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182
docling/backend/html_backend.py
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@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
import logging
import re
import traceback
from contextlib import contextmanager
from io import BytesIO
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Final, Optional, Union, cast
from urllib.parse import urljoin
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, NavigableString, PageElement, Tag
from bs4.element import PreformattedString
@ -17,6 +20,7 @@ from docling_core.types.doc import (
TableData,
)
from docling_core.types.doc.document import ContentLayer
from pydantic import AnyUrl, BaseModel, ValidationError as PydanticValidationError
from typing_extensions import override
from docling.backend.abstract_backend import DeclarativeDocumentBackend
@ -47,10 +51,57 @@ TAGS_FOR_NODE_ITEMS: Final = [
"img",
]
NON_TEXT_TAGS: Final = ["script", "style"]
class AnnotatedText(BaseModel):
text: str
hyperlink: Union[AnyUrl, Path, None] = None
class AnnotatedTextList(list):
def to_single_text_element(self) -> AnnotatedText:
current_h = None
current_text = ""
for at in self:
t = at.text
h = at.hyperlink
current_text += t.strip() + " "
if h is not None and current_h is None:
current_h = h
elif h is not None and current_h is not None and h != current_h:
_log.warning(
f"Clashing hyperlinks: '{h}' and '{current_h}'! Chose '{current_h}'"
)
return AnnotatedText(text=current_text.strip(), hyperlink=current_h)
def simplify_text_elements(self) -> "AnnotatedTextList":
simplified = AnnotatedTextList()
if not self:
return self
text = self[0].text
hyperlink = self[0].hyperlink
for i in range(1, len(self)):
if hyperlink == self[i].hyperlink:
sep = " "
text += sep + self[i].text
else:
simplified.append(AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=hyperlink))
text = self[i].text
hyperlink = self[i].hyperlink
if text:
simplified.append(AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=hyperlink))
return simplified
class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
@override
def __init__(self, in_doc: "InputDocument", path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path]):
def __init__(
self,
in_doc: "InputDocument",
path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path],
original_url: Optional[AnyUrl] = None,
):
super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream)
self.soup: Optional[Tag] = None
# HTML file:
@ -61,6 +112,8 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
self.parents: dict[int, Optional[Union[DocItem, GroupItem]]] = {}
for i in range(self.max_levels):
self.parents[i] = None
self.hyperlink = None
self.original_url = original_url
try:
if isinstance(self.path_or_stream, BytesIO):
@ -159,6 +212,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=self.hyperlink,
)
text = ""
@ -183,29 +237,73 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
self.handle_image(tag, doc)
elif tag.name == "details":
self.handle_details(tag, doc)
elif tag.name == "a":
with self.use_hyperlink(tag):
self.walk(tag, doc)
else:
self.walk(tag, doc)
def get_text(self, item: PageElement) -> str:
"""Get the text content of a tag."""
parts: list[str] = self.extract_text_recursively(item)
return "".join(parts) + " "
@contextmanager
def use_hyperlink(self, tag):
this_href = tag.get("href")
if this_href is None:
yield None
else:
if this_href:
old_hyperlink = self.hyperlink
if self.original_url is not None:
this_href = urljoin(self.original_url, this_href)
# ugly fix for relative links since pydantic does not support them.
try:
AnyUrl(this_href)
except PydanticValidationError:
this_href = Path(this_href)
self.hyperlink = this_href
try:
yield None
finally:
if this_href:
self.hyperlink = old_hyperlink
# Function to recursively extract text from all child nodes
def extract_text_recursively(self, item: PageElement) -> list[str]:
result: list[str] = []
def extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively(
self, item: PageElement, ignore_list=False
) -> AnnotatedTextList:
result: AnnotatedTextList = AnnotatedTextList()
if isinstance(item, NavigableString):
return [item]
text = item.strip()
if text:
return AnnotatedTextList(
[AnnotatedText(text=text, hyperlink=self.hyperlink)]
)
return AnnotatedTextList()
tag = cast(Tag, item)
if tag.name not in ["ul", "ol"]:
if tag.name not in NON_TEXT_TAGS and (
not ignore_list or (tag.name not in ["ul", "ol"])
):
for child in tag:
# Recursively get the child's text content
result.extend(self.extract_text_recursively(child))
if isinstance(child, Tag) and child.name == "a":
with self.use_hyperlink(child):
result.extend(
self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively(
child, ignore_list
)
)
else:
# Recursively get the child's text content
result.extend(
self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively(child, ignore_list)
)
return result
return ["".join(result) + " "]
def extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(
self, element, ignore_list=False
) -> AnnotatedText:
return self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively(
element, ignore_list
).to_single_text_element()
def handle_details(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handle details tag (details) and its content."""
@ -225,7 +323,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
def handle_header(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles header tags (h1, h2, etc.)."""
hlevel = int(element.name.replace("h", ""))
text = element.text.strip()
annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(element)
self.content_layer = ContentLayer.BODY
@ -237,8 +335,9 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
self.parents[self.level] = doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[0],
label=DocItemLabel.TITLE,
text=text,
text=annotated_text.text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink,
)
else:
if hlevel > self.level:
@ -261,35 +360,57 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
self.parents[hlevel] = doc.add_heading(
parent=self.parents[hlevel - 1],
text=text,
text=annotated_text.text,
level=hlevel - 1,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink,
)
def handle_code(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles monospace code snippets (pre)."""
if element.text is None:
return
text = element.text.strip()
if text:
annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(element)
if annotated_text.text:
doc.add_code(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
text=text,
text=annotated_text.text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink,
)
def handle_paragraph(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles paragraph tags (p) or equivalent ones."""
if element.text is None:
return
text = element.text.strip()
if text:
doc.add_text(
annotated_texts = self.extract_text_and_hyperlink_recursively(
element
).simplify_text_elements()
if len(annotated_texts) > 1:
inline_fmt = doc.add_group(
label=GroupLabel.INLINE,
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
for annotated_text in annotated_texts:
doc.add_text(
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=annotated_text.text,
parent=inline_fmt,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink,
)
else:
for annotated_text in annotated_texts:
doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=annotated_text.text.strip(),
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink,
)
def handle_list(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles list tags (ul, ol) and their list items."""
@ -345,9 +466,11 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
if nested_list:
# Text in list item can be hidden within hierarchy, hence
# we need to extract it recursively
text: str = self.get_text(element)
annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(
element, ignore_list=True
)
# Flatten text, remove break lines:
text = text.replace("\n", "").replace("\r", "")
text = annotated_text.text.replace("\n", "").replace("\r", "")
text = " ".join(text.split()).strip()
marker = ""
@ -364,6 +487,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
marker=marker,
parent=parent,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink,
)
self.level += 1
self.walk(element, doc)
@ -373,7 +497,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
self.walk(element, doc)
elif element.text.strip():
text = element.text.strip()
annotated_text = self.extract_single_text_and_hyperlink(element)
marker = ""
enumerated = False
@ -381,11 +505,12 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
marker = f"{index_in_list!s}."
enumerated = True
doc.add_list_item(
text=text,
text=annotated_text.text,
enumerated=enumerated,
marker=marker,
parent=parent,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=annotated_text.hyperlink,
)
else:
_log.debug(f"list-item has no text: {element}")
@ -570,6 +695,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION,
text=("".join(texts)).strip(),
content_layer=self.content_layer,
hyperlink=self.hyperlink,
)
doc.add_picture(
parent=self.parents[self.level],

6
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.itxt vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Something
item-2 at level 2: inline: group group
item-3 at level 3: text: Please follow the link to:
item-4 at level 3: text: This page
item-5 at level 3: text: .

110
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.json vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
{
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
"version": "1.3.0",
"name": "hyperlink_01",
"origin": {
"mimetype": "text/html",
"binary_hash": 17149231461445569313,
"filename": "hyperlink_01.html"
},
"furniture": {
"self_ref": "#/furniture",
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"body": {
"self_ref": "#/body",
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "group",
"label": "inline"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "title",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Something",
"text": "Something"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Please follow the link to:",
"text": "Please follow the link to:"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This page",
"text": "This page",
"hyperlink": "#"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": ".",
"text": "."
}
],
"pictures": [],
"tables": [],
"key_value_items": [],
"form_items": [],
"pages": {}
}

3
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_01.html.md vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
# Something
Please follow the link to: [This page](#) .

3
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.itxt vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: section: group header-1
item-2 at level 2: section_header: Home

83
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.json vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
{
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
"version": "1.3.0",
"name": "hyperlink_02",
"origin": {
"mimetype": "text/html",
"binary_hash": 15683290523889238210,
"filename": "hyperlink_02.html"
},
"furniture": {
"self_ref": "#/furniture",
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"body": {
"self_ref": "#/body",
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/pictures/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "header-1",
"label": "section"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "section_header",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Home",
"text": "Home",
"hyperlink": "/home.html",
"level": 1
}
],
"pictures": [
{
"self_ref": "#/pictures/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "picture",
"prov": [],
"captions": [],
"references": [],
"footnotes": [],
"annotations": []
}
],
"tables": [],
"key_value_items": [],
"form_items": [],
"pages": {}
}

1
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_02.html.md vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1 @@
[## Home](/home.html)

11
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.itxt vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: list: group list
item-2 at level 2: list_item: My Section
item-3 at level 3: list: group list
item-4 at level 4: list_item: Some page
item-5 at level 5: list: group list
item-6 at level 6: list_item: A sub page
item-7 at level 5: list: group list
item-8 at level 6: list_item: This is my Homepage
item-9 at level 6: list_item: Main navigation
item-10 at level 2: list_item: My organisation

200
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.json vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
{
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
"version": "1.3.0",
"name": "hyperlink_03",
"origin": {
"mimetype": "text/html",
"binary_hash": 14556394815653517177,
"filename": "hyperlink_03.html"
},
"furniture": {
"self_ref": "#/furniture",
"children": [],
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"body": {
"self_ref": "#/body",
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "_root_",
"label": "unspecified"
},
"groups": [
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/5"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/2"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/groups/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/texts/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/texts/3"
},
{
"$ref": "#/texts/4"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
}
],
"texts": [
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/0",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "My Section",
"text": "My Section",
"hyperlink": "#",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/1",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
"children": [
{
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
{
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some page",
"text": "Some page",
"hyperlink": "/start.html",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/2",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/2"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A sub page",
"text": "A sub page",
"hyperlink": "/home2.html",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/3",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is my Homepage",
"text": "This is my Homepage",
"hyperlink": "/home.html",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/4",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Main navigation",
"text": "Main navigation",
"hyperlink": "#main-navigation",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
},
{
"self_ref": "#/texts/5",
"parent": {
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "list_item",
"prov": [],
"orig": "My organisation",
"text": "My organisation",
"hyperlink": "#",
"enumerated": false,
"marker": "-"
}
],
"pictures": [],
"tables": [],
"key_value_items": [],
"form_items": [],
"pages": {}
}

6
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/hyperlink_03.html.md vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
- [My Section](#)
- [Some page](/start.html)
- [A sub page](/home2.html)
- [This is my Homepage](/home.html)
- [Main navigation](#main-navigation)
- [My organisation](#)

895
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt vendored
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@ -220,239 +220,662 @@ item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-219 at level 2: text: This article is about the bird. ... as a food, see . For other uses, see .
item-220 at level 2: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see .
item-221 at level 2: table with [13x2]
item-222 at level 2: text: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water.
item-223 at level 2: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-224 at level 2: section_header: Etymology
item-225 at level 3: text: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-226 at level 3: picture
item-226 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-227 at level 3: text: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-228 at level 3: text: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-229 at level 3: text: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-230 at level 3: picture
item-230 at level 4: caption: Male mallard.
item-231 at level 3: picture
item-231 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks.
item-232 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy
item-233 at level 3: text: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9]
item-234 at level 3: picture
item-234 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-235 at level 3: text: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-236 at level 3: text: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-237 at level 2: section_header: Morphology
item-238 at level 3: picture
item-238 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-239 at level 3: text: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration.
item-240 at level 3: text: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-241 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat
item-242 at level 3: picture
item-242 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-243 at level 3: text: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-244 at level 3: picture
item-244 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-245 at level 3: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-246 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour
item-247 at level 3: section_header: Feeding
item-248 at level 4: picture
item-248 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-249 at level 4: picture
item-249 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-250 at level 4: text: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-251 at level 4: text: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-252 at level 4: text: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-253 at level 4: text: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-254 at level 4: text: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-255 at level 4: text: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-256 at level 3: section_header: Breeding
item-257 at level 4: picture
item-257 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-258 at level 4: text: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-259 at level 3: section_header: Communication
item-260 at level 4: text: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-261 at level 4: text: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-262 at level 3: section_header: Predators
item-263 at level 4: picture
item-263 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal
item-264 at level 4: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-265 at level 4: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-266 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans
item-267 at level 3: section_header: Hunting
item-268 at level 4: text: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-269 at level 4: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-270 at level 3: section_header: Domestication
item-271 at level 4: picture
item-271 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-272 at level 4: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-273 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry
item-274 at level 4: picture
item-274 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-275 at level 4: text: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-276 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references
item-277 at level 4: text: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-278 at level 4: text: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-279 at level 2: section_header: See also
item-280 at level 3: list: group list
item-281 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal
item-282 at level 3: list: group list
item-283 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck
item-284 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food
item-285 at level 4: list_item: Duck test
item-286 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds
item-287 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks
item-288 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck
item-289 at level 2: section_header: Notes
item-290 at level 3: section_header: Citations
item-291 at level 4: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-292 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". The American Herit ... n Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-293 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English ... Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-294 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.
item-295 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.
item-296 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.
item-297 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.
item-298 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452.
item-299 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.
item-300 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.
item-301 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191.
item-302 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 448.
item-303 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.
item-304 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 686.
item-305 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.
item-306 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.
item-307 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.
item-308 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.
item-309 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.
item-310 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.
item-311 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.
item-312 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.
item-313 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.
item-314 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
item-315 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-316 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
item-317 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.
item-318 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... 093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.
item-319 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... l on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
item-320 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ...  9780557901562.[self-published source]
item-321 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... man & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.
item-322 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... kers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-323 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003.
item-324 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.
item-325 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.
item-326 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.
item-327 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.
item-328 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.
item-329 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876, p. 133.
item-330 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012, p. 23.
item-331 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 53.
item-332 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 52.
item-333 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.
item-334 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.
item-335 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
item-336 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
item-337 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... . Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-338 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-339 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
item-340 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... tto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
item-341 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-342 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-343 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... w Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
item-344 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database.
item-345 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Lau ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck.
item-346 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
item-347 at level 3: section_header: Sources
item-348 at level 4: list: group list
item-349 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-350 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
item-351 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... ro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
item-352 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... /S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.
item-353 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.
item-354 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... usiness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.
item-355 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
item-356 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.
item-357 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.
item-358 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.
item-359 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.
item-360 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.
item-361 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-362 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-363 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... on: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.
item-364 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.
item-365 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... ork: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168.
item-366 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.
item-367 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.
item-368 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... rk: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.
item-369 at level 2: section_header: External links
item-370 at level 3: list: group list
item-371 at level 4: list_item: Definitions from Wiktionary
item-372 at level 4: list_item: Media from Commons
item-373 at level 4: list_item: Quotations from Wikiquote
item-374 at level 4: list_item: Recipes from Wikibooks
item-375 at level 4: list_item: Taxa from Wikispecies
item-376 at level 4: list_item: Data from Wikidata
item-377 at level 3: list: group list
item-378 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts)
item-379 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
item-380 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl
item-381 at level 3: table with [3x2]
item-382 at level 3: picture
item-383 at level 3: text: Retrieved from ""
item-384 at level 3: text: :
item-385 at level 3: list: group list
item-386 at level 4: list_item: Ducks
item-387 at level 4: list_item: Game birds
item-388 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names
item-389 at level 3: text: Hidden categories:
item-390 at level 3: list: group list
item-391 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes
item-392 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020
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item-396 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description
item-397 at level 4: list_item: Short description is different from Wikidata
item-398 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
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item-418 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).
item-419 at level 4: list_item: Text is available under the Crea ... tion, Inc., a non-profit organization.
item-420 at level 3: list: group list
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item-422 at level 4: list_item: About Wikipedia
item-423 at level 4: list_item: Disclaimers
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item-429 at level 4: list_item: Mobile view
item-430 at level 3: list: group list
item-431 at level 3: list: group list
item-432 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-433 at level 1: caption: Male mallard.
item-434 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks.
item-435 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-436 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-437 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-438 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-439 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-440 at level 1: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-441 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-442 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal
item-443 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-444 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-222 at level 2: inline: group group
item-223 at level 3: text: Duck is the common name for numerous species of
item-224 at level 3: text: waterfowl
item-225 at level 3: text: in the
item-226 at level 3: text: family
item-227 at level 3: text: Anatidae
item-228 at level 3: text: . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than
item-229 at level 3: text: swans
item-230 at level 3: text: and
item-231 at level 3: text: geese
item-232 at level 3: text: , which are members of the same ... among several subfamilies, they are a
item-233 at level 3: text: form taxon
item-234 at level 3: text: ; they do not represent a
item-235 at level 3: text: monophyletic group
item-236 at level 3: text: (the group of all descendants of ... not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly
item-237 at level 3: text: aquatic birds
item-238 at level 3: text: , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
item-239 at level 2: inline: group group
item-240 at level 3: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... ater birds with similar forms, such as
item-241 at level 3: text: loons
item-242 at level 3: text: or divers,
item-243 at level 3: text: grebes
item-244 at level 3: text: ,
item-245 at level 3: text: gallinules
item-246 at level 3: text: and
item-247 at level 3: text: coots
item-248 at level 3: text: .
item-249 at level 2: section_header: Etymology
item-250 at level 3: inline: group group
item-251 at level 4: text: The word duck comes from
item-252 at level 4: text: Old English
item-253 at level 4: text: dūce 'diver', a derivative of th ... because of the way many species in the
item-254 at level 4: text: dabbling duck
item-255 at level 4: text: group feed by upending; compare with
item-256 at level 4: text: Dutch
item-257 at level 4: text: duiken and
item-258 at level 4: text: German
item-259 at level 4: text: tauchen 'to dive'.
item-260 at level 3: picture
item-260 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-261 at level 3: inline: group group
item-262 at level 4: text: This word replaced Old English e ... example, Dutch eend , German Ente and
item-263 at level 4: text: Norwegian
item-264 at level 4: text: and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from
item-265 at level 4: text: Proto-Indo-European
item-266 at level 4: text: ;
item-267 at level 4: text: cf.
item-268 at level 4: text: Latin
item-269 at level 4: text: anas "duck",
item-270 at level 4: text: Lithuanian
item-271 at level 4: text: ántis 'duck',
item-272 at level 4: text: Ancient Greek
item-273 at level 4: text: νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and
item-274 at level 4: text: Sanskrit
item-275 at level 4: text: ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-276 at level 3: inline: group group
item-277 at level 4: text: A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage
item-278 at level 4: text: [ 1 ]
item-279 at level 4: text: or baby duck,
item-280 at level 4: text: [ 2 ]
item-281 at level 4: text: but in the food trade a young do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-282 at level 3: inline: group group
item-283 at level 4: text: A male is called a
item-284 at level 4: text: drake
item-285 at level 4: text: and the female is called a duck, or in
item-286 at level 4: text: ornithology
item-287 at level 4: text: a hen.
item-288 at level 4: text: [ 3 ]
item-289 at level 4: text: [ 4 ]
item-290 at level 3: picture
item-290 at level 4: caption: Male mallard.
item-291 at level 3: picture
item-291 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks.
item-292 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy
item-293 at level 3: inline: group group
item-294 at level 4: text: All ducks belong to the
item-295 at level 4: text: biological order
item-296 at level 4: text: Anseriformes
item-297 at level 4: text: , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the
item-298 at level 4: text: screamers
item-299 at level 4: text: , and the
item-300 at level 4: text: magpie goose
item-301 at level 4: text: .
item-302 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-303 at level 4: text: All except the screamers belong to the
item-304 at level 4: text: biological family
item-305 at level 4: text: Anatidae
item-306 at level 4: text: .
item-307 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-308 at level 4: text: Within the family, ducks are spl ... erable disagreement among taxonomists.
item-309 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-310 at level 4: text: Some base their decisions on
item-311 at level 4: text: morphological characteristics
item-312 at level 4: text: , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.
item-313 at level 4: text: [ 6 ]
item-314 at level 4: text: [ 7 ]
item-315 at level 4: text: The number of suggested subfamil ... taining ducks ranges from two to five.
item-316 at level 4: text: [ 8 ]
item-317 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-318 at level 4: text: The significant level of
item-319 at level 4: text: hybridisation
item-320 at level 4: text: that occurs among wild ducks com ... relationships between various species.
item-321 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-322 at level 3: picture
item-322 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-323 at level 3: inline: group group
item-324 at level 4: text: In most modern classifications, ... split into a varying number of tribes.
item-325 at level 4: text: [ 10 ]
item-326 at level 4: text: The largest of these, the Anatin ... imarily at the surface of fresh water.
item-327 at level 4: text: [ 11 ]
item-328 at level 4: text: The 'diving ducks', also named f ... ng method, make up the tribe Aythyini.
item-329 at level 4: text: [ 12 ]
item-330 at level 4: text: The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mer ... majority of their lives in saltwater.
item-331 at level 4: text: [ 13 ]
item-332 at level 4: text: The tribe Oxyurini contains the ... r small size and stiff, upright tails.
item-333 at level 4: text: [ 14 ]
item-334 at level 3: inline: group group
item-335 at level 4: text: A number of other species called ... ed in other subfamilies or tribes. The
item-336 at level 4: text: whistling ducks
item-337 at level 4: text: are assigned either to a tribe ( ... y Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,
item-338 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-339 at level 4: text: or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).
item-340 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-341 at level 4: text: [ 16 ]
item-342 at level 4: text: The
item-343 at level 4: text: freckled duck
item-344 at level 4: text: of Australia is either the sole ... ctonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,
item-345 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-346 at level 4: text: or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.
item-347 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-348 at level 4: text: The
item-349 at level 4: text: shelducks
item-350 at level 4: text: make up the tribe Tadornini in t ... ily Anserinae in some classifications,
item-351 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-352 at level 4: text: and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,
item-353 at level 4: text: [ 17 ]
item-354 at level 4: text: while the
item-355 at level 4: text: steamer ducks
item-356 at level 4: text: are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini
item-357 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-358 at level 4: text: or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.
item-359 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-360 at level 4: text: The
item-361 at level 4: text: perching ducks
item-362 at level 4: text: make up in the tribe Cairinini i ... members assigned to the tribe Anatini.
item-363 at level 4: text: [ 9 ]
item-364 at level 4: text: The
item-365 at level 4: text: torrent duck
item-366 at level 4: text: is generally included in the sub ... e in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,
item-367 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-368 at level 4: text: but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.
item-369 at level 4: text: [ 18 ]
item-370 at level 4: text: The
item-371 at level 4: text: pink-eared duck
item-372 at level 4: text: is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini
item-373 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-374 at level 4: text: or the tribe Malacorhynchini,
item-375 at level 4: text: [ 19 ]
item-376 at level 4: text: and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.
item-377 at level 4: text: [ 15 ]
item-378 at level 2: section_header: Morphology
item-379 at level 3: picture
item-379 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-380 at level 3: inline: group group
item-381 at level 4: text: The overall
item-382 at level 4: text: body plan
item-383 at level 4: text: of ducks is elongated and broad, ... t from this in being more rounded. The
item-384 at level 4: text: bill
item-385 at level 4: text: is usually broad and contains serrated
item-386 at level 4: text: pectens
item-387 at level 4: text: , which are particularly well de ... e generally short and pointed, and the
item-388 at level 4: text: flight
item-389 at level 4: text: of ducks requires fast continuou ... strong wing muscles. Three species of
item-390 at level 4: text: steamer duck
item-391 at level 4: text: are almost flightless, however. ... duck are temporarily flightless while
item-392 at level 4: text: moulting
item-393 at level 4: text: ; they seek out protected habita ... period. This moult typically precedes
item-394 at level 4: text: migration
item-395 at level 4: text: .
item-396 at level 3: inline: group group
item-397 at level 4: text: The drakes of northern species often have extravagant
item-398 at level 4: text: plumage
item-399 at level 4: text: , but that is
item-400 at level 4: text: moulted
item-401 at level 4: text: in summer to give a more female- ... n resident species typically show less
item-402 at level 4: text: sexual dimorphism
item-403 at level 4: text: , although there are exceptions such as the
item-404 at level 4: text: paradise shelduck
item-405 at level 4: text: of
item-406 at level 4: text: New Zealand
item-407 at level 4: text: , which is both strikingly sexua ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-408 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat
item-409 at level 3: picture
item-409 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-410 at level 3: inline: group group
item-411 at level 4: text: Ducks have a
item-412 at level 4: text: cosmopolitan distribution
item-413 at level 4: text: , and are found on every continent except Antarctica.
item-414 at level 4: text: [ 5 ]
item-415 at level 4: text: Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including
item-416 at level 4: text: South Georgia
item-417 at level 4: text: and the
item-418 at level 4: text: Auckland Islands
item-419 at level 4: text: .
item-420 at level 4: text: [ 20 ]
item-421 at level 4: text: Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the
item-422 at level 4: text: Hawaiian Islands
item-423 at level 4: text: ,
item-424 at level 4: text: Micronesia
item-425 at level 4: text: and the
item-426 at level 4: text: Galápagos Islands
item-427 at level 4: text: , where they are often
item-428 at level 4: text: vagrants
item-429 at level 4: text: and less often
item-430 at level 4: text: residents
item-431 at level 4: text: .
item-432 at level 4: text: [ 21 ]
item-433 at level 4: text: [ 22 ]
item-434 at level 4: text: A handful are
item-435 at level 4: text: endemic
item-436 at level 4: text: to such far-flung islands.
item-437 at level 4: text: [ 21 ]
item-438 at level 3: picture
item-438 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-439 at level 3: inline: group group
item-440 at level 4: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... that form after localised heavy rain.
item-441 at level 4: text: [ 23 ]
item-442 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour
item-443 at level 3: section_header: Feeding
item-444 at level 4: picture
item-444 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-445 at level 4: picture
item-445 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-446 at level 4: inline: group group
item-447 at level 5: text: Ducks eat food sources such as
item-448 at level 5: text: grasses
item-449 at level 5: text: , aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small
item-450 at level 5: text: molluscs
item-451 at level 5: text: .
item-452 at level 4: inline: group group
item-453 at level 5: text: Dabbling ducks
item-454 at level 5: text: feed on the surface of water or ... -ending without completely submerging.
item-455 at level 5: text: [ 24 ]
item-456 at level 5: text: Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a
item-457 at level 5: text: pecten
item-458 at level 5: text: . This strains the water squirti ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-459 at level 4: inline: group group
item-460 at level 5: text: Diving ducks
item-461 at level 5: text: and
item-462 at level 5: text: sea ducks
item-463 at level 5: text: forage deep underwater. To be ab ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-464 at level 4: inline: group group
item-465 at level 5: text: A few specialized species such as the
item-466 at level 5: text: mergansers
item-467 at level 5: text: are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-468 at level 4: inline: group group
item-469 at level 5: text: The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to
item-470 at level 5: text: dredging
item-471 at level 5: text: -type jobs such as pulling up wa ... y when digging into sediment it has no
item-472 at level 5: text: cere
item-473 at level 5: text: , but the nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-474 at level 4: inline: group group
item-475 at level 5: text: The Guardian
item-476 at level 5: text: published an article advising th ... hould not be fed with bread because it
item-477 at level 5: text: damages the health of the ducks
item-478 at level 5: text: and pollutes waterways.
item-479 at level 5: text: [ 25 ]
item-480 at level 3: section_header: Breeding
item-481 at level 4: picture
item-481 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-482 at level 4: inline: group group
item-483 at level 5: text: Ducks generally
item-484 at level 5: text: only have one partner at a time
item-485 at level 5: text: , although the partnership usually only lasts one year.
item-486 at level 5: text: [ 26 ]
item-487 at level 5: text: Larger species and the more sede ... e pair-bonds that last numerous years.
item-488 at level 5: text: [ 27 ]
item-489 at level 5: text: Most duck species breed once a y ... ng to do so in favourable conditions (
item-490 at level 5: text: spring
item-491 at level 5: text: /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a
item-492 at level 5: text: nest
item-493 at level 5: text: before breeding, and, after hatc ... out of (such as nesting in an enclosed
item-494 at level 5: text: courtyard
item-495 at level 5: text: ) or are not prospering due to g ... e nest and led her ducklings to water.
item-496 at level 5: text: [ 28 ]
item-497 at level 3: section_header: Communication
item-498 at level 4: inline: group group
item-499 at level 5: text: Female
item-500 at level 5: text: mallard
item-501 at level 5: text: ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the
item-502 at level 5: text: American
item-503 at level 5: text: and
item-504 at level 5: text: Pacific black ducks
item-505 at level 5: text: ,
item-506 at level 5: text: spot-billed duck
item-507 at level 5: text: ,
item-508 at level 5: text: northern pintail
item-509 at level 5: text: and
item-510 at level 5: text: common teal
item-511 at level 5: text: ) make the classic "quack" sound ... at is sometimes written as "breeeeze",
item-512 at level 5: text: [ 29 ]
item-513 at level 5: text: [
item-514 at level 5: text: self-published source?
item-515 at level 5: text: ] but, despite widespread miscon ... , most species of duck do not "quack".
item-516 at level 5: text: [ 30 ]
item-517 at level 5: text: In general, ducks make a range of
item-518 at level 5: text: calls
item-519 at level 5: text: , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the
item-520 at level 5: text: scaup
item-521 at level 5: text: – which are
item-522 at level 5: text: diving ducks
item-523 at level 5: text: – make a noise like "scaup" (hen ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-524 at level 4: inline: group group
item-525 at level 5: text: A common
item-526 at level 5: text: urban legend
item-527 at level 5: text: claims that duck quacks do not e ... y the Acoustics Research Centre at the
item-528 at level 5: text: University of Salford
item-529 at level 5: text: in 2003 as part of the
item-530 at level 5: text: British Association
item-531 at level 5: text: 's Festival of Science.
item-532 at level 5: text: [ 31 ]
item-533 at level 5: text: It was also debunked in
item-534 at level 5: text: one of the earlier episodes
item-535 at level 5: text: of the popular Discovery Channel television show
item-536 at level 5: text: MythBusters
item-537 at level 5: text: .
item-538 at level 5: text: [ 32 ]
item-539 at level 3: section_header: Predators
item-540 at level 4: picture
item-540 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal
item-541 at level 4: inline: group group
item-542 at level 5: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... ory birds but also for large fish like
item-543 at level 5: text: pike
item-544 at level 5: text: ,
item-545 at level 5: text: crocodilians
item-546 at level 5: text: , predatory
item-547 at level 5: text: testudines
item-548 at level 5: text: such as the
item-549 at level 5: text: alligator snapping turtle
item-550 at level 5: text: , and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as
item-551 at level 5: text: herons
item-552 at level 5: text: . Ducks' nests are raided by lan ... naware on the nest by mammals, such as
item-553 at level 5: text: foxes
item-554 at level 5: text: , or large birds, such as
item-555 at level 5: text: hawks
item-556 at level 5: text: or
item-557 at level 5: text: owls
item-558 at level 5: text: .
item-559 at level 4: inline: group group
item-560 at level 5: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... ng big fish such as the North American
item-561 at level 5: text: muskie
item-562 at level 5: text: and the European
item-563 at level 5: text: pike
item-564 at level 5: text: . In flight, ducks are safe from ... a few predators such as humans and the
item-565 at level 5: text: peregrine falcon
item-566 at level 5: text: , which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-567 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans
item-568 at level 3: section_header: Hunting
item-569 at level 4: inline: group group
item-570 at level 5: text: Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of
item-571 at level 5: text: middens
item-572 at level 5: text: in California dating to 7800 – 6400
item-573 at level 5: text: BP
item-574 at level 5: text: have turned up bones of ducks, i ... st one now-extinct flightless species.
item-575 at level 5: text: [ 33 ]
item-576 at level 5: text: Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by
item-577 at level 5: text: Holocene
item-578 at level 5: text: inhabitants of the lower
item-579 at level 5: text: Ohio River
item-580 at level 5: text: valley, suggesting they took adv ... ounty provided by migrating waterfowl.
item-581 at level 5: text: [ 34 ]
item-582 at level 5: text: Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,
item-583 at level 5: text: [ 35 ]
item-584 at level 5: text: Scandinavia,
item-585 at level 5: text: [ 36 ]
item-586 at level 5: text: Egypt,
item-587 at level 5: text: [ 37 ]
item-588 at level 5: text: Switzerland,
item-589 at level 5: text: [ 38 ]
item-590 at level 5: text: and China relied on ducks as a s ... f protein for some or all of the year.
item-591 at level 5: text: [ 39 ]
item-592 at level 5: text: Archeological evidence shows that
item-593 at level 5: text: Māori people
item-594 at level 5: text: in New Zealand hunted the flightless
item-595 at level 5: text: Finsch's duck
item-596 at level 5: text: , possibly to extinction, though ... may also have contributed to its fate.
item-597 at level 5: text: [ 40 ]
item-598 at level 5: text: A similar end awaited the
item-599 at level 5: text: Chatham duck
item-600 at level 5: text: , a species with reduced flying ... was colonised by Polynesian settlers.
item-601 at level 5: text: [ 41 ]
item-602 at level 5: text: It is probable that duck eggs we ... ugh hard evidence of this is uncommon.
item-603 at level 5: text: [ 35 ]
item-604 at level 5: text: [ 42 ]
item-605 at level 4: inline: group group
item-606 at level 5: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... he wild) are hunted for food or sport,
item-607 at level 5: text: [ 43 ]
item-608 at level 5: text: by shooting, or by being trapped using
item-609 at level 5: text: duck decoys
item-610 at level 5: text: . Because an idle floating duck ... n "an easy target". These ducks may be
item-611 at level 5: text: contaminated by pollutants
item-612 at level 5: text: such as
item-613 at level 5: text: PCBs
item-614 at level 5: text: .
item-615 at level 5: text: [ 44 ]
item-616 at level 3: section_header: Domestication
item-617 at level 4: picture
item-617 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-618 at level 4: inline: group group
item-619 at level 5: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... eggs, and feathers (particularly their
item-620 at level 5: text: down
item-621 at level 5: text: ). Approximately 3 billion ducks ... ughtered each year for meat worldwide.
item-622 at level 5: text: [ 45 ]
item-623 at level 5: text: They are also kept and bred by a ... domestic ducks are descended from the
item-624 at level 5: text: mallard
item-625 at level 5: text: ( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the
item-626 at level 5: text: Muscovy duck
item-627 at level 5: text: ( Cairina moschata ).
item-628 at level 5: text: [ 46 ]
item-629 at level 5: text: [ 47 ]
item-630 at level 5: text: The
item-631 at level 5: text: Call duck
item-632 at level 5: text: is another example of a domestic ... as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).
item-633 at level 5: text: [ 48 ]
item-634 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry
item-635 at level 4: picture
item-635 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-636 at level 4: inline: group group
item-637 at level 5: text: Ducks appear on several
item-638 at level 5: text: coats of arms
item-639 at level 5: text: , including the coat of arms of
item-640 at level 5: text: Lubāna
item-641 at level 5: text: (
item-642 at level 5: text: Latvia
item-643 at level 5: text: )
item-644 at level 5: text: [ 50 ]
item-645 at level 5: text: and the coat of arms of
item-646 at level 5: text: Föglö
item-647 at level 5: text: (
item-648 at level 5: text: Åland
item-649 at level 5: text: ).
item-650 at level 5: text: [ 51 ]
item-651 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references
item-652 at level 4: inline: group group
item-653 at level 5: text: In 2002, psychologist
item-654 at level 5: text: Richard Wiseman
item-655 at level 5: text: and colleagues at the
item-656 at level 5: text: University of Hertfordshire
item-657 at level 5: text: ,
item-658 at level 5: text: UK
item-659 at level 5: text: , finished a year-long
item-660 at level 5: text: LaughLab
item-661 at level 5: text: experiment, concluding that of a ... involving an animal, make it a duck."
item-662 at level 5: text: [ 52 ]
item-663 at level 5: text: The word "duck" may have become an
item-664 at level 5: text: inherently funny word
item-665 at level 5: text: in many languages, possibly beca ... n their looks or behavior. Of the many
item-666 at level 5: text: ducks in fiction
item-667 at level 5: text: , many are cartoon characters, such as
item-668 at level 5: text: Walt Disney
item-669 at level 5: text: 's
item-670 at level 5: text: Donald Duck
item-671 at level 5: text: , and
item-672 at level 5: text: Warner Bros.
item-673 at level 5: text: '
item-674 at level 5: text: Daffy Duck
item-675 at level 5: text: .
item-676 at level 5: text: Howard the Duck
item-677 at level 5: text: started as a comic book character in 1973
item-678 at level 5: text: [ 53 ]
item-679 at level 5: text: [ 54 ]
item-680 at level 5: text: and was made into a
item-681 at level 5: text: movie
item-682 at level 5: text: in 1986.
item-683 at level 4: inline: group group
item-684 at level 5: text: The 1992 Disney film
item-685 at level 5: text: The Mighty Ducks
item-686 at level 5: text: , starring
item-687 at level 5: text: Emilio Estevez
item-688 at level 5: text: , chose the duck as the mascot f ... e nickname and mascot for the eventual
item-689 at level 5: text: National Hockey League
item-690 at level 5: text: professional team of the
item-691 at level 5: text: Anaheim Ducks
item-692 at level 5: text: , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [
item-693 at level 5: text: citation needed
item-694 at level 5: text: ] The duck is also the nickname of the
item-695 at level 5: text: University of Oregon
item-696 at level 5: text: sports teams as well as the
item-697 at level 5: text: Long Island Ducks
item-698 at level 5: text: minor league
item-699 at level 5: text: baseball
item-700 at level 5: text: team.
item-701 at level 5: text: [ 55 ]
item-702 at level 2: section_header: See also
item-703 at level 3: list: group list
item-704 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal
item-705 at level 3: list: group list
item-706 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck
item-707 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food
item-708 at level 4: list_item: Duck test
item-709 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds
item-710 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks
item-711 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck
item-712 at level 2: section_header: Notes
item-713 at level 3: section_header: Citations
item-714 at level 4: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-715 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling" . The American Heri ... Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
item-716 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling" . Kernerman English ... td. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .
item-717 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... niversity Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 .
item-718 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 .
item-719 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536.
item-720 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738.
item-721 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988 , p. 452.
item-722 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002 , pp. 353–354.
item-723 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992 , p. 540.
item-724 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 191.
item-725 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 448.
item-726 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 622–623.
item-727 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005 , p. 686.
item-728 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001 , p. 193.
item-729 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992 , p. 537.
item-730 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 , p. xix.
item-731 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 .
item-732 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992 , p. 538.
item-733 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008 , p. 62.
item-734 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008 , pp. 239, 245.
item-735 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987 , pp. 98–107.
item-736 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000 , pp. 52–3.
item-737 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .
item-738 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks" . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
item-739 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... uardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .
item-740 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 15-6787-5_4 . ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9 .
item-741 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... condor/102.1.201 . hdl : 10315/13797 .
item-742 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .
item-743 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ... 0557901562 . [ self-published source ]
item-744 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... an & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707 .
item-745 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... s" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .
item-746 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8" . 12 December 2003.
item-747 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994 , p. 171.
item-748 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008 , pp. 168, 243.
item-749 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003 , p. 65.
item-750 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996 , p. 68.
item-751 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999 , p. 42.
item-752 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876 , p. 133.
item-753 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012 , p. 23.
item-754 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012 , p. 53.
item-755 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012 , p. 52.
item-756 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002 , p. 167.
item-757 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... ditions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774 .
item-758 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... n 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .
item-759 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .
item-760 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
item-761 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... ritannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .
item-762 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ed. pp. 135 . ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9 .
item-763 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... to. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3 .
item-764 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
item-765 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .
item-766 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .
item-767 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)" . Grand Comics Database .
item-768 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter ; Gilbert, La ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck.
item-769 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .
item-770 at level 3: section_header: Sources
item-771 at level 4: list: group list
item-772 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-773 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... ynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 .
item-774 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... o Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6 .
item-775 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... 1055-7903(02)00019-2 . PMID 12099792 .
item-776 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... stopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4 .
item-777 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... siness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0 .
item-778 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ra: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4 .
item-779 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5 .
item-780 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7 .
item-781 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... stopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5 .
item-782 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... labama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7 .
item-783 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0 .
item-784 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-785 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-786 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... n: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8 .
item-787 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9 .
item-788 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... rk: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168 .
item-789 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... ersity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0 .
item-790 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... aris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7 .
item-791 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... k: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 .
item-792 at level 2: section_header: External links
item-793 at level 3: list: group list
item-794 at level 4: list_item: Definitions from Wiktionary
item-795 at level 4: list_item: Media from Commons
item-796 at level 4: list_item: Quotations from Wikiquote
item-797 at level 4: list_item: Recipes from Wikibooks
item-798 at level 4: list_item: Taxa from Wikispecies
item-799 at level 4: list_item: Data from Wikidata
item-800 at level 3: list: group list
item-801 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts)
item-802 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
item-803 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl
item-804 at level 3: table with [3x2]
item-805 at level 3: picture
item-806 at level 3: text: Retrieved from ""
item-807 at level 3: text: :
item-808 at level 3: list: group list
item-809 at level 4: list_item: Ducks
item-810 at level 4: list_item: Game birds
item-811 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names
item-812 at level 3: text: Hidden categories:
item-813 at level 3: list: group list
item-814 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes
item-815 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020
item-816 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
item-817 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)
item-818 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
item-819 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description
item-820 at level 4: list_item: Short description is different from Wikidata
item-821 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
item-822 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
item-823 at level 4: list_item: Articles with 'species' microformats
item-824 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text
item-825 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Dutch-language text
item-826 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing German-language text
item-827 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Norwegian-language text
item-828 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Lithuanian-language text
item-829 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text
item-830 at level 4: list_item: All articles with self-published sources
item-831 at level 4: list_item: Articles with self-published sources from February 2020
item-832 at level 4: list_item: All articles with unsourced statements
item-833 at level 4: list_item: Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022
item-834 at level 4: list_item: CS1: long volume value
item-835 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch
item-836 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata
item-837 at level 4: list_item: Webarchive template wayback links
item-838 at level 4: list_item: Articles with Project Gutenberg links
item-839 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing video clips
item-840 at level 3: list: group list
item-841 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) .
item-842 at level 4: list_item: Text is available under the Crea ... ion, Inc. , a non-profit organization.
item-843 at level 3: list: group list
item-844 at level 4: list_item: Privacy policy
item-845 at level 4: list_item: About Wikipedia
item-846 at level 4: list_item: Disclaimers
item-847 at level 4: list_item: Contact Wikipedia
item-848 at level 4: list_item: Code of Conduct
item-849 at level 4: list_item: Developers
item-850 at level 4: list_item: Statistics
item-851 at level 4: list_item: Cookie statement
item-852 at level 4: list_item: Mobile view
item-853 at level 3: list: group list
item-854 at level 3: list: group list
item-855 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-856 at level 1: caption: Male mallard.
item-857 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks.
item-858 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-859 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-860 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-861 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-862 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-863 at level 1: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-864 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-865 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal
item-866 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-867 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]

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## Contents
- (Top)
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Taxonomy
- 3 Morphology
- 4 Distribution and habitat
- 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection
- 5.1 Feeding
- 5.2 Breeding
- 5.3 Communication
- 5.4 Predators
- 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection
- 6.1 Hunting
- 6.2 Domestication
- 6.3 Heraldry
- 6.4 Cultural references
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection
- 8.1 Citations
- 8.2 Sources
- 9 External links
- [(Top)](#)
- [1 Etymology](#Etymology)
- [2 Taxonomy](#Taxonomy)
- [3 Morphology](#Morphology)
- [4 Distribution and habitat](#Distribution_and_habitat)
- [5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection](#Behaviour)
- [5.1 Feeding](#Feeding)
- [5.2 Breeding](#Breeding)
- [5.3 Communication](#Communication)
- [5.4 Predators](#Predators)
- [6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection](#Relationship_with_humans)
- [6.1 Hunting](#Hunting)
- [6.2 Domestication](#Domestication)
- [6.3 Heraldry](#Heraldry)
- [6.4 Cultural references](#Cultural_references)
- [7 See also](#See_also)
- [8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection](#Notes)
- [8.1 Citations](#Citations)
- [8.2 Sources](#Sources)
- [9 External links](#External_links)
# Duck
- Acèh
- Afrikaans
- Alemannisch
- አማርኛ
- Ænglisc
- العربية
- Aragonés
- ܐܪܡܝܐ
- Armãneashti
- Asturianu
- Atikamekw
- Авар
- Aymar aru
- تۆرکجه
- Basa Bali
- বাংলা
- 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
- Беларуская
- Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
- Bikol Central
- Български
- Brezhoneg
- Буряад
- Català
- Чӑвашла
- Čeština
- ChiShona
- Cymraeg
- Dagbanli
- Dansk
- Deitsch
- Deutsch
- डोटेली
- Ελληνικά
- Emiliàn e rumagnòl
- Español
- Esperanto
- Euskara
- فارسی
- Français
- Gaeilge
- Galego
- ГӀалгӀай
- 贛語
- گیلکی
- 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
- गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
- 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî
- 한국어
- Hausa
- Հայերեն
- हिन्दी
- Hrvatski
- Ido
- Bahasa Indonesia
- Iñupiatun
- Íslenska
- Italiano
- עברית
- Jawa
- ಕನ್ನಡ
- Kapampangan
- ქართული
- कॉशुर / کٲشُر
- Қазақша
- Ikirundi
- Kongo
- Kreyòl ayisyen
- Кырык мары
- ລາວ
- Latina
- Latviešu
- Lietuvių
- Li Niha
- Ligure
- Limburgs
- Lingála
- Malagasy
- മലയാളം
- मराठी
- مازِرونی
- Bahasa Melayu
- ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
- 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
- Мокшень
- Монгол
- မြန်မာဘာသာ
- Nederlands
- Nedersaksies
- नेपाली
- नेपाल भाषा
- 日本語
- Нохчийн
- Norsk nynorsk
- Occitan
- Oromoo
- ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
- Picard
- Plattdüütsch
- Polski
- Português
- Qırımtatarca
- Română
- Русский
- Саха тыла
- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
- Sardu
- Scots
- Seeltersk
- Shqip
- Sicilianu
- සිංහල
- Simple English
- سنڌي
- کوردی
- Српски / srpski
- Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
- Sunda
- Svenska
- Tagalog
- தமிழ்
- Taqbaylit
- Татарча / tatarça
- ไทย
- Türkçe
- Українська
- ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
- Vahcuengh
- Tiếng Việt
- Walon
- 文言
- Winaray
- 吴语
- 粵語
- Žemaitėška
- 中文
- [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9k)
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eend)
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente)
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%AC)
- [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ened)
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7)
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade)
- [ܐܪܡܝܐ](https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9B%DC%90)
- [Armãneashti](https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphi)
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%ADu)
- [Atikamekw](https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicip)
- [Авар](https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA)
- [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkalla)
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9)
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9k)
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8)
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah)
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96)
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96)
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik)
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houad_(evn))
- [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD)
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80necs)
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC)
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachna)
- [ChiShona](https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadha)
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyaden)
- [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbunya%C9%A3u)
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nder)
- [Deitsch](https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent)
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enten)
- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8)
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1)
- [Emiliàn e rumagnòl](https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0dra)
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato)
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaso)
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahate)
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C)
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard)
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacha)
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato)
- [ГӀалгӀай](https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88)
- [贛語](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8)
- [گیلکی](https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A)
- [𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺](https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%83)
- [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95)
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap-%C3%A8)
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC)
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwagwa)
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80)
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96)
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka)
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anado)
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik)
- [Iñupiatun](https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiq)
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nd)
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra)
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96)
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8b%C3%A8k)
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF)
- [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi)
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98)
- [कॉशुर / کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%AE)
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA)
- [Ikirundi](https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbata)
- [Kongo](https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivadangu)
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanna)
- [Кырык мары](https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93)
- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94)
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_(avis))
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABle)
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis)
- [Li Niha](https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe)
- [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annia)
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenj)
- [Lingála](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libat%C3%A1)
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganagana)
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D)
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95)
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik)
- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8)
- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k)
- [Мокшень](https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0)
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81)
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2)
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenden)
- [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente)
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8)
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D)
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A2)
- [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88)
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/And)
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guit)
- [Oromoo](https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daakiyyee)
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC)
- [Picard](https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A8rd)
- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanten)
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczka)
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato)
- [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiy)
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9B%C4%83)
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8)
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)
- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE)
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade)
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuk)
- [Seeltersk](https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oante)
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa)
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0para_(%C3%A0natra))
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F)
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck)
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%AA)
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C)
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0)
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka)
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri)
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egentliga_andf%C3%A5glar)
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi)
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81)
- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%E1%B9%9Bik)
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80)
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94)
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rdek)
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8)
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%83)
- [Vahcuengh](https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_(doenghduz))
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bt)
- [Walon](https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A5rd)
- [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8)
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato)
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD)
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8)
- [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABl%C4%97)
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD)
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@ -225,23 +225,23 @@ This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see . For other uses, see .
| Subfamilies | Subfamilies |
| See text | See text |
Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
Duck is the common name for numerous species of [waterfowl](/wiki/Waterfowl) in the [family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than [swans](/wiki/Swan) and [geese](/wiki/Goose) , which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a [form taxon](/wiki/Form_taxon) ; they do not represent a [monophyletic group](/wiki/Monophyletic_group) (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly [aquatic birds](/wiki/Aquatic_bird) , and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as [loons](/wiki/Loon) or divers, [grebes](/wiki/Grebe) , [gallinules](/wiki/Gallinule) and [coots](/wiki/Coot) .
## Etymology
The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
The word duck comes from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English) dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb * dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the [dabbling duck](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) group feed by upending; compare with [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language) duiken and [German](/wiki/German_language) tauchen 'to dive'.
Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
<!-- image -->
This word replaced Old English ened /ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas "duck", Lithuanian ántis 'duck', Ancient Greek νῆσσα /νῆττα (nēssa /nētta) 'duck', and Sanskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
This word replaced Old English ened / ænid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck , for example, Dutch eend , German Ente and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language) and . The word ened / ænid was inherited from [Proto-Indo-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language) ; [cf.](/wiki/Cf.) [Latin](/wiki/Latin) anas "duck", [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language) ántis 'duck', [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) νῆσσα / νῆττα ( nēssa / nētta ) 'duck', and [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit) ātí 'water bird', among others.
A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage [[ 1 ]](#cite_note-1) or baby duck, [[ 2 ]](#cite_note-2) but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
A male is called a [drake](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake) and the female is called a duck, or in [ornithology](/wiki/Ornithology) a hen. [[ 3 ]](#cite_note-3) [[ 4 ]](#cite_note-4)
Male mallard.
@ -253,15 +253,15 @@ Wood ducks.
## Taxonomy
All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]
All ducks belong to the [biological order](/wiki/Order_(biology)) [Anseriformes](/wiki/Anseriformes) , a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the [screamers](/wiki/Screamer) , and the [magpie goose](/wiki/Magpie_goose) . [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) All except the screamers belong to the [biological family](/wiki/Family_(biology)) [Anatidae](/wiki/Anatidae) . [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists. [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Some base their decisions on [morphological characteristics](/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) , others on shared behaviours or genetic studies. [[ 6 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6) [[ 7 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7) The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five. [[ 8 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8) [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The significant level of [hybridisation](/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)) that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9)
Mallard landing in approach
<!-- image -->
In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes. [[ 10 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10) The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water. [[ 11 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11) The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini. [[ 12 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12) The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater. [[ 13 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13) The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails. [[ 14 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14)
A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The [whistling ducks](/wiki/Whistling_duck) are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae). [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) [[ 16 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix-16) The [freckled duck](/wiki/Freckled_duck) of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or in its own family, the Stictonettinae. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [shelducks](/wiki/Shelduck) make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others, [[ 17 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998-17) while the [steamer ducks](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [perching ducks](/wiki/Perching_duck) make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini. [[ 9 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9) The [torrent duck](/wiki/Torrent_duck) is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini, [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini. [[ 18 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18) The [pink-eared duck](/wiki/Pink-eared_duck) is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15) or the tribe Malacorhynchini, [[ 19 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19) and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini. [[ 15 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15)
## Morphology
@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ Male Mandarin duck
<!-- image -->
The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration.
The overall [body plan](/wiki/Body_plan) of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The [bill](/wiki/Beak) is usually broad and contains serrated [pectens](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) , which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the [flight](/wiki/Bird_flight) of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of [steamer duck](/wiki/Steamer_duck) are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while [moulting](/wiki/Moult) ; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes [migration](/wiki/Bird_migration) .
The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
The drakes of northern species often have extravagant [plumage](/wiki/Plumage) , but that is [moulted](/wiki/Moult) in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less [sexual dimorphism](/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism) , although there are exceptions such as the [paradise shelduck](/wiki/Paradise_shelduck) of [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand) , which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
## Distribution and habitat
@ -279,13 +279,13 @@ Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
<!-- image -->
Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Galápagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
Ducks have a [cosmopolitan distribution](/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution) , and are found on every continent except Antarctica. [[ 5 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5) Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including [South Georgia](/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands) and the [Auckland Islands](/wiki/Auckland_Islands) . [[ 20 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20) Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the [Hawaiian Islands](/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands) , [Micronesia](/wiki/Micronesia) and the [Galápagos Islands](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands) , where they are often [vagrants](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants) and less often [residents](/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents) . [[ 21 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21) [[ 22 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22) A handful are [endemic](/wiki/Endemic) to such far-flung islands. [[ 21 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21)
Female mallard in Cornwall, England
<!-- image -->
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain. [[ 23 ]](#cite_note-23)
## Behaviour
@ -299,17 +299,17 @@ Mallard duckling preening
<!-- image -->
Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
Ducks eat food sources such as [grasses](/wiki/Poaceae) , aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small [molluscs](/wiki/Mollusc) .
Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.
[Dabbling ducks](/wiki/Dabbling_duck) feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. [[ 24 ]](#cite_note-24) Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a [pecten](/wiki/Pecten_(biology)) . This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.
Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.
[Diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) and [sea ducks](/wiki/Sea_duck) forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.
A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.
A few specialized species such as the [mergansers](/wiki/Merganser) are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.
The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn.
The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to [dredging](/wiki/Dredging) -type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no [cere](/wiki/Cere) , but the nostrils come out through hard horn.
The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian) published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it [damages the health of the ducks](/wiki/Angel_wing) and pollutes waterways. [[ 25 ]](#cite_note-25)
### Breeding
@ -317,13 +317,13 @@ A Muscovy duckling
<!-- image -->
Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]
Ducks generally [only have one partner at a time](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals) , although the partnership usually only lasts one year. [[ 26 ]](#cite_note-26) Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years. [[ 27 ]](#cite_note-27) Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions ( [spring](/wiki/Spring_(season)) /summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a [nest](/wiki/Bird_nest) before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed [courtyard](/wiki/Courtyard) ) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water. [[ 28 ]](#cite_note-28)
### Communication
Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup – which are diving ducks – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
Female [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas , such as the [American](/wiki/American_black_duck) and [Pacific black ducks](/wiki/Pacific_black_duck) , [spot-billed duck](/wiki/Spot-billed_duck) , [northern pintail](/wiki/Northern_pintail) and [common teal](/wiki/Common_teal) ) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze", [[ 29 ]](#cite_note-29) [ [self-published source?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) ] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack". [[ 30 ]](#cite_note-30) In general, ducks make a range of [calls](/wiki/Bird_vocalisation) , including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the [scaup](/wiki/Scaup) – which are [diving ducks](/wiki/Diving_duck) – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]
A common [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend) claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford) in 2003 as part of the [British Association](/wiki/British_Association) 's Festival of Science. [[ 31 ]](#cite_note-31) It was also debunked in [one of the earlier episodes](/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck's_Quack_Echo?) of the popular Discovery Channel television show [MythBusters](/wiki/MythBusters) . [[ 32 ]](#cite_note-32)
### Predators
@ -331,17 +331,17 @@ Ringed teal
<!-- image -->
Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like [pike](/wiki/Esox) , [crocodilians](/wiki/Crocodilia) , predatory [testudines](/wiki/Testudines) such as the [alligator snapping turtle](/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle) , and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as [herons](/wiki/Heron) . Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as [foxes](/wiki/Fox) , or large birds, such as [hawks](/wiki/Hawk) or [owls](/wiki/Owl) .
Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American [muskie](/wiki/Muskellunge) and the European [pike](/wiki/Esox) . In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the [peregrine falcon](/wiki/Peregrine_falcon) , which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
## Relationship with humans
### Hunting
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 – 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of [middens](/wiki/Midden) in California dating to 7800 – 6400 [BP](/wiki/Before_present) have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species. [[ 33 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33) Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene) inhabitants of the lower [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River) valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl. [[ 34 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34) Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean, [[ 35 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) Scandinavia, [[ 36 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36) Egypt, [[ 37 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37) Switzerland, [[ 38 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38) and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year. [[ 39 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39) Archeological evidence shows that [Māori people](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people) in New Zealand hunted the flightless [Finsch's duck](/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck) , possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate. [[ 40 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40) A similar end awaited the [Chatham duck](/wiki/Chatham_duck) , a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers. [[ 41 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41) It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon. [[ 35 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35) [[ 42 ]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42)
In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport, [[ 43 ]](#cite_note-43) by shooting, or by being trapped using [duck decoys](/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)) . Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be [contaminated by pollutants](/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution) such as [PCBs](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl) . [[ 44 ]](#cite_note-44)
### Domestication
@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
<!-- image -->
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their [down](/wiki/Down_feather) ). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. [[ 45 ]](#cite_note-45) They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the [mallard](/wiki/Mallard) ( Anas platyrhynchos ), apart from the [Muscovy duck](/wiki/Muscovy_duck) ( Cairina moschata ). [[ 46 ]](#cite_note-46) [[ 47 ]](#cite_note-47) The [Call duck](/wiki/Call_duck) is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). [[ 48 ]](#cite_note-48)
### Heraldry
@ -357,120 +357,120 @@ Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
<!-- image -->
Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
Ducks appear on several [coats of arms](/wiki/Coats_of_arms) , including the coat of arms of [Lubāna](/wiki/Lub%C4%81na) ( [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia) ) [[ 50 ]](#cite_note-50) and the coat of arms of [Föglö](/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6) ( [Åland](/wiki/%C3%85land) ). [[ 51 ]](#cite_note-51)
### Cultural references
In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."[52] The word "duck" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
In 2002, psychologist [Richard Wiseman](/wiki/Richard_Wiseman) and colleagues at the [University of Hertfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire) , [UK](/wiki/UK) , finished a year-long [LaughLab](/wiki/LaughLab) experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck." [[ 52 ]](#cite_note-52) The word "duck" may have become an [inherently funny word](/wiki/Inherently_funny_word) in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many [ducks in fiction](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks) , many are cartoon characters, such as [Walt Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) 's [Donald Duck](/wiki/Donald_Duck) , and [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros.) ' [Daffy Duck](/wiki/Daffy_Duck) . [Howard the Duck](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck) started as a comic book character in 1973 [[ 53 ]](#cite_note-53) [[ 54 ]](#cite_note-54) and was made into a [movie](/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)) in 1986.
The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
The 1992 Disney film [The Mighty Ducks](/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)) , starring [Emilio Estevez](/wiki/Emilio_Estevez) , chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League) professional team of the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks) , who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. [ [citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] The duck is also the nickname of the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon) sports teams as well as the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks) minor league [baseball](/wiki/Baseball) team. [[ 55 ]](#cite_note-55)
## See also
- Birds portal
- [Birds portal](/wiki/Portal:Birds)
- Domestic duck
- Duck as food
- Duck test
- Duck breeds
- Fictional ducks
- Rubber duck
- [Domestic duck](/wiki/Domestic_duck)
- [Duck as food](/wiki/Duck_as_food)
- [Duck test](/wiki/Duck_test)
- [Duck breeds](/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds)
- [Fictional ducks](/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks)
- [Rubber duck](/wiki/Rubber_duck)
## Notes
### Citations
1. ^ "Duckling". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
2. ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
3. ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.
4. ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.
5. ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.
6. ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.
7. ^ Madsen, McHugh &amp; de Kloet 1988, p. 452.
8. ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet &amp; Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.
9. ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.
10. ^ Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001, p. 191.
11. ^ Kear 2005, p. 448.
12. ^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.
13. ^ Kear 2005, p. 686.
14. ^ Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001, p. 193.
15. ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.
16. ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.
17. ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.
18. ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.
19. ^ Christidis &amp; Boles 2008, p. 62.
20. ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.
21. ^ a b Pratt, Bruner &amp; Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.
22. ^ Fitter, Fitter &amp; Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.
23. ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
24. ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
25. ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
26. ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology. pp. 187–221. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.
27. ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks". The Condor. 102 (1): 201–205. doi:10.1093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.
28. ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber". wildliferehabber.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
29. ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562.[self-published source]
30. ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.
31. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). "Sound science is quackers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
32. ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003.
33. ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.
34. ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.
35. ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.
36. ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.
37. ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.
38. ^ Rau 1876, p. 133.
39. ^ Higman 2012, p. 23.
40. ^ Hume 2012, p. 53.
41. ^ Hume 2012, p. 52.
42. ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.
43. ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.
44. ^ "Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
45. ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
46. ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin". Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
47. ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
48. ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
49. ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
50. ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
51. ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
52. ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest joke revealed". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
53. ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database.
54. ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.
55. ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
1. [^ "Duckling" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .](#cite_ref-1)
2. [^ "Duckling" . Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) . K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006 . Retrieved 2015-05-22 .](#cite_ref-2)
3. [^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139 .](#cite_ref-3)
4. [^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). How to Draw Cartoon Birds . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566 .](#cite_ref-4)
5. [^ a b c d Carboneras 1992 , p. 536.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0)
6. [^ Livezey 1986 , pp. 737–738.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0)
7. [^ Madsen, McHugh &amp; de Kloet 1988 , p. 452.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0)
8. [^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet &amp; Hänni 2002 , pp. 353–354.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0)
9. [^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992 , p. 540.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0)
10. [^ Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001 , p. 191.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0)
11. [^ Kear 2005 , p. 448.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0)
12. [^ Kear 2005 , p. 622–623.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0)
13. [^ Kear 2005 , p. 686.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0)
14. [^ Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001 , p. 193.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0)
15. [^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992 , p. 537.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0)
16. [^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 , p. xix.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998xix_16-0)
17. [^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998 .](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists'_Union1998_17-0)
18. [^ Carboneras 1992 , p. 538.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0)
19. [^ Christidis &amp; Boles 2008 , p. 62.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0)
20. [^ Shirihai 2008 , pp. 239, 245.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0)
21. [^ a b Pratt, Bruner &amp; Berrett 1987 , pp. 98–107.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0)
22. [^ Fitter, Fitter &amp; Hosking 2000 , pp. 52–3.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0)
23. [^ "Pacific Black Duck" . www.wiresnr.org . Retrieved 2018-04-27 .](#cite_ref-23)
24. [^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks" . CWE . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .](#cite_ref-24)
25. [^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). "Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists" . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .](#cite_ref-25)
26. [^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". Current Ornithology . pp. 187–221. doi : 10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5\_4 . ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9 .](#cite_ref-26)
27. [^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks" . The Condor . 102 (1): 201–205. doi : 10.1093/condor/102.1.201 . hdl : 10315/13797 .](#cite_ref-27)
28. [^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber" . wildliferehabber.com . Archived from the original on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-22 .](#cite_ref-28)
29. [^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Duck Bible . Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557901562 . [ self-published source ]](#cite_ref-29)
30. [^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends . Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707 .](#cite_ref-30)
31. [^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). "Sound science is quackers" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-11-02 .](#cite_ref-31)
32. [^ "Mythbusters Episode 8" . 12 December 2003.](#cite_ref-32)
33. [^ Erlandson 1994 , p. 171.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0)
34. [^ Jeffries 2008 , pp. 168, 243.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0)
35. [^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003 , p. 65.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0)
36. [^ Thorpe 1996 , p. 68.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0)
37. [^ Maisels 1999 , p. 42.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0)
38. [^ Rau 1876 , p. 133.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0)
39. [^ Higman 2012 , p. 23.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0)
40. [^ Hume 2012 , p. 53.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0)
41. [^ Hume 2012 , p. 52.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0)
42. [^ Fieldhouse 2002 , p. 167.](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0)
43. [^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). Guide to Edible Plants and Animals . Wordsworth Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774 .](#cite_ref-43)
44. [^ "Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl" (PDF) . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2 July 2019 .](#cite_ref-44)
45. [^ "FAOSTAT" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-25 .](#cite_ref-45)
46. [^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin" . Digimorph.org . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .](#cite_ref-46)
47. [^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica" . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012-12-23 .](#cite_ref-47)
48. [^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinness World Records . Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 135 . ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9 .](#cite_ref-48)
49. [^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3 .](#cite_ref-49)
50. [^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .](#cite_ref-50)
51. [^ "Föglö" (in Swedish) . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .](#cite_ref-51)
52. [^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest joke revealed" . New Scientist . Retrieved 7 January 2019 .](#cite_ref-52)
53. [^ "Howard the Duck (character)" . Grand Comics Database .](#cite_ref-53)
54. [^ Sanderson, Peter ; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley . p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238 . December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.](#cite_ref-54)
55. [^ "The Duck" . University of Oregon Athletics . Retrieved 2022-01-20 .](#cite_ref-55)
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- [Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
- [Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
- [Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23 (3): 339–356. Bibcode : 2002MolPE..23..339D . doi : 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2 . PMID 12099792 .](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier))
- [Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
- [Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast . New York, NY: Springer Science &amp; Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&pg=171)
- [Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions . Vol. I: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167)
- [Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
- [Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History . Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&pg=RA1-PA1801)
- [Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct Birds . London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53)
- [Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7 .](https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up)
- [Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts ( Cairina to Mergus ) . Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
- [Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters" (PDF) . The Auk . 103 (4): 737–754. doi : 10.1093/auk/103.4.737 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf)
- [Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). "A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA" (PDF) . The Auk . 105 (3): 452–459. doi : 10.1093/auk/105.3.452 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.](https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf)
- [Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). Early Civilizations of the Old World . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA42)
- [Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
- [Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man in Europe . New York: Harper &amp; Brothers. LCCN 05040168 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&pg=133)
- [Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife . Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0 .](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
- [Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies . General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&pg=PA65)
- [Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5 .](https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68)
## External links
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Commons
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Recipes from Wikibooks
- Taxa from Wikispecies
- Data from Wikidata
- [Definitions from Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duck)
- [Media from Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae)
- [Quotations from Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birds)
- [Recipes from Wikibooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Duck)
- [Taxa from Wikispecies](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae)
- [Data from Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439)
- list of books (useful looking abstracts)
- Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
- Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl
- [list of books (useful looking abstracts)](https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm)
- [Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine](http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html)
- [Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines at Project Gutenberg - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl](https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884)
| Authority control databases | Authority control databases |
|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
@ -483,49 +483,49 @@ Retrieved from ""
:
- Ducks
- Game birds
- Bird common names
- [Ducks](/wiki/Category:Ducks)
- [Game birds](/wiki/Category:Game_birds)
- [Bird common names](/wiki/Category:Bird_common_names)
Hidden categories:
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- [CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)](/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv))
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- [Articles with 'species' microformats](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats)
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- [Articles containing Lithuanian-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text)
- [Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)
- [All articles with self-published sources](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources)
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- [All articles with unsourced statements](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)
- [Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022)
- [CS1: long volume value](/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value)
- [Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch)
- [Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata)
- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
- [Articles with Project Gutenberg links](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links)
- [Articles containing video clips](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips)
- This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).
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additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
- This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC) .
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additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License)
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17
tests/data/html/hyperlink_01.html vendored Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
<html>
<body>
<h1>Something</h1>
<p>
Please follow the link to:
<a href="#">
<span class="icon icon--right"></span> This page
</a>
.
</p>
<div class="mod mod-contentpage">
</div>
</body>
</html>

18
tests/data/html/hyperlink_02.html vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
<html>
<body>
<div class="nav-mobile-header">
<div class="table-row">
<span class="nav-mobile-logo">
<img src="/etc/designs/core/frontend/guidelines/img/xyz.svg"
onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='/etc/designs/core/frontend/guidelines/img/xyz.png'"
alt="Image alt text" />
</span>
<h2>
<a href="/home.html" title="My home page " aria-label="My home page ">Home</a>
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

31
tests/data/html/hyperlink_03.html vendored Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
<html>
<body>
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
<li class="dropdown">
<a id="main-dropdown" href="#" aria-label="My Section" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span
class="icon icon--right"></span> My Section</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
<li class="dropdown-header">
<a href="/start.html" aria-label="Some page" target="_blank" title="">Some
page</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/home2.html" aria-label="Some other page" target="_blank" title=""> A sub page</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>This is my <a href="/home.html">Homepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#main-navigation">Main navigation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="dropdown">
<a id="other-dropdown" href="#" aria-label="My Org" class="dropdown-toggle"><span
class="icon icon--right"></span> My organisation</a>
</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>