item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
  item-1 at level 1: title: Potential to reduce greenhouse g ...  cattle systems in subtropical regions
    item-2 at level 2: paragraph: Henrique M. N. Ribeiro-Filho; De ... , California, United States of America
    item-3 at level 2: section_header: Abstract
      item-4 at level 3: text: Carbon (C) footprint of dairy pr ... uce the C footprint to a small extent.
    item-5 at level 2: section_header: Introduction
      item-6 at level 3: text: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions f ... suitable for food crop production [4].
      item-7 at level 3: text: Considering the key role of live ... anagement to mitigate the C footprint.
      item-8 at level 3: text: In subtropical climate zones, co ... t in tropical pastures (e.g. [17–19]).
      item-9 at level 3: text: It has been shown that dairy cow ... sions from crop and reduced DM intake.
    item-10 at level 2: section_header: Materials and methods
      item-11 at level 3: text: An LCA was developed according t ... 90816 - https://www.udesc.br/cav/ceua.
    item-12 at level 2: section_header: System boundary
      item-13 at level 3: text: The goal of the study was to ass ... n were outside of the system boundary.
    item-14 at level 2: section_header: Functional unit
      item-15 at level 3: text: The functional unit was one kilo ... tein according to NRC [20] as follows:
      item-16 at level 3: text: ECM = Milk production × (0.0929  ...  characteristics described in Table 1.
    item-17 at level 2: section_header: Data sources and livestock system description
      item-18 at level 3: text: Using experimental data, three s ... med during an entire lactation period.
    item-19 at level 2: section_header: Impact assessment
      item-20 at level 3: text: The CO2e emissions were calculat ... 65 for CO2, CH4 and N2O, respectively.
    item-21 at level 2: section_header: Diets composition
      item-22 at level 3: text: The DM intake of each ingredient ...  collected throughout the experiments.
    item-23 at level 2: section_header: GHG emissions from crop and pasture production
      item-24 at level 3: text: GHG emission factors used for of ... onsume 70% of pastures during grazing.
      item-25 at level 3: text: Emissions from on-farm feed prod ... factors described by Rotz et al. [42].
    item-26 at level 2: section_header: Animal husbandry
      item-27 at level 3: text: The CH4 emissions from enteric f ... 1) = 13.8 + 0.185 × NDF (% DM intake).
    item-28 at level 2: section_header: Manure from confined cows and urine and dung from grazing animals
      item-29 at level 3: text: The CH4 emission from manure (kg ... for dietary GE per kg of DM (MJ kg-1).
      item-30 at level 3: text: The OM digestibility was estimat ... h were 31%, 26% and 46%, respectively.
      item-31 at level 3: text: The N2O-N emissions from urine a ...  using the IPCC [38] emission factors.
    item-32 at level 2: section_header: Farm management
      item-33 at level 3: text: Emissions due to farm management ...  crop and pasture production’ section.
      item-34 at level 3: text: The amount of fuel use for manur ... me that animals stayed on confinement.
      item-35 at level 3: text: The emissions from fuel were est ...  × kg CO2e (kg machinery mass)-1 [42].
      item-36 at level 3: text: Emissions from electricity for m ... ws in naturally ventilated barns [47].
      item-37 at level 3: text: The lower impact of emissions fr ...  greater than 5% of total C footprint.
      item-38 at level 3: text: Emissions from farm management d ...  gas and hard coal, respectively [46].
    item-39 at level 2: section_header: Co-product allocation
      item-40 at level 3: text: The C footprint for milk produce ...  directly assigned to milk production.
    item-41 at level 2: section_header: Sensitivity analysis
      item-42 at level 3: text: A sensitivity index was calculat ... ses a similar change in the footprint.
    item-43 at level 2: section_header: Greenhouse gas emissions
      item-44 at level 3: text: Depending on emission factors us ... more than 5% of overall GHG emissions.
      item-45 at level 3: text: Considering IPCC emission factor ...  the C footprint of the dairy systems.
      item-46 at level 3: text: The similarity of C footprint be ... of TMR was replaced by pasture access.
      item-47 at level 3: text: The lower C footprint in scenari ... r, averaging 0.004 kg N2O-N kg-1 [37].
    item-48 at level 2: section_header: Overall greenhouse gas emissions ... attle systems under various scenarios.
      item-49 at level 3: text: TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75T ... lectricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-50 at level 2: section_header: Methane emissions
      item-51 at level 3: text: The enteric CH4 intensity was si ... ], which did not happen in this study.
      item-52 at level 3: text: The lack of difference in enteri ...  same scenarios as in this study [26].
    item-53 at level 2: section_header: Sensitivity of the C footprint.
      item-54 at level 3: text: Sensitivity index = percentage c ... lectricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-55 at level 2: section_header: Emissions from excreta and feed production
      item-56 at level 3: text: Using IPCC emission factors for  ...  may not be captured by microbes [65].
      item-57 at level 3: text: Using local emission factors for ... be revised for the subtropical region.
      item-58 at level 3: text: Emissions for feed production de ... act, particularly in confinements [9].
    item-59 at level 2: section_header: Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) f ... ed production in dairy cattle systems.
      item-60 at level 3: text: TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75T ... uestered CO2-C from perennial pasture.
    item-61 at level 2: section_header: Further considerations
      item-62 at level 3: text: The potential for using pasture  ... g ECM)-1 in case of foot lesions [72].
      item-63 at level 3: text: Grazing lands may also improve b ... hange of CO2 would be negligible [76].
    item-64 at level 2: section_header: Tables
      item-65 at level 3: table with [13x3]
        item-65 at level 4: caption: Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the herd.
      item-66 at level 3: table with [21x11]
        item-66 at level 4: caption: Table 2 Dairy cows' diets in different scenarios.
      item-67 at level 3: table with [9x5]
        item-67 at level 4: caption: Table 3 GHG emission factors for Off- and On-farm feed production.
      item-68 at level 3: table with [28x5]
        item-68 at level 4: caption: Table 4 GHG emissions from On-farm feed production.
      item-69 at level 3: table with [12x4]
        item-69 at level 4: caption: Table 5 Factors for major resource inputs in farm management.
    item-70 at level 2: section_header: Figures
    item-71 at level 2: picture
      item-71 at level 3: caption: Fig 1 Overview of the milk production system boundary considered in the study.
    item-72 at level 2: picture
      item-72 at level 3: caption: Fig 2 Overall greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cattle systems under various scenarios. TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75TMR = 75% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture, 50TMR = 50% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture. (a) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3 without accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.73 kg CO2e kWh-1 [41]. (b) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3 without accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]; (c) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production EF from Table 4 without accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]. (d) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production emission factors from Table 4 accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-73 at level 2: picture
      item-73 at level 3: caption: Fig 3 Sensitivity of the C footprint. Sensitivity index = percentage change in C footprint for a 10% change in the given emission source divided by 10% of. (a) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3, production of electricity = 0.73 kg CO2e kWh-1 [41]. (b) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]; (c) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production EF from Table 4 without accounting sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]. (d) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production emission factors from Table 4 accounting sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-74 at level 2: picture
      item-74 at level 3: caption: Fig 4 Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from manure and feed production in dairy cattle systems. TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75TMR = 75% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture, 50TMR = 50% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture. (a) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38]. (b) Feed production emission factors from Table 3. (c) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37]. (d) Feed production emission factors from Table 4 accounting sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture.
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