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1157", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/63" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1158" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/texts/1159" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" }, { - "$ref": "#/pictures/21" + "$ref": "#/groups/163" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/pictures/22" }, { "$ref": "#/tables/1" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/389" + "$ref": "#/groups/167" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/390" + "$ref": "#/texts/1194" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/texts/1195" }, { - "$ref": "#/texts/394" + "$ref": "#/groups/168" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/texts/1199" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/45" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/170" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/47" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, { - "$ref": "#/groups/48" + "$ref": "#/groups/173" + }, + { + "$ref": "#/groups/174" } ], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7236,171 +21489,534 @@ "level": 1 }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/379", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1158", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Duck at Wikipedia's sister projects", - "text": "Duck at Wikipedia's sister projects" + "orig": "Duck at Wikipedia's", + "text": "Duck at Wikipedia's" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/380", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1159", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Definitions from Wiktionary", - "text": "Definitions from Wiktionary", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/381", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Media from Commons", - "text": "Media from Commons", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/382", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Quotations from Wikiquote", - "text": "Quotations from Wikiquote", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/383", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Recipes from Wikibooks", - "text": "Recipes from Wikibooks", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/384", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Taxa from Wikispecies", - "text": "Taxa from Wikispecies", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/385", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Data from Wikidata", - "text": "Data from Wikidata", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/386", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "list of books (useful looking abstracts)", - "text": "list of books (useful looking abstracts)", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/387", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine", - "text": "Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/388", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/42" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "list_item", - "prov": [], - "orig": "Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl", - "text": "Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl", - "enumerated": false, - "marker": "" - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/texts/389", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351\"", - "text": "Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351\"" + "orig": "sister projects", + "text": "sister projects", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/390", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1160", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/157" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1161", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/157" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "text", "prov": [], - "orig": "Categories:", - "text": "Categories:" + "orig": "Definitions", + "text": "Definitions", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duck" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/391", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1162", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/157" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "from Wiktionary", + "text": "from Wiktionary" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1163", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/156" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/158" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1164", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/158" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Media", + "text": "Media", + "hyperlink": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1165", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/158" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "from Commons", + "text": "from Commons" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1166", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/156" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/159" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1167", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/159" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Quotations", + "text": "Quotations", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birds" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1168", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/159" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "from Wikiquote", + "text": "from Wikiquote" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1169", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/156" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/160" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1170", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/160" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Recipes", + "text": "Recipes", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Duck" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1171", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/160" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "from Wikibooks", + "text": "from Wikibooks" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1172", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/156" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/161" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1173", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/161" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Taxa", + "text": "Taxa", + "hyperlink": "https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1174", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/161" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "from Wikispecies", + "text": "from Wikispecies" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1175", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/156" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/162" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1176", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/162" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Data", + "text": "Data", + "hyperlink": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1177", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/162" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "from Wikidata", + "text": "from Wikidata" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1178", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/163" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/164" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1179", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/164" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "list of books", + "text": "list of books", + "hyperlink": "https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1180", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/164" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "(useful looking abstracts)", + "text": "(useful looking abstracts)" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1181", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/163" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/165" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1182", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/165" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks on postage stamps", + "text": "Ducks on postage stamps", + "hyperlink": "http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1183", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/165" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Archived", + "text": "Archived", + "hyperlink": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022903/http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1184", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/165" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "2013-05-13 at the", + "text": "2013-05-13 at the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1185", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/165" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Wayback Machine", + "text": "Wayback Machine", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wayback_Machine" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1186", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/163" + }, + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/166" + } + ], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "list_item", + "prov": [], + "orig": "", + "text": "", + "enumerated": false, + "marker": "" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1187", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/166" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines", + "text": "Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines", + "hyperlink": "https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1188", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/166" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "at", + "text": "at" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1189", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/166" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Project Gutenberg", + "text": "Project Gutenberg", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1190", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/166" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "- A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl", + "text": "- A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1191", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/167" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Retrieved from \"", + "text": "Retrieved from \"" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1192", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/167" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351", + "text": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351", + "hyperlink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1193", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/167" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "\"", + "text": "\"" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1194", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Categories", + "text": "Categories", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Help:Category" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1195", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ":", + "text": ":" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1196", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/168" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7408,13 +22024,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Ducks", "text": "Ducks", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Ducks", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/392", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1197", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/168" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7422,13 +22039,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Game birds", "text": "Game birds", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Game_birds", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/393", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1198", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/43" + "$ref": "#/groups/168" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7436,13 +22054,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Bird common names", "text": "Bird common names", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Bird_common_names", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/394", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1199", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7452,9 +22071,9 @@ "text": "Hidden categories:" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/395", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1200", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7462,13 +22081,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "All accuracy disputes", "text": "All accuracy disputes", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/396", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1201", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7476,13 +22096,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Accuracy disputes from February 2020", "text": "Accuracy disputes from February 2020", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_February_2020", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/397", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1202", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7490,13 +22111,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)", "text": "CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/398", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1203", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7504,13 +22126,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)", "text": "CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/399", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1204", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7518,13 +22141,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)", "text": "CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/400", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1205", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7532,13 +22156,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with short description", "text": "Articles with short description", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/401", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1206", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7546,13 +22171,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Short description is different from Wikidata", "text": "Short description is different from Wikidata", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/402", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1207", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7560,13 +22186,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages", "text": "Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/403", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1208", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7574,13 +22201,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages", "text": "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/404", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1209", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7588,13 +22216,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with 'species' microformats", "text": "Articles with 'species' microformats", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/405", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1210", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7602,13 +22231,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text", "text": "Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/406", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1211", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7616,13 +22246,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Dutch-language text", "text": "Articles containing Dutch-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/407", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1212", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7630,13 +22261,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing German-language text", "text": "Articles containing German-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/408", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1213", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7644,13 +22276,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Norwegian-language text", "text": "Articles containing Norwegian-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/409", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1214", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7658,13 +22291,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Lithuanian-language text", "text": "Articles containing Lithuanian-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/410", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1215", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7672,13 +22306,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", "text": "Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/411", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1216", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7686,13 +22321,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "All articles with self-published sources", "text": "All articles with self-published sources", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/412", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1217", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7700,13 +22336,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with self-published sources from February 2020", "text": "Articles with self-published sources from February 2020", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_February_2020", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/413", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1218", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7714,13 +22351,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "All articles with unsourced statements", "text": "All articles with unsourced statements", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/414", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1219", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7728,13 +22366,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022", "text": "Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/415", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1220", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7742,13 +22381,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "CS1: long volume value", "text": "CS1: long volume value", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/416", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1221", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7756,13 +22396,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", "text": "Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/417", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1222", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7770,13 +22411,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata", "text": "Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/418", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1223", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7784,13 +22426,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Webarchive template wayback links", "text": "Webarchive template wayback links", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/419", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1224", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7798,13 +22441,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles with Project Gutenberg links", "text": "Articles with Project Gutenberg links", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/420", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1225", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/44" + "$ref": "#/groups/169" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7812,41 +22456,158 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Articles containing video clips", "text": "Articles containing video clips", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/421", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1226", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/45" + "$ref": "#/groups/170" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).", - "text": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).", + "orig": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) .", + "text": "This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) .", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/422", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1227", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/45" + "$ref": "#/groups/170" }, - "children": [], + "children": [ + { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + } + ], "content_layer": "body", "label": "list_item", "prov": [], - "orig": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.", - "text": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.", + "orig": "", + "text": "", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/423", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1228", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Text is available under the", + "text": "Text is available under the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1229", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0", + "text": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0", + "hyperlink": "//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1230", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the", + "text": "; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1231", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Terms of Use", + "text": "Terms of Use", + "hyperlink": "//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1232", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "and", + "text": "and" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1233", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Privacy Policy", + "text": "Privacy Policy", + "hyperlink": "//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1234", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ". Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the", + "text": ". Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1235", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.", + "text": "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.", + "hyperlink": "//wikimediafoundation.org" + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1236", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/171" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "text", + "prov": [], + "orig": ", a non-profit organization.", + "text": ", a non-profit organization." + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/texts/1237", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7854,13 +22615,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Privacy policy", "text": "Privacy policy", + "hyperlink": "https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/424", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1238", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7868,13 +22630,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "About Wikipedia", "text": "About Wikipedia", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:About", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/425", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1239", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7882,13 +22645,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Disclaimers", "text": "Disclaimers", + "hyperlink": "/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/426", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1240", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7896,13 +22660,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Contact Wikipedia", "text": "Contact Wikipedia", + "hyperlink": "//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/427", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1241", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7910,13 +22675,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Code of Conduct", "text": "Code of Conduct", + "hyperlink": "https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/428", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1242", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7924,13 +22690,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Developers", "text": "Developers", + "hyperlink": "https://developer.wikimedia.org/", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/429", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1243", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7938,13 +22705,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Statistics", "text": "Statistics", + "hyperlink": "https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/430", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1244", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7952,13 +22720,14 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Cookie statement", "text": "Cookie statement", + "hyperlink": "https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/431", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1245", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/46" + "$ref": "#/groups/172" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -7966,11 +22735,12 @@ "prov": [], "orig": "Mobile view", "text": "Mobile view", + "hyperlink": "//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile", "enumerated": false, "marker": "" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/432", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1246", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -7978,11 +22748,12 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "caption", "prov": [], - "orig": "Wikimedia Foundation", - "text": "Wikimedia Foundation" + "orig": "Image Hyperlink.", + "text": "Image Hyperlink.", + "hyperlink": "https://wikimediafoundation.org/" }, { - "self_ref": "#/texts/433", + "self_ref": "#/texts/1247", "parent": { "$ref": "#/body" }, @@ -7990,21 +22761,26 @@ "content_layer": "body", "label": "caption", "prov": [], - "orig": "Powered by MediaWiki", - "text": "Powered by MediaWiki" + "orig": "Image Hyperlink.", + "text": "Image Hyperlink.", + "hyperlink": "https://www.mediawiki.org/" } ], "pictures": [ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/0", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/body" }, "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", + "content_layer": "furniture", "label": "picture", "prov": [], - "captions": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/19" + } + ], "references": [], "footnotes": [], "annotations": [] @@ -8012,7 +22788,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/1", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8026,17 +22802,13 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/2", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "picture", "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/237" - } - ], + "captions": [], "references": [], "footnotes": [], "annotations": [] @@ -8044,169 +22816,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/3", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/241" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/4", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/235" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/242" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/5", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/243" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/245" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/6", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/248" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/249" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/7", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/254" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/8", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/252" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/256" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/9", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/259" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/260" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/10", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/267" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/268" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/11", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/273" - }, - "children": [], - "content_layer": "body", - "label": "picture", - "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/274" - } - ], - "references": [], - "footnotes": [], - "annotations": [] - }, - { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/12", - "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/282" + "$ref": "#/texts/274" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8222,9 +22832,9 @@ "annotations": [] }, { - "self_ref": "#/pictures/13", + "self_ref": "#/pictures/4", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/286" + "$ref": "#/texts/274" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8232,7 +22842,169 @@ "prov": [], "captions": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/287" + "$ref": "#/texts/311" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/5", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/274" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/312" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/6", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/313" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/342" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/7", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/396" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/397" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/8", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/424" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/427" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/9", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/424" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/455" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/10", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/459" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/460" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/11", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/489" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/490" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/12", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/545" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/546" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/13", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/texts/620" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/623" } ], "references": [], @@ -8242,13 +23014,17 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/14", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/37" + "$ref": "#/texts/639" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "picture", "prov": [], - "captions": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/640" + } + ], "references": [], "footnotes": [], "annotations": [] @@ -8256,7 +23032,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/15", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/77" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8270,7 +23046,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/16", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8284,7 +23060,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/17", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8298,7 +23074,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/18", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8312,7 +23088,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/19", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8326,7 +23102,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/20", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/41" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8340,7 +23116,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/21", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/groups/156" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8354,17 +23130,13 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/22", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/47" + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", "label": "picture", "prov": [], - "captions": [ - { - "$ref": "#/texts/432" - } - ], + "captions": [], "references": [], "footnotes": [], "annotations": [] @@ -8372,7 +23144,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/pictures/23", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/groups/47" + "$ref": "#/groups/173" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8380,7 +23152,25 @@ "prov": [], "captions": [ { - "$ref": "#/texts/433" + "$ref": "#/texts/1246" + } + ], + "references": [], + "footnotes": [], + "annotations": [] + }, + { + "self_ref": "#/pictures/24", + "parent": { + "$ref": "#/groups/173" + }, + "children": [], + "content_layer": "body", + "label": "picture", + "prov": [], + "captions": [ + { + "$ref": "#/texts/1247" } ], "references": [], @@ -8392,7 +23182,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/tables/0", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/55" + "$ref": "#/texts/63" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", @@ -8992,7 +23782,7 @@ { "self_ref": "#/tables/1", "parent": { - "$ref": "#/texts/378" + "$ref": "#/texts/1157" }, "children": [], "content_layer": "body", diff --git a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md index 5826cc06..c90229a5 100644 --- a/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md +++ b/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md @@ -4,26 +4,26 @@ move to sidebar hide -- (Top) -- 1 Etymology -- 2 Taxonomy -- 3 Morphology -- 4 Distribution and habitat -- 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection - - 5.1 Feeding - - 5.2 Breeding - - 5.3 Communication - - 5.4 Predators -- 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection - - 6.1 Hunting - - 6.2 Domestication - - 6.3 Heraldry - - 6.4 Cultural references -- 7 See also -- 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection - - 8.1 Citations - - 8.2 Sources -- 9 External links +- [(Top)](#) +- [1 Etymology](#Etymology) +- [2 Taxonomy](#Taxonomy) +- [3 Morphology](#Morphology) +- [4 Distribution and habitat](#Distribution_and_habitat) +- [5 Behaviour](#Behaviour) Toggle Behaviour subsection + - [5.1 Feeding](#Feeding) + - [5.2 Breeding](#Breeding) + - [5.3 Communication](#Communication) + - [5.4 Predators](#Predators) +- [6 Relationship with humans](#Relationship_with_humans) Toggle Relationship with humans subsection + - [6.1 Hunting](#Hunting) + - [6.2 Domestication](#Domestication) + - [6.3 Heraldry](#Heraldry) + - [6.4 Cultural references](#Cultural_references) +- [7 See also](#See_also) +- [8 Notes](#Notes) Toggle Notes subsection + - [8.1 Citations](#Citations) + - [8.2 Sources](#Sources) +- [9 External links](#External_links) Toggle the table of contents @@ -31,153 +31,153 @@ Toggle the table of contents 136 languages -- Acèh -- Afrikaans -- Alemannisch -- አማርኛ -- Ænglisc -- العربية -- Aragonés -- ܐܪܡܝܐ -- Armãneashti -- Asturianu -- Atikamekw -- Авар -- Aymar aru -- تۆرکجه -- Basa Bali -- বাংলা -- 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú -- Беларуская -- Беларуская (тарашкевіца) -- Bikol Central -- Български -- Brezhoneg -- Буряад -- Català -- Чӑвашла -- Čeština -- ChiShona -- Cymraeg -- Dagbanli -- Dansk -- Deitsch -- Deutsch -- डोटेली -- Ελληνικά -- Emiliàn e rumagnòl -- Español -- Esperanto -- Euskara -- فارسی -- Français -- Gaeilge -- Galego -- ГӀалгӀай -- 贛語 -- گیلکی -- 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 -- गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni -- 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî -- 한국어 -- Hausa -- Հայերեն -- हिन्दी -- Hrvatski -- Ido -- Bahasa Indonesia -- Iñupiatun -- Íslenska -- Italiano -- עברית -- Jawa -- ಕನ್ನಡ -- Kapampangan -- ქართული -- कॉशुर / کٲشُر -- Қазақша -- Ikirundi -- Kongo -- Kreyòl ayisyen -- Кырык мары -- ລາວ -- Latina -- Latviešu -- Lietuvių -- Li Niha -- Ligure -- Limburgs -- Lingála -- Malagasy -- മലയാളം -- मराठी -- مازِرونی -- Bahasa Melayu -- ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ -- 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ -- Мокшень -- Монгол -- မြန်မာဘာသာ -- Nederlands -- Nedersaksies -- नेपाली -- नेपाल भाषा -- 日本語 -- Нохчийн -- Norsk nynorsk -- Occitan -- Oromoo -- ਪੰਜਾਬੀ -- Picard -- Plattdüütsch -- Polski -- Português -- Qırımtatarca -- Română -- Русский -- Саха тыла -- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ -- Sardu -- Scots -- Seeltersk -- Shqip -- Sicilianu -- සිංහල -- Simple English -- سنڌي -- کوردی -- Српски / srpski -- Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски -- Sunda -- Svenska -- Tagalog -- தமிழ் -- Taqbaylit -- Татарча / tatarça -- ไทย -- Türkçe -- Українська -- ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche -- Vahcuengh -- Tiếng Việt -- Walon -- 文言 -- Winaray -- 吴语 -- 粵語 -- Žemaitėška -- 中文 +- [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9k) +- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eend) +- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente) +- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%AC) +- [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ened) +- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7) +- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade) +- [ܐܪܡܝܐ](https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9B%DC%90) +- [Armãneashti](https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphi) +- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%ADu) +- [Atikamekw](https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicip) +- [Авар](https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA) +- [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkalla) +- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9) +- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9k) +- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8) +- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah) +- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96) +- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96) +- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik) +- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0) +- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houad_(evn)) +- [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD) +- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80necs) +- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC) +- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachna) +- [ChiShona](https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadha) +- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyaden) +- [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbunya%C9%A3u) +- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nder) +- [Deitsch](https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent) +- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enten) +- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8) +- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1) +- [Emiliàn e rumagnòl](https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0dra) +- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato) +- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaso) +- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahate) +- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C) +- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard) +- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacha) +- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato) +- [ГӀалгӀай](https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88) +- [贛語](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8) +- [گیلکی](https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A) +- [𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺](https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%83) +- [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95) +- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap-%C3%A8) +- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC) +- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwagwa) +- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80) +- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96) +- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka) +- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anado) +- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik) +- [Iñupiatun](https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiq) +- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nd) +- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra) +- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96) +- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8b%C3%A8k) +- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF) +- [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi) +- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98) +- [कॉशुर / کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%AE) +- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA) +- [Ikirundi](https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbata) +- [Kongo](https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivadangu) +- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanna) +- [Кырык мары](https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93) +- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94) +- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_(avis)) +- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABle) +- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis) +- [Li Niha](https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe) +- [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annia) +- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenj) +- [Lingála](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libat%C3%A1) +- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganagana) +- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D) +- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95) +- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7) +- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik) +- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8) +- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k) +- [Мокшень](https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0) +- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81) +- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2) +- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenden) +- [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente) +- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8) +- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D) +- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A2) +- [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88) +- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/And) +- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guit) +- [Oromoo](https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daakiyyee) +- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC) +- [Picard](https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A8rd) +- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanten) +- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczka) +- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato) +- [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiy) +- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9B%C4%83) +- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8) +- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) +- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE) +- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade) +- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuk) +- [Seeltersk](https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oante) +- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa) +- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0para_(%C3%A0natra)) +- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F) +- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck) +- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%AA) +- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C) +- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0) +- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka) +- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri) +- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egentliga_andf%C3%A5glar) +- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi) +- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81) +- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%E1%B9%9Bik) +- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80) +- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94) +- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rdek) +- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8) +- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%83) +- [Vahcuengh](https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_(doenghduz)) +- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bt) +- [Walon](https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A5rd) +- [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8) +- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato) +- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD) +- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8) +- [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABl%C4%97) +- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD) -Edit links +[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3736439#sitelinks-wikipedia) -- Article -- Talk +- [Article](/wiki/Duck) +- [Talk](/wiki/Talk:Duck) English -- Read -- View source -- View history +- [Read](/wiki/Duck) +- [View source](/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=edit) +- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=history) Tools @@ -189,32 +189,32 @@ hide Actions -- Read -- View source -- View history +- [Read](/wiki/Duck) +- [View source](/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=edit) +- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=history) General -- What links here -- Related changes -- Upload file -- Special pages -- Permanent link -- Page information -- Cite this page -- Get shortened URL -- Download QR code -- Wikidata item +- [What links here](/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Duck) +- [Related changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Duck) +- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) +- [Special pages](/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) +- [Permanent link](/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351) +- [Page information](/w/index.php?title=Duck&action=info) +- [Cite this page](/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Duck&id=1246843351&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) +- [Get shortened URL](/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuck) +- [Download QR code](/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuck) +- [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3736439) Print/export -- Download as PDF -- Printable version +- [Download as PDF](/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Duck&action=show-download-screen) +- [Printable version](/w/index.php?title=Duck&printable=yes) In other projects -- Wikimedia Commons -- Wikiquote +- [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ducks) +- [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Duck) Appearance @@ -224,13 +224,13 @@ hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -(Redirected from Duckling) +(Redirected from [Duckling](/w/index.php?title=Duckling&redirect=no) ) Common name for many species of bird -This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see Duck as food. For other uses, see Duck (disambiguation). +This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see [Duck as food](/wiki/Duck_as_food) . For other uses, see [Duck (disambiguation)](/wiki/Duck_(disambiguation)) . -"Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see Duckling (disambiguation). +"Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see [Duckling (disambiguation)](/wiki/Duckling_(disambiguation)) . @@ -251,43 +251,43 @@ This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see Duck as food. For other | Subfamilies | Subfamilies | | See text | See text | -Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. +Duck is the common name for numerous species of [waterfowl](/wiki/Waterfowl) in the [family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than [swans](/wiki/Swan) and [geese](/wiki/Goose) , which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a [form taxon](/wiki/Form_taxon) ; they do not represent a [monophyletic group](/wiki/Monophyletic_group) (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly [aquatic birds](/wiki/Aquatic_bird) , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. -Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots. +Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as [loons](/wiki/Loon) or divers, [grebes](/wiki/Grebe) , [gallinules](/wiki/Gallinule) and [coots](/wiki/Coot) . ## Etymology -The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'. +The word duck comes from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English) dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb * dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [dabbling duck](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) group feed by upending; compare with [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language) duiken and [German](/wiki/German_language) tauchen 'to dive'. Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck" -This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas "duck", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others. +This word replaced Old English ened / ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck , for example, Dutch eend , German Ente and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language) and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from [Proto-Indo-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language) ; [cf.](/wiki/Cf.) [Latin](/wiki/Latin) anas "duck", [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language) ántis 'duck', [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit) ātí 'water bird', among others. -A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling. +A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage [[ 1 ]](#cite_note-1) or baby duck, [[ 2 ]](#cite_note-2) but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling. -A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4] +A male is called a [drake](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake) and the female is called a duck, or in [ornithology](/wiki/Ornithology) a hen. [[ 3 ]](#cite_note-3) [[ 4 ]](#cite_note-4) -Male mallard. +Male mallard . -Wood ducks. +Wood ducks . ## Taxonomy -All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9] +All ducks belong to the [biological order](/wiki/Order_(biology)) [Anseriformes](/wiki/Anseriformes) , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the [screamers](/wiki/Screamer) , and the [magpie goose](/wiki/Magpie_goose) . [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) All except the screamers belong to the [biological family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists. [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Some base their decisions on [morphological characteristics](/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies. [[ 6 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6) [[ 7 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7) The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five. [[ 8 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8) [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The significant level of [hybridisation](/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)) that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) Mallard landing in approach -In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks - named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14] +In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes. [[ 10 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10) The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks - named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water. [[ 11 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11) The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini. [[ 12 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12) The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater. [[ 13 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13) The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails. [[ 14 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14) -A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15] +A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The [whistling ducks](/wiki/Whistling_duck) are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae). [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) [[ 16 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix-16) The [freckled duck](/wiki/Freckled_duck) of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or in its own family, the Stictonettinae. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [shelducks](/wiki/Shelduck) make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others, [[ 17 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998-17) while the [steamer ducks](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [perching ducks](/wiki/Perching_duck) make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [torrent duck](/wiki/Torrent_duck) is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini. [[ 18 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18) The [pink-eared duck](/wiki/Pink-eared_duck) is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or the tribe Malacorhynchini, [[ 19 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19) and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini. [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) ## Morphology @@ -295,25 +295,25 @@ Male Mandarin duck -The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration. +The overall [body plan](/wiki/Body_plan) of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The [bill](/wiki/Beak) is usually broad and contains serrated [pectens](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) , which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the [flight](/wiki/Bird_flight) of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of [steamer duck](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while [moulting](/wiki/Moult) ; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes [migration](/wiki/Bird_migration) . -The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. +The drakes of northern species often have extravagant [plumage](/wiki/Plumage) , but that is [moulted](/wiki/Moult) in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less [sexual dimorphism](/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism) , although there are exceptions such as the [paradise shelduck](/wiki/Paradise_shelduck) of [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand) , which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape. ## Distribution and habitat -See also: List of Anseriformes by population +See also: [List of Anseriformes by population](/wiki/List_of_Anseriformes_by_population) -Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina +Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia , Argentina -Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21] +Ducks have a [cosmopolitan distribution](/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution) , and are found on every continent except Antarctica. [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including [South Georgia](/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands) and the [Auckland Islands](/wiki/Auckland_Islands) . [[ 20 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20) Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the [Hawaiian Islands](/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands) , [Micronesia](/wiki/Micronesia) and the [Galápagos Islands](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands) , where they are often [vagrants](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants) and less often [residents](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents) . [[ 21 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21) [[ 22 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22) A handful are [endemic](/wiki/Endemic) to such far-flung islands. [[ 21 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21) -Female mallard in Cornwall, England +Female mallard in Cornwall , England -Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23] +Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain. [[ 23 ]](#cite_note-23) ## Behaviour @@ -323,17 +323,17 @@ Pecten along the bill -Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs. +Ducks eat food sources such as [grasses](/wiki/Poaceae) , aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small [molluscs](/wiki/Mollusc) . -Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items. +[Dabbling ducks](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. [[ 24 ]](#cite_note-24) Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a [pecten](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) . This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items. -Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly. +[Diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) and [sea ducks](/wiki/Sea_duck) forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly. -A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish. +A few specialized species such as the [mergansers](/wiki/Merganser) are adapted to catch and swallow large fish. -The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn. +The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to [dredging](/wiki/Dredging) -type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no [cere](/wiki/Cere) , but the nostrils come out through hard horn. -The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25] +[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian) published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [damages the health of the ducks](/wiki/Angel_wing) and pollutes waterways. [[ 25 ]](#cite_note-25) ### Breeding @@ -341,13 +341,13 @@ A Muscovy duckling -Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28] +Ducks generally [only have one partner at a time](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals) , although the partnership usually only lasts one year. [[ 26 ]](#cite_note-26) Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years. [[ 27 ]](#cite_note-27) Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions ( [spring](/wiki/Spring_(season)) /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a [nest](/wiki/Bird_nest) before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard) ) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water. [[ 28 ]](#cite_note-28) ### Communication -Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup - which are diving ducks - make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls. +Female [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the [American](/wiki/American_black_duck) and [Pacific black ducks](/wiki/Pacific_black_duck) , [spot-billed duck](/wiki/Spot-billed_duck) , [northern pintail](/wiki/Northern_pintail) and [common teal](/wiki/Common_teal) ) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze", [[ 29 ]](#cite_note-29) [ [self-published source?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack". [[ 30 ]](#cite_note-30) In general, ducks make a range of [calls](/wiki/Bird_vocalisation) , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [scaup](/wiki/Scaup) - which are [diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) - make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls. -A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32] +A common [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend) claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford) in 2003 as part of the [British Association](/wiki/British_Association) 's Festival of Science. [[ 31 ]](#cite_note-31) It was also debunked in [one of the earlier episodes](/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?) of the popular Discovery Channel television show [MythBusters](/wiki/MythBusters) . [[ 32 ]](#cite_note-32) ### Predators @@ -355,159 +355,161 @@ Ringed teal -Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls. +Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like [pike](/wiki/Esox) , [crocodilians](/wiki/Crocodilia) , predatory [testudines](/wiki/Testudines) such as the [alligator snapping turtle](/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle) , and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as [herons](/wiki/Heron) . Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as [foxes](/wiki/Fox) , or large birds, such as [hawks](/wiki/Hawk) or [owls](/wiki/Owl) . -Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks. +Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American [muskie](/wiki/Muskellunge) and the European [pike](/wiki/Esox) . In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the [peregrine falcon](/wiki/Peregrine_falcon) , which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks. ## Relationship with humans ### Hunting -Main article: Waterfowl hunting +Main article: [Waterfowl hunting](/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting) -Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 - 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42] +Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of [middens](/wiki/Midden) in California dating to 7800 - 6400 [BP](/wiki/Before_present) have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species. [[ 33 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33) Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene) inhabitants of the lower [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River) valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl. [[ 34 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34) Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean, [[ 35 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) Scandinavia, [[ 36 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36) Egypt, [[ 37 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37) Switzerland, [[ 38 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38) and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year. [[ 39 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39) Archeological evidence shows that [Māori people](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people) in New Zealand hunted the flightless [Finsch's duck](/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck) , possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate. [[ 40 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40) A similar end awaited the [Chatham duck](/wiki/Chatham_duck) , a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers. [[ 41 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41) It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon. [[ 35 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) [[ 42 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42) -In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44] +In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport, [[ 43 ]](#cite_note-43) by shooting, or by being trapped using [duck decoys](/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)) . Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be [contaminated by pollutants](/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution) such as [PCBs](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl) . [[ 44 ]](#cite_note-44) ### Domestication -Main article: Domestic duck +Main article: [Domestic duck](/wiki/Domestic_duck) -Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks +Indian Runner ducks , a common breed of domestic ducks -Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48] +Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [down](/wiki/Down_feather) ). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. [[ 45 ]](#cite_note-45) They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the [Muscovy duck](/wiki/Muscovy_duck) ( Cairina moschata ). [[ 46 ]](#cite_note-46) [[ 47 ]](#cite_note-47) The [Call duck](/wiki/Call_duck) is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). [[ 48 ]](#cite_note-48) ### Heraldry -Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49] +Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka [ 49 ] -Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51] +Ducks appear on several [coats of arms](/wiki/Coats_of_arms) , including the coat of arms of [Lubāna](/wiki/Lub%C4%81na) ( [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia) ) [[ 50 ]](#cite_note-50) and the coat of arms of [Föglö](/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6) ( [Åland](/wiki/%C3%85land) ). [[ 51 ]](#cite_note-51) ### Cultural references -In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."[52] The word "duck" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986. +In 2002, psychologist [Richard Wiseman](/wiki/Richard_Wiseman) and colleagues at the [University of Hertfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire) , [UK](/wiki/UK) , finished a year-long [LaughLab](/wiki/LaughLab) experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck." [[ 52 ]](#cite_note-52) The word "duck" may have become an [inherently funny word](/wiki/Inherently_funny_word) in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many [ducks in fiction](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) , many are cartoon characters, such as [Walt Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) 's [Donald Duck](/wiki/Donald_Duck) , and [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros.) ' [Daffy Duck](/wiki/Daffy_Duck) . [Howard the Duck](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck) started as a comic book character in 1973 [[ 53 ]](#cite_note-53) [[ 54 ]](#cite_note-54) and was made into a [movie](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)) in 1986. -The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55] +The 1992 Disney film [The Mighty Ducks](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starring [Emilio Estevez](/wiki/Emilio_Estevez) , chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League) professional team of the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks) , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [ [citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] The duck is also the nickname of the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon) sports teams as well as the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks) minor league [baseball](/wiki/Baseball) team. [[ 55 ]](#cite_note-55) ## See also -- Birds portal +- [Birds portal](/wiki/Portal:Birds) -- Domestic duck -- Duck as food -- Duck test -- Duck breeds -- Fictional ducks -- Rubber duck +- [Domestic duck](/wiki/Domestic_duck) +- [Duck as food](/wiki/Duck_as_food) +- [Duck test](/wiki/Duck_test) +- [Duck breeds](/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds) +- [Fictional ducks](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) +- [Rubber duck](/wiki/Rubber_duck) ## Notes ### Citations -1. ^ "Duckling". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. -2. ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000-2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22. -3. ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139. -4. ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566. -5. ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536. -6. ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737-738. -7. ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452. -8. ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353-354. -9. ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540. -10. ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191. -11. ^ Kear 2005, p. 448. -12. ^ Kear 2005, p. 622-623. -13. ^ Kear 2005, p. 686. -14. ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193. -15. ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537. -16. ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix. -17. ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998. -18. ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538. -19. ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62. -20. ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245. -21. ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98-107. -22. ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52-3. -23. ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27. -24. ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02. -25. ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016. -26. ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology. pp. 187-221. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9. -27. ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks". The Condor. 102 (1): 201-205. doi:10.1093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797. -28. ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber". wildliferehabber.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22. -29. ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562.[self-published source] -30. ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707. -31. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). "Sound science is quackers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02. -32. ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003. -33. ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171. -34. ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243. -35. ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65. -36. ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68. -37. ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42. -38. ^ Rau 1876, p. 133. -39. ^ Higman 2012, p. 23. -40. ^ Hume 2012, p. 53. -41. ^ Hume 2012, p. 52. -42. ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167. -43. ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774. -44. ^ "Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019. -45. ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25. -46. ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin". Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23. -47. ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23. -48. ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9. -49. ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3. -50. ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021. -51. ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021. -52. ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest joke revealed". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019. -53. ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database. -54. ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck. -55. ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20. +1. [^](#cite_ref-1) ["Duckling"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 . +2. [^](#cite_ref-2) ["Duckling"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling) . Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000-2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 . +3. [^](#cite_ref-3) Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). [The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds](https://books.google.com/books?id=WJCTL_mC5w4C&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck&pg=PA457) . Yale University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0300138139](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138139) . +4. [^](#cite_ref-4) Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). [How to Draw Cartoon Birds](https://books.google.com/books?id=VqSquCLNrZcC&q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck+%28or+hen%29&pg=PA16) . The Rosen Publishing Group. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780823961566](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823961566) . +5. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-1) [c](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-2) [d](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-3) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 536. +6. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0) [Livezey 1986](#CITEREFLivezey1986) , pp. 737-738. +7. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0) [Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988](#CITEREFMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988) , p. 452. +8. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0) [Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002](#CITEREFDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002) , pp. 353-354. +9. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-1) [c](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-2) [d](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-3) [e](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-4) [f](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-5) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 540. +10. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0) [Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001](#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001) , p. 191. +11. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 448. +12. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 622-623. +13. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0) [Kear 2005](#CITEREFKear2005) , p. 686. +14. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0) [Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001](#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001) , p. 193. +15. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-1) [c](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-2) [d](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-3) [e](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-4) [f](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-5) [g](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-6) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 537. +16. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix_16-0) [American Ornithologists' Union 1998](#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998) , p. xix. +17. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998_17-0) [American Ornithologists' Union 1998](#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998) . +18. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0) [Carboneras 1992](#CITEREFCarboneras1992) , p. 538. +19. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0) [Christidis & Boles 2008](#CITEREFChristidisBoles2008) , p. 62. +20. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0) [Shirihai 2008](#CITEREFShirihai2008) , pp. 239, 245. +21. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-1) [Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987](#CITEREFPrattBrunerBerrett1987) , pp. 98-107. +22. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0) [Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000](#CITEREFFitterFitterHosking2000) , pp. 52-3. +23. [^](#cite_ref-23) ["Pacific Black Duck"](http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html) . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 . +24. [^](#cite_ref-24) Ogden, Evans. ["Dabbling Ducks"](https://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/species/dabbducks.html) . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 . +25. [^](#cite_ref-25) Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). ["Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/dont-feed-the-ducks-bread-say-conservationists) . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . +26. [^](#cite_ref-26) Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology . pp. 187-221. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6787-5_4) . [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4615-6789-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6789-9) . +27. [^](#cite_ref-27) Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). ["Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201) . The Condor . 102 (1): 201-205. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/condor/102.1.201](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201) . [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : [10315/13797](https://hdl.handle.net/10315%2F13797) . +28. [^](#cite_ref-28) ["If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180923152911/http://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling) . wildliferehabber.com . Archived from [the original](https://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling) on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 . +29. [^](#cite_ref-29) Carver, Heather (2011). [The Duck Bible](https://books.google.com/books?id=VGofAwAAQBAJ&q=mallard+sound+deep+and+raspy&pg=PA39) . Lulu.com. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780557901562](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557901562) . [ [self-published source](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ] +30. [^](#cite_ref-30) Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). [Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends](https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJBBAAAQBAJ&q=Females+of+most+dabbling+ducks+make+the+classic+%22quack%22+sound+but+most+ducks+don%27t+quack&pg=PA123) . Rowman & Littlefield. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780762797707](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762797707) . +31. [^](#cite_ref-31) Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). ["Sound science is quackers"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm) . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 . +32. [^](#cite_ref-32) ["Mythbusters Episode 8"](http://mythbustersresults.com/episode8) . 12 December 2003. +33. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0) [Erlandson 1994](#CITEREFErlandson1994) , p. 171. +34. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0) [Jeffries 2008](#CITEREFJeffries2008) , pp. 168, 243. +35. ^ [a](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0) [b](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-1) [Sued-Badillo 2003](#CITEREFSued-Badillo2003) , p. 65. +36. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0) [Thorpe 1996](#CITEREFThorpe1996) , p. 68. +37. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0) [Maisels 1999](#CITEREFMaisels1999) , p. 42. +38. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0) [Rau 1876](#CITEREFRau1876) , p. 133. +39. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0) [Higman 2012](#CITEREFHigman2012) , p. 23. +40. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0) [Hume 2012](#CITEREFHume2012) , p. 53. +41. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0) [Hume 2012](#CITEREFHume2012) , p. 52. +42. [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0) [Fieldhouse 2002](#CITEREFFieldhouse2002) , p. 167. +43. [^](#cite_ref-43) Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). [Guide to Edible Plants and Animals](https://books.google.com/books?id=NViSMffyaSgC&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0In+many+areas,+wild+ducks+of+various+species+are+hunted+for+food+or+sport) . Wordsworth Editions, Limited. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781853263774](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263774) . +44. [^](#cite_ref-44) ["Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl"](https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf) (PDF) . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 . +45. [^](#cite_ref-45) ["FAOSTAT"](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL) . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 . +46. [^](#cite_ref-46) ["Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin"](http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/) . Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . +47. [^](#cite_ref-47) Sy Montgomery. ["Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica"](https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-360302/mallard) . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . +48. [^](#cite_ref-48) Glenday, Craig (2014). [Guinness World Records](https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135) . Guinness World Records Limited. pp. [135](https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135) . [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-908843-15-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9) . +49. [^](#cite_ref-49) Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [951-773-085-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3) . +50. [^](#cite_ref-50) ["Lubānas simbolika"](http://www.lubana.lv/index.php/lv/homepage/lubanas-pilseta-2) (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . +51. [^](#cite_ref-51) ["Föglö"](http://digi.narc.fi/digi/view.ka?kuid=1738595) (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . +52. [^](#cite_ref-52) Young, Emma. ["World's funniest joke revealed"](https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2876-worlds-funniest-joke-revealed/) . New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 . +53. [^](#cite_ref-53) ["Howard the Duck (character)"](http://www.comics.org/character/name/Howard%20the%20Duck/sort/chrono/) . [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database) . +54. [^](#cite_ref-54) [Sanderson, Peter](/wiki/Peter_Sanderson) ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom: [Dorling Kindersley](/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley) . p. 161. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0756641238](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756641238) . December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck. +55. [^](#cite_ref-55) ["The Duck"](https://goducks.com/sports/2003/8/28/153778.aspx) . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 . ### Sources -- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. -- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8. -- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6. -- Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339-356. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..339D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792. -- Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4. -- Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0. -- Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. -- Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5. -- Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7. -- Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5. -- Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7. -- Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0. -- Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters" (PDF). The Auk. 103 (4): 737-754. doi:10.1093/auk/103.4.737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. -- Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). "A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA" (PDF). The Auk. 105 (3): 452-459. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.452. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. -- Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8. -- Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9. -- Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168. -- Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0. -- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7. -- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5. +- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). [Checklist of North American Birds](https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf) (PDF) . Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-891276-00-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891276-00-2) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. +- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-87334-10-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8) . +- Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-643-06511-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6) . +- Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339-356. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : [2002MolPE..23..339D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MolPE..23..339D) . [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900019-2) . [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [12099792](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12099792) . +- Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7136-6250-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6250-4) . +- Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). [Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast](https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171) . New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4419-3231-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-3231-0) . +- Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). [Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions](https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167) . Vol. I: A-K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61069-412-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4) . +- Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-10295-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10295-5) . +- Higman, B. W. (2012). [How Food Made History](https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801) . Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4051-8947-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8947-7) . +- Hume, Julian H. (2012). [Extinct Birds](https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53) . London: Christopher Helm. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4729-3744-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3744-5) . +- Jeffries, Richard (2008). [Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley](https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up) . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8173-1658-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1658-7) . +- Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts ( Cairina to Mergus ) . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-861009-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861009-0) . +- Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). ["A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters"](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf) (PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737-754. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/auk/103.4.737](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F103.4.737) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. +- Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). ["A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA"](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf) (PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452-459. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : [10.1093/auk/105.3.452](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F105.3.452) . [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. +- Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). [Early Civilizations of the Old World](https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42) . London: Routledge. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-10975-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10975-8) . +- Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-691-02399-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02399-9) . +- Rau, Charles (1876). [Early Man in Europe](https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133) . New York: Harper & Brothers. [LCCN](/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) [05040168](https://lccn.loc.gov/05040168) . +- Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-13666-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0) . +- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). [Autochthonous Societies](https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65) . General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-3-103832-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103832-7) . +- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). [The Origins of Agriculture in Europe](https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68) . New York: Routledge. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-08009-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08009-5) . ## External links -Duck at Wikipedia's sister projects +Duck at Wikipedia's -- Definitions from Wiktionary +[sister projects](/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) + +- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duck) from Wiktionary -- Media from Commons +- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae) from Commons -- Quotations from Wikiquote +- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birds) from Wikiquote -- Recipes from Wikibooks +- [Recipes](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Duck) from Wikibooks -- Taxa from Wikispecies +- [Taxa](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae) from Wikispecies -- Data from Wikidata +- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439) from Wikidata -- list of books (useful looking abstracts) -- Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine -- Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl +- [list of books](https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm) (useful looking abstracts) +- [Ducks on postage stamps](http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022903/http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html) 2013-05-13 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine) +- [Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines](https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884) at [Project Gutenberg](/wiki/Project_Gutenberg) - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl @@ -516,59 +518,61 @@ Duck at Wikipedia's sister projects | National | United States France BnF data Japan Latvia Israel | | Other | IdRef | -Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351" +Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&oldid=1246843351) " -Categories: +[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category) -- Ducks -- Game birds -- Bird common names +: + +- [Ducks](/wiki/Category:Ducks) +- [Game birds](/wiki/Category:Game_birds) +- [Bird common names](/wiki/Category:Bird_common_names) Hidden categories: -- All accuracy disputes -- Accuracy disputes from February 2020 -- CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) -- CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv) -- CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) -- Articles with short description -- Short description is different from Wikidata -- Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages -- Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages -- Articles with 'species' microformats -- Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text -- Articles containing Dutch-language text -- Articles containing German-language text -- Articles containing Norwegian-language text -- Articles containing Lithuanian-language text -- Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text -- All articles with self-published sources -- Articles with self-published sources from February 2020 -- All articles with unsourced statements -- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022 -- CS1: long volume value -- Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch -- Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata -- Webarchive template wayback links -- Articles with Project Gutenberg links -- Articles containing video clips +- [All accuracy disputes](/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes) +- [Accuracy disputes from February 2020](/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_February_2020) +- [CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)) +- [CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)) +- [CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)) +- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) +- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) +- [Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages) +- [Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages) +- [Articles with 'species' microformats](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats) +- [Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text) +- [Articles containing Dutch-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text) +- [Articles containing German-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text) +- [Articles containing Norwegian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text) +- [Articles containing Lithuanian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text) +- [Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text) +- [All articles with self-published sources](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources) +- [Articles with self-published sources from February 2020](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_February_2020) +- [All articles with unsourced statements](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) +- [Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022) +- [CS1: long volume value](/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value) +- [Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch) +- [Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata) +- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) +- [Articles with Project Gutenberg links](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links) +- [Articles containing video clips](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips) -- This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC). -- Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. +- This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) . +- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License) ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) and [Privacy Policy](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](//wikimediafoundation.org) , a non-profit organization. -- Privacy policy -- About Wikipedia -- Disclaimers -- Contact Wikipedia -- Code of Conduct -- Developers -- Statistics -- Cookie statement -- Mobile view +- [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) +- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About) +- [Disclaimers](/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) +- [Contact Wikipedia](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) +- [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) +- [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org/) +- [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) +- [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) +- [Mobile view](//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) -Wikimedia Foundation +Image Hyperlink. -Powered by MediaWiki +Image Hyperlink. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/html/hyperlink_01.html b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_01.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f8c13b06 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_01.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + + + +

    Something

    +

    + Please follow the link to: + + This page + + . +

    +
    + +
    + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/html/hyperlink_02.html b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_02.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a18e6d52 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_02.html @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + + +
    +
    + +

    + Home +

    +
    +
    + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/html/hyperlink_03.html b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_03.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f2c0e85a --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_03.html @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/html/hyperlink_04.html b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_04.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5483e3d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_04.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + + + +
    + This is some text. +
    +     + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/data/html/hyperlink_05.html b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_05.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e2278143 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/data/html/hyperlink_05.html @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + + + + Image Hyperlink and Caption Example + + + + + + + Clickable Example + + + +
    + Image with Caption +
    This is an example caption for the image.
    +
    + + + +
    + + Image with Caption + +
    This is an example caption for the image.
    +
    + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/test_backend_html.py b/tests/test_backend_html.py index c5509e6e..249f96b5 100644 --- a/tests/test_backend_html.py +++ b/tests/test_backend_html.py @@ -116,6 +116,26 @@ def test_unicode_characters(): assert doc.texts[0].text == "Hello World!" +def test_extract_parent_hyperlinks(): + html_path = Path("./tests/data/html/hyperlink_04.html") + in_doc = InputDocument( + path_or_stream=html_path, + format=InputFormat.HTML, + backend=HTMLDocumentBackend, + filename="test", + ) + backend = HTMLDocumentBackend( + in_doc=in_doc, + path_or_stream=html_path, + ) + div_tag = backend.soup.find("div") + a_tag = backend.soup.find("a") + annotated_text_list = backend._extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively( + div_tag, find_parent_annotation=True + ) + assert str(annotated_text_list[0].hyperlink) == a_tag.get("href") + + def get_html_paths(): # Define the directory you want to search directory = Path("./tests/data/html/")