docling/tests/data/html/wiki_duck.html.itxt
Peter Staar baaeb60b4a add real e2e tests for html and docx
Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>
2024-10-29 05:36:23 +01:00

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item-0 at level 0: GroupLabel.UNSPECIFIED: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-2 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Main page
item-3 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Contents
item-4 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Current events
item-5 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Random article
item-6 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: About Wikipedia
item-7 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Contact us
item-8 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-9 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Help
item-10 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Learn to edit
item-11 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Community portal
item-12 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Recent changes
item-13 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Upload file
item-14 at level 1: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-15 at level 1: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-16 at level 1: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-17 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-18 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-19 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Donate
item-20 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-21 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-22 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Create account
item-23 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Log in
item-24 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-25 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Create account
item-26 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Log in
item-27 at level 1: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-28 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Contributions
item-29 at level 2: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Talk
item-30 at level 1: GroupLabel.SECTION: group header-1
item-31 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Contents
item-32 at level 3: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-33 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: (Top)
item-34 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 1 Etymology
item-35 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-36 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 2 Taxonomy
item-37 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-38 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 3 Morphology
item-39 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-40 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 4 Distribution and habitat
item-41 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-42 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection
item-43 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-44 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 5.1 Feeding
item-45 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-46 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 5.2 Breeding
item-47 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-48 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 5.3 Communication
item-49 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-50 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 5.4 Predators
item-51 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-52 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection
item-53 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-54 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 6.1 Hunting
item-55 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-56 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 6.2 Domestication
item-57 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-58 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 6.3 Heraldry
item-59 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-60 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 6.4 Cultural references
item-61 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-62 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 7 See also
item-63 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-64 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection
item-65 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-66 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 8.1 Citations
item-67 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-68 at level 6: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 8.2 Sources
item-69 at level 7: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-70 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 9 External links
item-71 at level 5: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-72 at level 1: DocItemLabel.TITLE: Duck
item-73 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-74 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Acèh
item-75 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Afrikaans
item-76 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Alemannisch
item-77 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: አማርኛ
item-78 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ænglisc
item-79 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: العربية
item-80 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Aragonés
item-81 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ܐܪܡܝܐ
item-82 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Armãneashti
item-83 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Asturianu
item-84 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Atikamekw
item-85 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Авар
item-86 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Aymar aru
item-87 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: تۆرکجه
item-88 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Basa Bali
item-89 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: বাংলা
item-90 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
item-91 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Беларуская
item-92 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
item-93 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Bikol Central
item-94 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Български
item-95 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Brezhoneg
item-96 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Буряад
item-97 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Català
item-98 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Чӑвашла
item-99 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Čeština
item-100 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ChiShona
item-101 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Cymraeg
item-102 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Dagbanli
item-103 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Dansk
item-104 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Deitsch
item-105 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Deutsch
item-106 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: डोटेली
item-107 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ελληνικά
item-108 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Emiliàn e rumagnòl
item-109 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Español
item-110 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Esperanto
item-111 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Euskara
item-112 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: فارسی
item-113 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Français
item-114 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Gaeilge
item-115 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Galego
item-116 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ГӀалгӀай
item-117 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 贛語
item-118 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: گیلکی
item-119 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
item-120 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
item-121 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî
item-122 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 한국어
item-123 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Hausa
item-124 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Հայերեն
item-125 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: हिन्दी
item-126 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Hrvatski
item-127 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ido
item-128 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Bahasa Indonesia
item-129 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Iñupiatun
item-130 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Íslenska
item-131 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Italiano
item-132 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: עברית
item-133 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Jawa
item-134 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ಕನ್ನಡ
item-135 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Kapampangan
item-136 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ქართული
item-137 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: कॉशुर / کٲشُر
item-138 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Қазақша
item-139 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ikirundi
item-140 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Kongo
item-141 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Kreyòl ayisyen
item-142 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Кырык мары
item-143 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ລາວ
item-144 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Latina
item-145 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Latviešu
item-146 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Lietuvių
item-147 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Li Niha
item-148 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ligure
item-149 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Limburgs
item-150 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Lingála
item-151 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Malagasy
item-152 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: മലയാളം
item-153 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: मराठी
item-154 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: مازِرونی
item-155 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Bahasa Melayu
item-156 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
item-157 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
item-158 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Мокшень
item-159 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Монгол
item-160 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: မြန်မာဘာသာ
item-161 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Nederlands
item-162 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Nedersaksies
item-163 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: नेपाली
item-164 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: नेपाल भाषा
item-165 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 日本語
item-166 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Нохчийн
item-167 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Norsk nynorsk
item-168 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Occitan
item-169 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Oromoo
item-170 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
item-171 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Picard
item-172 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Plattdüütsch
item-173 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Polski
item-174 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Português
item-175 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Qırımtatarca
item-176 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Română
item-177 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Русский
item-178 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Саха тыла
item-179 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
item-180 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Sardu
item-181 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Scots
item-182 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Seeltersk
item-183 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Shqip
item-184 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Sicilianu
item-185 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: සිංහල
item-186 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Simple English
item-187 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: سنڌي
item-188 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: کوردی
item-189 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Српски / srpski
item-190 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
item-191 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Sunda
item-192 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Svenska
item-193 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Tagalog
item-194 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: தமிழ்
item-195 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Taqbaylit
item-196 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Татарча / tatarça
item-197 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ไทย
item-198 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Türkçe
item-199 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Українська
item-200 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
item-201 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Vahcuengh
item-202 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Tiếng Việt
item-203 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Walon
item-204 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 文言
item-205 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Winaray
item-206 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 吴语
item-207 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 粵語
item-208 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Žemaitėška
item-209 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: 中文
item-210 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-211 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Article
item-212 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Talk
item-213 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-214 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-215 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Read
item-216 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: View source
item-217 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: View history
item-218 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-219 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Read
item-220 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: View source
item-221 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: View history
item-222 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-223 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: What links here
item-224 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Related changes
item-225 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Upload file
item-226 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Special pages
item-227 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Permanent link
item-228 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Page information
item-229 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Cite this page
item-230 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Get shortened URL
item-231 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Download QR code
item-232 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Wikidata item
item-233 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-234 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Download as PDF
item-235 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Printable version
item-236 at level 2: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-237 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Wikimedia Commons
item-238 at level 3: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Wikiquote
item-239 at level 2: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-240 at level 2: DocItemLabel.TABLE with [13x2]
item-241 at level 2: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
item-242 at level 2: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-243 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Etymology
item-244 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-245 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-245 at level 4: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-246 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas "duck", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-247 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-248 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-249 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-249 at level 4: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Male mallard.
item-250 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-250 at level 4: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Wood ducks.
item-251 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Taxonomy
item-252 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]
item-253 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-253 at level 4: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Mallard landing in approach
item-254 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-255 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-256 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Morphology
item-257 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-257 at level 4: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Male Mandarin duck
item-258 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration.
item-259 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-260 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Distribution and habitat
item-261 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-261 at level 4: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-262 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-263 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-263 at level 4: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-264 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-265 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Behaviour
item-266 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Feeding
item-267 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-267 at level 5: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Pecten along the bill
item-268 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-268 at level 5: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Mallard duckling preening
item-269 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-270 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.
item-271 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-272 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-273 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-274 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-275 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Breeding
item-276 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-276 at level 5: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: A Muscovy duckling
item-277 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-278 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Communication
item-279 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup which are diving ducks make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-280 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-281 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Predators
item-282 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-282 at level 5: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Ringed teal
item-283 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-284 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-285 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Relationship with humans
item-286 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Hunting
item-287 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-288 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-289 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Domestication
item-290 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-290 at level 5: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-291 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-292 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Heraldry
item-293 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-293 at level 5: DocItemLabel.CAPTION: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-294 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-295 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Cultural references
item-296 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."[52] The word "duck" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-297 at level 4: DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-298 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: See also
item-299 at level 3: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-300 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Birds portal
item-301 at level 3: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-302 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Domestic duck
item-303 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Duck as food
item-304 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Duck test
item-305 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Duck breeds
item-306 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Fictional ducks
item-307 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Rubber duck
item-308 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Notes
item-309 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Citations
item-310 at level 4: GroupLabel.ORDERED_LIST: group ordered list
item-311 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Duckling". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-312 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 20002006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-313 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.
item-314 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.
item-315 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.
item-316 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737738.
item-317 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452.
item-318 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353354.
item-319 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.
item-320 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191.
item-321 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Kear 2005, p. 448.
item-322 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Kear 2005, p. 622623.
item-323 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Kear 2005, p. 686.
item-324 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.
item-325 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.
item-326 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.
item-327 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.
item-328 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.
item-329 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.
item-330 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.
item-331 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98107.
item-332 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 523.
item-333 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
item-334 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-335 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
item-336 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology. pp. 187221. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.
item-337 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks". The Condor. 102 (1): 201205. doi:10.1093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.
item-338 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber". wildliferehabber.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
item-339 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562.[self-published source]
item-340 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.
item-341 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). "Sound science is quackers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-342 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003.
item-343 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.
item-344 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.
item-345 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.
item-346 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.
item-347 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.
item-348 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Rau 1876, p. 133.
item-349 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Higman 2012, p. 23.
item-350 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Hume 2012, p. 53.
item-351 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Hume 2012, p. 52.
item-352 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.
item-353 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.
item-354 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
item-355 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
item-356 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin". Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-357 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-358 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
item-359 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
item-360 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-361 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-362 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest joke revealed". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
item-363 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database.
item-364 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.
item-365 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
item-366 at level 3: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: Sources
item-367 at level 4: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-368 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-369 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
item-370 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
item-371 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339356. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..339D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.
item-372 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.
item-373 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.
item-374 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. Vol. I: AK. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
item-375 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.
item-376 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.
item-377 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.
item-378 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.
item-379 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.
item-380 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters" (PDF). The Auk. 103 (4): 737754. doi:10.1093/auk/103.4.737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-381 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). "A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA" (PDF). The Auk. 105 (3): 452459. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.452. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-382 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.
item-383 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.
item-384 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168.
item-385 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.
item-386 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.
item-387 at level 5: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.
item-388 at level 2: DocItemLabel.SECTION_HEADER: External links
item-389 at level 3: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-390 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Definitions from Wiktionary
item-391 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Media from Commons
item-392 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Quotations from Wikiquote
item-393 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Recipes from Wikibooks
item-394 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Taxa from Wikispecies
item-395 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Data from Wikidata
item-396 at level 3: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-397 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: list of books (useful looking abstracts)
item-398 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
item-399 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM:
item-400 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl
item-401 at level 3: DocItemLabel.TABLE with [3x2]
item-402 at level 3: DocItemLabel.PICTURE
item-403 at level 3: GroupLabel.LIST: group list
item-404 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Ducks
item-405 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Game birds
item-406 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Bird common names
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item-409 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: Accuracy disputes from February 2020
item-410 at level 4: DocItemLabel.LIST_ITEM: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
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