docling/tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/pone.0234687.nxml.itxt

item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
  item-1 at level 1: title: Potential to reduce greenhouse g ...  cattle systems in subtropical regions
    item-2 at level 2: paragraph: Henrique M. N. Ribeiro-Filho; De ... , California, United States of America
    item-3 at level 2: section_header: Abstract
      item-4 at level 3: text: Carbon (C) footprint of dairy pr ... uce the C footprint to a small extent.
    item-5 at level 2: section_header: Introduction
      item-6 at level 3: text: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions f ... suitable for food crop production [4].
      item-7 at level 3: text: Considering the key role of live ... anagement to mitigate the C footprint.
      item-8 at level 3: text: In subtropical climate zones, co ... t in tropical pastures (e.g. [17–19]).
      item-9 at level 3: text: It has been shown that dairy cow ... sions from crop and reduced DM intake.
    item-10 at level 2: section_header: Materials and methods
      item-11 at level 3: text: An LCA was developed according t ... 90816 - https://www.udesc.br/cav/ceua.
    item-12 at level 2: section_header: System boundary
      item-13 at level 3: text: The goal of the study was to ass ... n were outside of the system boundary.
    item-14 at level 2: section_header: Functional unit
      item-15 at level 3: text: The functional unit was one kilo ... tein according to NRC [20] as follows:
      item-16 at level 3: text: ECM = Milk production × (0.0929  ...  characteristics described in Table 1.
    item-17 at level 2: section_header: Data sources and livestock system description
      item-18 at level 3: text: Using experimental data, three s ... med during an entire lactation period.
    item-19 at level 2: section_header: Impact assessment
      item-20 at level 3: text: The CO2e emissions were calculat ... 65 for CO2, CH4 and N2O, respectively.
    item-21 at level 2: section_header: Diets composition
      item-22 at level 3: text: The DM intake of each ingredient ...  collected throughout the experiments.
    item-23 at level 2: section_header: GHG emissions from crop and pasture production
      item-24 at level 3: text: GHG emission factors used for of ... onsume 70% of pastures during grazing.
      item-25 at level 3: text: Emissions from on-farm feed prod ... factors described by Rotz et al. [42].
    item-26 at level 2: section_header: Animal husbandry
      item-27 at level 3: text: The CH4 emissions from enteric f ... 1) = 13.8 + 0.185 × NDF (% DM intake).
    item-28 at level 2: section_header: Manure from confined cows and urine and dung from grazing animals
      item-29 at level 3: text: The CH4 emission from manure (kg ... for dietary GE per kg of DM (MJ kg-1).
      item-30 at level 3: text: The OM digestibility was estimat ... h were 31%, 26% and 46%, respectively.
      item-31 at level 3: text: The N2O-N emissions from urine a ...  using the IPCC [38] emission factors.
    item-32 at level 2: section_header: Farm management
      item-33 at level 3: text: Emissions due to farm management ...  crop and pasture production’ section.
      item-34 at level 3: text: The amount of fuel use for manur ... me that animals stayed on confinement.
      item-35 at level 3: text: The emissions from fuel were est ...  × kg CO2e (kg machinery mass)-1 [42].
      item-36 at level 3: text: Emissions from electricity for m ... ws in naturally ventilated barns [47].
      item-37 at level 3: text: The lower impact of emissions fr ...  greater than 5% of total C footprint.
      item-38 at level 3: text: Emissions from farm management d ...  gas and hard coal, respectively [46].
    item-39 at level 2: section_header: Co-product allocation
      item-40 at level 3: text: The C footprint for milk produce ...  directly assigned to milk production.
    item-41 at level 2: section_header: Sensitivity analysis
      item-42 at level 3: text: A sensitivity index was calculat ... ses a similar change in the footprint.
    item-43 at level 2: section_header: Greenhouse gas emissions
      item-44 at level 3: text: Depending on emission factors us ... more than 5% of overall GHG emissions.
      item-45 at level 3: text: Considering IPCC emission factor ...  the C footprint of the dairy systems.
      item-46 at level 3: text: The similarity of C footprint be ... of TMR was replaced by pasture access.
      item-47 at level 3: text: The lower C footprint in scenari ... r, averaging 0.004 kg N2O-N kg-1 [37].
    item-48 at level 2: section_header: Overall greenhouse gas emissions ... attle systems under various scenarios.
      item-49 at level 3: text: TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75T ... lectricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-50 at level 2: section_header: Methane emissions
      item-51 at level 3: text: The enteric CH4 intensity was si ... ], which did not happen in this study.
      item-52 at level 3: text: The lack of difference in enteri ...  same scenarios as in this study [26].
    item-53 at level 2: section_header: Sensitivity of the C footprint.
      item-54 at level 3: text: Sensitivity index = percentage c ... lectricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-55 at level 2: section_header: Emissions from excreta and feed production
      item-56 at level 3: text: Using IPCC emission factors for  ...  may not be captured by microbes [65].
      item-57 at level 3: text: Using local emission factors for ... be revised for the subtropical region.
      item-58 at level 3: text: Emissions for feed production de ... act, particularly in confinements [9].
    item-59 at level 2: section_header: Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) f ... ed production in dairy cattle systems.
      item-60 at level 3: text: TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75T ... uestered CO2-C from perennial pasture.
    item-61 at level 2: section_header: Further considerations
      item-62 at level 3: text: The potential for using pasture  ... g ECM)-1 in case of foot lesions [72].
      item-63 at level 3: text: Grazing lands may also improve b ... hange of CO2 would be negligible [76].
    item-64 at level 2: section_header: Tables
      item-65 at level 3: table with [13x3]
        item-65 at level 4: caption: Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the herd.
      item-66 at level 3: table with [21x11]
        item-66 at level 4: caption: Table 2 Dairy cows' diets in different scenarios.
      item-67 at level 3: table with [9x5]
        item-67 at level 4: caption: Table 3 GHG emission factors for Off- and On-farm feed production.
      item-68 at level 3: table with [28x5]
        item-68 at level 4: caption: Table 4 GHG emissions from On-farm feed production.
      item-69 at level 3: table with [12x4]
        item-69 at level 4: caption: Table 5 Factors for major resource inputs in farm management.
    item-70 at level 2: section_header: Figures
    item-71 at level 2: picture
      item-71 at level 3: caption: Fig 1 Overview of the milk production system boundary considered in the study.
    item-72 at level 2: picture
      item-72 at level 3: caption: Fig 2 Overall greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cattle systems under various scenarios. TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75TMR = 75% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture, 50TMR = 50% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture. (a) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3 without accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.73 kg CO2e kWh-1 [41]. (b) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3 without accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]; (c) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production EF from Table 4 without accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]. (d) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production emission factors from Table 4 accounting for sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-73 at level 2: picture
      item-73 at level 3: caption: Fig 3 Sensitivity of the C footprint. Sensitivity index = percentage change in C footprint for a 10% change in the given emission source divided by 10% of. (a) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3, production of electricity = 0.73 kg CO2e kWh-1 [41]. (b) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38], feed production emission factors from Table 3, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]; (c) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production EF from Table 4 without accounting sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46]. (d) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37], feed production emission factors from Table 4 accounting sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture, production of electricity = 0.205 kg CO2e kWh-1 [46].
    item-74 at level 2: picture
      item-74 at level 3: caption: Fig 4 Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from manure and feed production in dairy cattle systems. TMR = ad libitum TMR intake, 75TMR = 75% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture, 50TMR = 50% of ad libitum TMR intake with access to pasture. (a) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from IPCC [38]. (b) Feed production emission factors from Table 3. (c) N2O emission factors for urine and dung from local data [37]. (d) Feed production emission factors from Table 4 accounting sequestered CO2-C from perennial pasture.
    item-75 at level 2: section_header: References
      item-76 at level 3: list: group list
        item-77 at level 4: list_item: Climate Change and Land. Chapter 5: Food Security (2019)
        item-78 at level 4: list_item: M Herrero; B Henderson; P Havlík ... ivestock sector. Nat Clim Chang (2016)
        item-79 at level 4: list_item: MG Rivera-Ferre; F López-i-Gelat ... iley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang (2016)
        item-80 at level 4: list_item: HHE van Zanten; H Mollenhorst; C ... ystems. Int J Life Cycle Assess (2016)
        item-81 at level 4: list_item: AN Hristov; J Oh; L Firkins; J D ...  mitigation options. J Anim Sci (2013)
        item-82 at level 4: list_item: AN Hristov; T Ott; J Tricarico;  ...  mitigation options. J Anim Sci (2013)
        item-83 at level 4: list_item: F Montes; R Meinen; C Dell; A Ro ...  mitigation options. J Anim Sci (2013)
        item-84 at level 4: list_item: SF Ledgard; S Wei; X Wang; S Fal ...  mitigations. Agric Water Manag (2019)
        item-85 at level 4: list_item: D O’Brien; L Shalloo; J Patton;  ... inement dairy farms. Agric Syst (2012)
        item-86 at level 4: list_item: T Salou; C Le Mouël; HMG van der ... nal unit matters!. J Clean Prod (2017)
        item-87 at level 4: list_item: C Lizarralde; V Picasso; CA Rotz ... Case Studies. Sustain Agric Res (2014)
        item-88 at level 4: list_item: CEF Clark; R Kaur; LO Millapan;  ... ction and behavior. J Dairy Sci (2018)
        item-89 at level 4: list_item: FAOSTAT.  (2017)
        item-90 at level 4: list_item: I Vogeler; A Mackay; R Vibart; J ... ms modelling. Sci Total Environ (2016)
        item-91 at level 4: list_item: JM Wilkinson; MRF Lee; MJ Rivero ... ate pastures. Grass Forage Sci. (2020)
        item-92 at level 4: list_item: WJ Wales; LC Marett; JS Greenwoo ... ons of Australia. Anim Prod Sci (2013)
        item-93 at level 4: list_item: F Bargo; LD Muller; JE Delahoy;  ... otal mixed rations. J Dairy Sci (2002)
        item-94 at level 4: list_item: RE Vibart; V Fellner; JC Burns;  ... ration and pasture. J Dairy Res (2008)
        item-95 at level 4: list_item: A Mendoza; C Cajarville; JL Repe ... total mixed ration. J Dairy Sci (2016)
        item-96 at level 4: list_item: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (2001)
        item-97 at level 4: list_item: P Noizère; D Sauvant; L Delaby.  (2018)
        item-98 at level 4: list_item: H Lorenz; T Reinsch; S Hess; F T ... roduction systems. J Clean Prod (2019)
        item-99 at level 4: list_item: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD—Environme ... ent—Requirements and guidelines (2006)
        item-100 at level 4: list_item: Environmental management—Life cy ... ciples and framework. Iso 14040 (2006)
        item-101 at level 4: list_item: FAO. Environmental Performance o ... ains: Guidelines for assessment (2016)
        item-102 at level 4: list_item: M Civiero; HMN Ribeiro-Filho; LH ... ture Conference,. Foz do Iguaçu (2019)
        item-103 at level 4: list_item: R Delagarde; P Faverdin; C Barat ... ng management. Grass Forage Sci (2011)
        item-104 at level 4: list_item: BL Ma; BC Liang; DK Biswas; MJ M ... tions. Nutr Cycl Agroecosystems (2012)
        item-105 at level 4: list_item: GS Rauccci; CS Moreira; PS Alves ... Mato Grosso State. J Clean Prod (2015)
        item-106 at level 4: list_item: GGT Camargo; MR Ryan; TL Richard ... nergy Analysis Tool. Bioscience (2013)
        item-107 at level 4: list_item: MSJ da Silva; CC Jobim; EC Poppi ... outhern Brazil. Rev Bras Zootec (2015)
        item-108 at level 4: list_item: Guzatti GCGC Duchini PGPG; Sbris ...  monocultures. Crop Pasture Sci (2016)
        item-109 at level 4: list_item: LFB Scaravelli; LET Pereira; CJ  ... om vacas leiteiras. Cienc Rural (2007)
        item-110 at level 4: list_item: AF Sbrissia; PG Duchini; GD Zani ... ge of grazing heights. Crop Sci (2018)
        item-111 at level 4: list_item: JGR Almeida; AC Dall-Orsoletta;  ... grazing temperate grass. Animal (2020)
        item-112 at level 4: list_item: H.S. Eggleston; L. Buendia; K Mi ... nal greenhouse gas inventories. (2006)
        item-113 at level 4: list_item: B Ramalho; J Dieckow; G Barth; P ... mbric Ferralsol. Eur J Soil Sci (2020)
        item-114 at level 4: list_item: HC Fernandes; JCM da Silveira; P ... nizadas. Cienc e Agrotecnologia (2008)
        item-115 at level 4: list_item: CAA Rotz; F Montes; DS Chianese; ... e cycle assessment. J Dairy Sci (2010)
        item-116 at level 4: list_item: M Niu; E Kebreab; AN Hristov; J  ... ental database. Glob Chang Biol (2018)
        item-117 at level 4: list_item: M Eugène; D Sauvant; P Nozière;  ... for ruminants. J Environ Manage (2019)
        item-118 at level 4: list_item: KF Reed; LE Moraes; DP Casper; E ... retion from cattle. J Dairy Sci (2015)
        item-119 at level 4: list_item: MV Barros; CM Piekarski; AC De F ...  the 2016–2026 period. Energies (2018)
        item-120 at level 4: list_item: D Ludington; E Johnson. Dairy Fa ...  York State Energy Res Dev Auth (2003)
        item-121 at level 4: list_item: G Thoma; O Jolliet; Y Wang. A bi ... ply chain analysis. Int Dairy J (2013)
        item-122 at level 4: list_item: A Naranjo; A Johnson; H Rossow.  ...  dairy industry over 50 years.  (2020)
        item-123 at level 4: list_item: S Jayasundara; D Worden; A Weers ... roduction systems. J Clean Prod (2019)
        item-124 at level 4: list_item: SRO Williams; PD Fisher; T Berri ... ssions. Int J Life Cycle Assess (2014)
        item-125 at level 4: list_item: S Gollnow; S Lundie; AD Moore; J ...  cows in Australia. Int Dairy J (2014)
        item-126 at level 4: list_item: D O’Brien; JL Capper; PC Garnswo ... -based dairy farms. J Dairy Sci (2014)
        item-127 at level 4: list_item: J Chobtang; SJ McLaren; SF Ledga ... Region, New Zealand. J Ind Ecol (2017)
        item-128 at level 4: list_item: MR Garg; BT Phondba; PL Sherasia ... cycle assessment. Anim Prod Sci (2016)
        item-129 at level 4: list_item: CM de Léis; E Cherubini; CF Ruvi ...  study. Int J Life Cycle Assess (2015)
        item-130 at level 4: list_item: D O’Brien; A Geoghegan; K McNama ... otprint of milk?. Anim Prod Sci (2016)
        item-131 at level 4: list_item: D O’Brien; P Brennan; J Humphrey ... dology. Int J Life Cycle Assess (2014)
        item-132 at level 4: list_item: CY Baek; KM Lee; KH Park. Quanti ...  dairy cow system. J Clean Prod (2014)
        item-133 at level 4: list_item: AC Dall-Orsoletta; JGR Almeida;  ...  to late lactation. J Dairy Sci (2016)
        item-134 at level 4: list_item: AC Dall-Orsoletta; MM Oziemblows ... entation. Anim Feed Sci Technol (2019)
        item-135 at level 4: list_item: M Niu; JADRN Appuhamy; AB Leytem ... s simultaneously. Anim Prod Sci (2016)
        item-136 at level 4: list_item: GC Waghorn; N Law; M Bryant; D P ... with fodder beet. Anim Prod Sci (2019)
        item-137 at level 4: list_item: U Dickhoefer; S Glowacki; CA Góm ...  protein and starch. Livest Sci (2018)
        item-138 at level 4: list_item: CG Schwab; GA Broderick. A 100-Y ... tion in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci (2017)
        item-139 at level 4: list_item: A Sordi; J Dieckow; C Bayer; MA  ... tureland. Agric Ecosyst Environ (2014)
        item-140 at level 4: list_item: PL Simon; J Dieckow; CAM de Klei ... pastures. Agric Ecosyst Environ (2018)
        item-141 at level 4: list_item: X Wang; S Ledgard; J Luo; Y Guo; ... e assessment. Sci Total Environ (2018)
        item-142 at level 4: list_item: G Pirlo; S Lolli. Environmental  ...  Lombardy (Italy). J Clean Prod (2019)
        item-143 at level 4: list_item: A Herzog; C Winckler; W Zollitsc ... tigation. Agric Ecosyst Environ (2018)
        item-144 at level 4: list_item: PF Mostert; CE van Middelaar; EA ... f milk production. J Clean Prod (2018)
        item-145 at level 4: list_item: PF Mostert; CE van Middelaar; IJ ...  of milk production. Agric Syst (2018)
        item-146 at level 4: list_item: JA Foley; N Ramankutty; KA Braum ... for a cultivated planet. Nature (2011)
        item-147 at level 4: list_item: R. Lal. Soil Carbon Sequestratio ... nd Food Security. Science (80-) (2004)
        item-148 at level 4: list_item: RM Boddey; CP Jantalia; PC Conce ... al agriculture. Glob Chang Biol (2010)
        item-149 at level 4: list_item: B McConkey; D Angers; M Bentham; ... he LULUCF sector for NIR 2014.  (2014)